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## 列出镜像 ## List all Images
要想列出已经下载下来的镜像，可以使用 `docker image ls` 命令。 If you want to list all the images downloaded, you can use the command `docker image ls` or `docker images`.
```bash ```bash
$ docker image ls $ docker image ls
@ -13,17 +13,17 @@ ubuntu 18.04 f753707788c5 4 weeks ago
ubuntu latest f753707788c5 4 weeks ago 127 MB ubuntu latest f753707788c5 4 weeks ago 127 MB
``` ```
列表包含了 `仓库名`、`标签`、`镜像 ID`、`创建时间` 以及 `所占用的空间`。 You can see `Repository`, `Tag`, `Image ID`, `Created` and `Size` from the list.
其中仓库名、标签在之前的基础概念章节已经介绍过了。**镜像 ID** 则是镜像的唯一标识，一个镜像可以对应多个 **标签**。因此，在上面的例子中，我们可以看到 `ubuntu:18.04` 和 `ubuntu:latest` 拥有相同的 ID，因为它们对应的是同一个镜像。 Among these, the repository name and tag have been introduced in the basic concepts chapter. **Image ID** is the unique identifier for the image, and an image can correspond to multiple **labels**. In the exmaple above, we can see `ubuntu:18:04` and `ubuntu:latest` having the same ID, since they are aliases for the same image.
### 镜像体积 ### Image Size
如果仔细观察，会注意到，这里标识的所占用空间和在 Docker Hub 上看到的镜像大小不同。比如，`ubuntu:18.04` 镜像大小，在这里是 `127 MB`，但是在 [Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com/r/library/ubuntu/tags/) 显示的却是 `50 MB`。这是因为 Docker Hub 中显示的体积是压缩后的体积。在镜像下载和上传过程中镜像是保持着压缩状态的，因此 Docker Hub 所显示的大小是网络传输中更关心的流量大小。而 `docker image ls` 显示的是镜像下载到本地后，展开的大小，准确说，是展开后的各层所占空间的总和，因为镜像到本地后，查看空间的时候，更关心的是本地磁盘空间占用的大小。 If you pay close attention to all of these. You may find that the disk space they occupy is different from the one at Docker Hub. For example, `ubuntu:18.04` is `127MB` here, but on [Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com/r/library/ubuntu/tags/), `50MB` is displayed. That's because what is shown on Docker Hub is the size after compression. During image download and upload, the image is compressed, because the data transfer is the main factor taken into consideration. However, when we use the command `docker image ls`, that's the size after expansion. To be more precisely, the total size after expanding all the layers locally, because we care more about local space occupied when an image is on our disk.
另外一个需要注意的问题是，`docker image ls` 列表中的镜像体积总和并非是所有镜像实际硬盘消耗。由于 Docker 镜像是多层存储结构，并且可以继承、复用，因此不同镜像可能会因为使用相同的基础镜像，从而拥有共同的层。由于 Docker 使用 Union FS，相同的层只需要保存一份即可，因此实际镜像硬盘占用空间很可能要比这个列表镜像大小的总和要小的多。 One more thing to note is that in the `docker image ls` list, the total size of images is far less than the actual size. Since the Docker imags are stored in multiple layers, and there are inheritance and reuse, there might be different images using the same basic images and sharing some common layers. As we have mentioned, Docker uses Union FS, we only keep one copy for the same layers, so the actual space occupied is far less than the mere sum.
你可以通过以下命令来便捷的查看镜像、容器、数据卷所占用的空间。 You can use the following command to see the space utilized by images, containers, data volumes.
```bash ```bash
$ docker system df $ docker system df
@ -35,15 +35,15 @@ Local Volumes 9 0 652.2MB
Build Cache 0B 0B Build Cache 0B 0B
``` ```
### 虚悬镜像 ### Dangling Image
上面的镜像列表中，还可以看到一个特殊的镜像，这个镜像既没有仓库名，也没有标签，均为 `<none>`。： In the image list above, we can see a special image, the one without repository name nor tag, all being `<none>`:
```bash ```bash
<none> <none> 00285df0df87 5 days ago 342 MB <none> <none> 00285df0df87 5 days ago 342 MB
``` ```
这个镜像原本是有镜像名和标签的，原来为 `mongo:3.2`，随着官方镜像维护，发布了新版本后，重新 `docker pull mongo:3.2` 时，`mongo:3.2` 这个镜像名被转移到了新下载的镜像身上，而旧的镜像上的这个名称则被取消，从而成为了 `<none>`。除了 `docker pull` 可能导致这种情况，`docker build` 也同样可以导致这种现象。由于新旧镜像同名，旧镜像名称被取消，从而出现仓库名、标签均为 `<none>` 的镜像。这类无标签镜像也被称为 **虚悬镜像(dangling image)** ，可以用下面的命令专门显示这类镜像： This image is originally with name and tag(`mongo:3.2`). As the official image being maintained, and the release of new versions, when we execute `docker pull mongo:3.2`, the tag `mongo:3.2` is transferred to the new iamge, and the name on the old image is canceled, end up being `<none>`. Besides, `docker pull`, `docker build` might also cause this phenomemon. Because the new and old image are of the same name, the name of the old image is canceled, thus causing the repository and tag both being `<none>`. These images without tags are also called **dangling images**, we can use the following commands to show them:
```bash ```bash
$ docker image ls -f dangling=true $ docker image ls -f dangling=true
@ -51,27 +51,27 @@ REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED
<none> <none> 00285df0df87 5 days ago 342 MB <none> <none> 00285df0df87 5 days ago 342 MB
``` ```
一般来说，虚悬镜像已经失去了存在的价值，是可以随意删除的，可以用下面的命令删除。 Generally speaking, the dangling images are useless, we can remove them with the following commands with ease:
```bash ```bash
$ docker image prune $ docker image prune
``` ```
### 中间层镜像 ### Intermediate Layer Images
为了加速镜像构建、重复利用资源，Docker 会利用 **中间层镜像**。所以在使用一段时间后，可能会看到一些依赖的中间层镜像。默认的 `docker image ls` 列表中只会显示顶层镜像，如果希望显示包括中间层镜像在内的所有镜像的话，需要加 `-a` 参数。 To accelerate the build of images and improve the resource utilization, Docker uses **Intermediate Layer Images**. So after using Docker for a while, you may see a list of intermediate images as dependencies. The default `docker image ls` only shows the top images, if you want to show all the images including intermediate images, you need to add the `-a` paramter.
```bash ```bash
$ docker image ls -a $ docker image ls -a
``` ```
这样会看到很多无标签的镜像，与之前的虚悬镜像不同，这些无标签的镜像很多都是中间层镜像，是其它镜像所依赖的镜像。这些无标签镜像不应该删除，否则会导致上层镜像因为依赖丢失而出错。实际上，这些镜像也没必要删除，因为之前说过，相同的层只会存一遍，而这些镜像是别的镜像的依赖，因此并不会因为它们被列出来而多存了一份，无论如何你也会需要它们。只要删除那些依赖它们的镜像后，这些依赖的中间层镜像也会被连带删除。 You will see a lot of images without tags with this command. Differing from `dangling images`, these untagged images are intermediate layer images, and are what a lot of other images depend on. These untagged images should not be deleted, otherwise, it will cause missing dependencies errors for upstream images. In fact, these images are not necessary to delete, as we have mentioned, the same layers will be only stored once. These images are dependencies for other images, and their existence will not cause any redundancy, you will need them in any way. They will disappear the moment you delete all the images that reference them.
### 列出部分镜像 ### List Images Partially
不加任何参数的情况下，`docker image ls` 会列出所有顶层镜像，但是有时候我们只希望列出部分镜像。`docker image ls` 有好几个参数可以帮助做到这个事情。 Without any parameter, `docker image ls` lists all the top-level images, but sometimes we only want them partially. `docker image ls` has several parameters to help us achieve this goal.
根据仓库名列出镜像 To list images based on repository name.
```bash ```bash
$ docker image ls ubuntu $ docker image ls ubuntu
@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ ubuntu 18.04 f753707788c5 4 weeks ago
ubuntu latest f753707788c5 4 weeks ago 127 MB ubuntu latest f753707788c5 4 weeks ago 127 MB
``` ```
列出特定的某个镜像，也就是说指定仓库名和标签 To list a certain image, specifying repository name and label.
```bash ```bash
$ docker image ls ubuntu:18.04 $ docker image ls ubuntu:18.04
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED
ubuntu 18.04 f753707788c5 4 weeks ago 127 MB ubuntu 18.04 f753707788c5 4 weeks ago 127 MB
``` ```
除此以外，`docker image ls` 还支持强大的过滤器参数 `--filter`，或者简写 `-f`。之前我们已经看到了使用过滤器来列出虚悬镜像的用法，它还有更多的用法。比如，我们希望看到在 `mongo:3.2` 之后建立的镜像，可以用下面的命令： Besides, `docker image ls` supports the `--filter` parameter, or simply `-f`. As we have seen before, using filter to list dangling image, and it has more usages. For example, if we want to see images with edition after `mongo:3.2`, we can use the following command:
```bash ```bash
$ docker image ls -f since=mongo:3.2 $ docker image ls -f since=mongo:3.2
@ -97,18 +97,18 @@ redis latest 5f515359c7f8 5 days ago
nginx latest 05a60462f8ba 5 days ago 181 MB nginx latest 05a60462f8ba 5 days ago 181 MB
``` ```
想查看某个位置之前的镜像也可以，只需要把 `since` 换成 `before` 即可。 If we want to see some versions of images before, we can simply replace `since` with `before`.
此外，如果镜像构建时，定义了 `LABEL`，还可以通过 `LABEL` 来过滤。 If we have defined the `LABEL` during the image build, we can also filter with the `LABEL` option.
```bash ```bash
$ docker image ls -f label=com.example.version=0.1 $ docker image ls -f label=com.example.version=0.1
... ...
``` ```
### 以特定格式显示 ### Show with Specified Format
默认情况下，`docker image ls` 会输出一个完整的表格，但是我们并非所有时候都会需要这些内容。比如，刚才删除虚悬镜像的时候，我们需要利用 `docker image ls` 把所有的虚悬镜像的 ID 列出来，然后才可以交给 `docker image rm` 命令作为参数来删除指定的这些镜像，这个时候就用到了 `-q` 参数。 By default, `docker image ls` will show a full list, but we do not need it all the time. For example, when we delete dangling images, we use `docker image ls` to list all the IDs of dangling images and then pass them over to `docker image rm` as parameters to remove the specified images. Under this circumstance, we can apply the `-q` option.
```bash ```bash
$ docker image ls -q $ docker image ls -q
@ -121,11 +121,11 @@ f753707788c5
1e0c3dd64ccd 1e0c3dd64ccd
``` ```
`--filter` 配合 `-q` 产生出指定范围的 ID 列表，然后送给另一个 `docker` 命令作为参数，从而针对这组实体成批的进行某种操作的做法在 Docker 命令行使用过程中非常常见，不仅仅是镜像，将来我们会在各个命令中看到这类搭配以完成很强大的功能。因此每次在文档看到过滤器后，可以多注意一下它们的用法。 `--filter` together with `-q` to generate a ID list in a specified range, and then passing them over to another `docker` command as parameter is a common practice for Docker commands. Not only for images, we will see all this kind of combinations in other kinds of commands, with them, we can achieve great functionalities. So when you see some filters while reading the documents, please pay attention to how they are used in practice.
另外一些时候，我们可能只是对表格的结构不满意，希望自己组织列；或者不希望有标题，这样方便其它程序解析结果等，这就用到了 [Go 的模板语法](https://gohugo.io/templates/go-templates/)。 In some other occasions, we may not be content with the table structure and would like to reorganize the columns. In this case, we can use the [Go Templates](https://gohugo.io/templates/go-templates/).
比如，下面的命令会直接列出镜像结果，并且只包含镜像ID和仓库名： For example, using the following commands will list the image results, with only image ID and repository names.
```bash ```bash
$ docker image ls --format "{{.ID}}: {{.Repository}}" $ docker image ls --format "{{.ID}}: {{.Repository}}"
@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ f753707788c5: ubuntu
1e0c3dd64ccd: ubuntu 1e0c3dd64ccd: ubuntu
``` ```
或者打算以表格等距显示，并且有标题行，和默认一样，不过自己定义列： Or we may want to show the table with equal horizontal tabulations and with title, we can define them by ourselves.
```bash ```bash
$ docker image ls --format "table {{.ID}}\t{{.Repository}}\t{{.Tag}}" $ docker image ls --format "table {{.ID}}\t{{.Repository}}\t{{.Tag}}"

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## Install Docker CE on Ubuntu ## Install Docker CE on Ubuntu
> warning: Don't install Docker CE directly using apt without configuring Docker APT source. > WARNING: DO NOT install Docker CE directly using apt without configuring Docker APT source.
### Prerequisites ### Prerequisites