2020-10-12 10:54:47 +00:00
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# Debian 安装 Docker
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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2018-03-19 08:04:23 +00:00
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>警告:切勿在没有配置 Docker APT 源的情况下直接使用 apt 命令安装 Docker.
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2019-11-05 15:35:43 +00:00
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## 准备工作
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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2019-11-05 15:35:43 +00:00
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### 系统要求
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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2020-10-12 10:54:47 +00:00
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Docker 支持以下版本的 [Debian](https://www.debian.org/intro/about) 操作系统:
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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2021-07-06 15:12:55 +00:00
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* Debian Bullseye 11
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2021-03-11 13:27:50 +00:00
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* Debian Buster 10
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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### 卸载旧版本
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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旧版本的 Docker 称为 `docker` 或者 `docker-engine`,使用以下命令卸载旧版本:
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```bash
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2017-10-19 14:41:37 +00:00
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$ sudo apt-get remove docker \
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docker-engine \
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docker.io
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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```
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2019-11-05 15:35:43 +00:00
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## 使用 APT 安装
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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2017-12-20 02:24:36 +00:00
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由于 apt 源使用 HTTPS 以确保软件下载过程中不被篡改。因此,我们首先需要添加使用 HTTPS 传输的软件包以及 CA 证书。
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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```bash
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$ sudo apt-get update
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$ sudo apt-get install \
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apt-transport-https \
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ca-certificates \
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curl \
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gnupg \
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lsb-release
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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```
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2017-12-08 16:12:02 +00:00
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鉴于国内网络问题,强烈建议使用国内源,官方源请在注释中查看。
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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为了确认所下载软件包的合法性,需要添加软件源的 GPG 密钥。
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```bash
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$ curl -fsSL https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/debian/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/docker-archive-keyring.gpg
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2017-12-08 16:12:02 +00:00
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# 官方源
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2021-03-11 13:27:50 +00:00
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# $ curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/debian/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/docker-archive-keyring.gpg
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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```
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2020-10-12 10:54:47 +00:00
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然后,我们需要向 `sources.list` 中添加 Docker 软件源:
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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2020-11-09 04:41:02 +00:00
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> 在一些基于 Debian 的 Linux 发行版中 `$(lsb_release -cs)` 可能不会返回 Debian 的版本代号,例如 [Kail Linux](https://www.kali.org/docs/policy/kali-linux-relationship-with-debian/)、 [BunsenLabs Linux](https://www.bunsenlabs.org/)。在这些发行版中我们需要将下面命令中的 `$(lsb_release -cs)` 替换为 https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/debian/dists/ 中支持的 Debian 版本代号,例如 `buster`。
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2020-11-03 07:36:14 +00:00
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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```bash
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$ echo \
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"deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/docker-archive-keyring.gpg] https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/debian \
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$(lsb_release -cs) stable" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list > /dev/null
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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2017-12-08 16:12:02 +00:00
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# 官方源
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# $ echo \
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# "deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/docker-archive-keyring.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/debian \
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# $(lsb_release -cs) stable" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list > /dev/null
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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```
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2024-07-29 14:25:02 +00:00
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>以上命令会添加稳定版本的 Docker APT 源,如果需要测试版本的 Docker 请将 stable 改为 test。 Debian11可能不使用`/etc/apt/keyrings/`, 如gpg错误可以考虑更换为`/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d`, 见[issue 15727](https://github.com/docker/docs/issues/15727)。
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2017-12-08 16:12:02 +00:00
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2020-10-12 10:54:47 +00:00
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### 安装 Docker
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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更新 apt 软件包缓存,并安装 `docker-ce`。
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```bash
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$ sudo apt-get update
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2020-10-12 10:54:47 +00:00
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$ sudo apt-get install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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```
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2019-11-05 15:35:43 +00:00
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## 使用脚本自动安装
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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2019-09-25 02:30:12 +00:00
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在测试或开发环境中 Docker 官方为了简化安装流程,提供了一套便捷的安装脚本,Debian 系统上可以使用这套脚本安装,另外可以通过 `--mirror` 选项使用国内源进行安装:
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2020-10-14 15:30:27 +00:00
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> 若你想安装测试版的 Docker, 请从 test.docker.com 获取脚本
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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```bash
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# $ curl -fsSL test.docker.com -o get-docker.sh
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$ curl -fsSL get.docker.com -o get-docker.sh
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$ sudo sh get-docker.sh --mirror Aliyun
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# $ sudo sh get-docker.sh --mirror AzureChinaCloud
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```
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2020-10-12 10:54:47 +00:00
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执行这个命令后,脚本就会自动的将一切准备工作做好,并且把 Docker 的稳定(stable)版本安装在系统中。
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2020-10-12 10:54:47 +00:00
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## 启动 Docker
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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```bash
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$ sudo systemctl enable docker
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$ sudo systemctl start docker
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```
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2017-10-19 14:41:37 +00:00
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2019-11-05 15:35:43 +00:00
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## 建立 docker 用户组
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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默认情况下,`docker` 命令会使用 [Unix socket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_domain_socket) 与 Docker 引擎通讯。而只有 `root` 用户和 `docker` 组的用户才可以访问 Docker 引擎的 Unix socket。出于安全考虑,一般 Linux 系统上不会直接使用 `root` 用户。因此,更好地做法是将需要使用 `docker` 的用户加入 `docker` 用户组。
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建立 `docker` 组:
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```bash
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$ sudo groupadd docker
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```
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将当前用户加入 `docker` 组:
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```bash
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$ sudo usermod -aG docker $USER
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```
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2017-12-10 05:21:52 +00:00
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退出当前终端并重新登录,进行如下测试。
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2019-11-05 15:35:43 +00:00
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## 测试 Docker 是否安装正确
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2017-11-24 01:51:06 +00:00
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```bash
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$ docker run --rm hello-world
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Unable to find image 'hello-world:latest' locally
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latest: Pulling from library/hello-world
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b8dfde127a29: Pull complete
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Digest: sha256:308866a43596e83578c7dfa15e27a73011bdd402185a84c5cd7f32a88b501a24
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Status: Downloaded newer image for hello-world:latest
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Hello from Docker!
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This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.
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To generate this message, Docker took the following steps:
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1. The Docker client contacted the Docker daemon.
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2. The Docker daemon pulled the "hello-world" image from the Docker Hub.
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(amd64)
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3. The Docker daemon created a new container from that image which runs the
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executable that produces the output you are currently reading.
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4. The Docker daemon streamed that output to the Docker client, which sent it
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to your terminal.
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To try something more ambitious, you can run an Ubuntu container with:
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$ docker run -it ubuntu bash
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Share images, automate workflows, and more with a free Docker ID:
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https://hub.docker.com/
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For more examples and ideas, visit:
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https://docs.docker.com/get-started/
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```
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若能正常输出以上信息,则说明安装成功。
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2019-11-05 15:35:43 +00:00
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## 镜像加速
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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2019-01-06 02:00:38 +00:00
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如果在使用过程中发现拉取 Docker 镜像十分缓慢,可以配置 Docker [国内镜像加速](mirror.md)。
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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2019-11-05 15:35:43 +00:00
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## 参考文档
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2017-09-04 03:18:25 +00:00
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2018-10-21 01:51:36 +00:00
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* [Docker 官方 Debian 安装文档](https://docs.docker.com/install/linux/docker-ce/debian/)
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