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Release v1.5.0: Restructure chapters and update for Docker v30.x
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Baohua Yang
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11_orchestration/kubernetes/README.md
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# Kubernetes
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`Kubernetes` 是 Google 团队发起并维护的基于 Docker 的开源容器集群管理系统，它不仅支持常见的云平台，而且支持内部数据中心。
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建于 Docker 之上的 `Kubernetes` 可以构建一个容器的调度服务，其目的是让用户透过 `Kubernetes` 集群来进行云端容器集群的管理，而无需用户进行复杂的设置工作。系统会自动选取合适的工作节点来执行具体的容器集群调度处理工作。其核心概念是 `Container Pod`。一个 `Pod` 由一组工作于同一物理工作节点的容器构成。这些组容器拥有相同的网络命名空间、IP以及存储配额，也可以根据实际情况对每一个 `Pod` 进行端口映射。此外，`Kubernetes` 工作节点会由主系统进行管理，节点包含了能够运行 Docker 容器所用到的服务。
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本章将分为 5 节介绍 `Kubernetes`，包括
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* 项目简介
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* 快速入门
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* 基本概念
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* 实践例子
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* 架构分析等高级话题
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d="m 571.9533,1060.1561 c 1.9176,0 3.3876,0.1386 4.4104,0.4155 1.0227,0.277 1.5341,0.8416 1.5341,1.694 0,0.5539 -0.1599,1.0227 -0.4793,1.4063 -0.3198,0.3835 -0.7671,0.7137 -1.3425,0.9907 -0.5752,0.2769 -1.2357,0.5434 -1.9814,0.7991 -0.7458,0.2557 -1.5234,0.5113 -2.3332,0.767 -1.1506,0.3407 -2.3225,0.735 -3.5156,1.1826 -1.1931,0.4473 -2.2799,1.012 -3.2601,1.6937 -0.9799,0.6821 -1.7898,1.5449 -2.429,2.5889 -0.6392,1.044 -0.9587,2.3545 -0.9587,3.9311 0,1.2784 0.2449,2.4823 0.735,3.6116 0.4901,1.1294 1.2572,2.1305 2.3012,3.0042 1.044,0.8736 2.3757,1.5554 3.9952,2.0455 1.6191,0.4901 3.5583,0.7353 5.8166,0.7353 1.9605,0 3.782,-0.1494 5.4652,-0.4476 1.6835,-0.2982 3.1428,-0.7246 4.3787,-1.2784 l -1.2143,-6.6479 c -0.7246,0.2132 -1.8539,0.5647 -3.388,1.0548 -1.5341,0.4901 -3.2599,0.735 -5.1775,0.735 -2.003,0 -3.3559,-0.2449 -4.0589,-0.735 -0.7033,-0.4901 -1.0548,-1.0122 -1.0548,-1.5661 0,-0.4689 0.1599,-0.8841 0.4793,-1.2464 0.3198,-0.3623 0.7458,-0.6925 1.2785,-0.9907 0.5326,-0.2985 1.1506,-0.5859 1.8538,-0.8632 0.703,-0.2769 1.4593,-0.5431 2.2692,-0.7988 1.1505,-0.3835 2.3437,-0.8098 3.5796,-1.2784 1.2356,-0.4689 2.3544,-1.0548 3.3556,-1.7578 1.0015,-0.7032 1.8218,-1.5981 2.461,-2.6847 0.6393,-1.0868 0.959,-2.4185 0.959,-3.9951 0,-1.2359 -0.2344,-2.4078 -0.7033,-3.5158 -0.4688,-1.1078 -1.2464,-2.0668 -2.3332,-2.8763 -1.0865,-0.8096 -2.5035,-1.4488 -4.2505,-1.9177 -1.7473,-0.4688 -3.8994,-0.703 -6.4562,-0.703 -2.5994,0 -4.8152,0.2982 -6.6478,0.8946 -1.8323,0.5967 -3.3024,1.1294 -4.4104,1.5982 l 1.2143,6.5838 c 1.4916,-0.5964 3.079,-1.1506 4.7622,-1.662 1.6832,-0.5114 3.3985,-0.767 5.1458,-0.767"
|
||||
id="path272"
|
||||
style="fill:#ffffff;fill-opacity:1;fill-rule:nonzero;stroke:none" /></g></svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 41 KiB |
61
11_orchestration/kubernetes/advanced.md
Normal file
61
11_orchestration/kubernetes/advanced.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
|
||||
# Kubernetes 高级特性
|
||||
|
||||
掌握了 Kubernetes 的核心概念（Pod, Service, Deployment）后，我们需要了解更多高级特性以构建生产级应用。
|
||||
|
||||
## Helm - 包管理工具
|
||||
|
||||
[Helm](https://helm.sh/) 被称为 Kubernetes 的包管理器（类似于 Linux 的 apt/yum）。它将一组 Kubernetes 资源定义文件打包为一个 **Chart**。
|
||||
|
||||
* **安装应用**：`helm install my-release bitnami/mysql`
|
||||
* **版本管理**：轻松回滚应用的发布版本。
|
||||
* **模板化**：支持复杂的应用部署逻辑配置。
|
||||
|
||||
## Ingress - 服务的入口
|
||||
|
||||
Service 虽然提供了负载均衡，但通常是 4 层（TCP/UDP）。**Ingress** 提供了 7 层（HTTP/HTTPS）路由能力，充当集群的网关。
|
||||
|
||||
* **域名路由**：基于 Host 将请求转发不同服务 (api.example.com -> api-svc, web.example.com -> web-svc)。
|
||||
* **路径路由**：基于 Path 将请求转发 (/api -> api-svc, / -> web-svc)。
|
||||
* **SSL/TLS**：集中管理证书。
|
||||
|
||||
常见的 Ingress Controller有 Nginx Ingress Controller, Traefik, Istio Gateway 等。
|
||||
|
||||
## Persistent Volume (PV) 与 StorageClass
|
||||
|
||||
容器内的文件是临时的。对于有状态应用（如数据库），需要持久化存储。
|
||||
|
||||
* **PVC (Persistent Volume Claim)**：用户申请存储的声明。
|
||||
* **PV (Persistent Volume)**：实际的存储资源（NFS, AWS EBS, Ceph 等）。
|
||||
* **StorageClass**：定义存储类，支持动态创建 PV。
|
||||
|
||||
## Horizontal Pod Autoscaling (HPA)
|
||||
|
||||
HPA 根据 CPU 利用率或其他指标（如内存、自定义指标）自动扩缩 Deployment 或 ReplicaSet 中的 Pod 数量。
|
||||
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
|
||||
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
|
||||
metadata:
|
||||
name: php-apache
|
||||
spec:
|
||||
scaleTargetRef:
|
||||
apiVersion: apps/v1
|
||||
kind: Deployment
|
||||
name: php-apache
|
||||
minReplicas: 1
|
||||
maxReplicas: 10
|
||||
metrics:
|
||||
- type: Resource
|
||||
resource:
|
||||
name: cpu
|
||||
target:
|
||||
type: Utilization
|
||||
averageUtilization: 50
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## ConfigMap 与 Secret
|
||||
|
||||
* **ConfigMap**：存储非机密的配置数据（配置文件、环境变量）。
|
||||
* **Secret**：存储机密数据（密码、Token、证书），在 Etcd 中加密存储。
|
||||
|
||||
通过将配置与镜像分离，保证了容器的可移植性。
|
||||
188
11_orchestration/kubernetes/concepts.md
Normal file
188
11_orchestration/kubernetes/concepts.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
|
||||
# 基本概念
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* 节点（`Node`）：一个节点是一个运行 Kubernetes 中的主机。
|
||||
* 容器组（`Pod`）：一个 Pod 对应于由若干容器组成的一个容器组，同个组内的容器共享一个存储卷(volume)。
|
||||
* 容器组生命周期（`pos-states`）：包含所有容器状态集合，包括容器组状态类型，容器组生命周期，事件，重启策略，以及 replication controllers。
|
||||
* Replication Controllers：主要负责指定数量的 pod 在同一时间一起运行。
|
||||
* 服务（`services`）：一个 Kubernetes 服务是容器组逻辑的高级抽象，同时也对外提供访问容器组的策略。
|
||||
* 卷（`volumes`）：一个卷就是一个目录，容器对其有访问权限。
|
||||
* 标签（`labels`）：标签是用来连接一组对象的，比如容器组。标签可以被用来组织和选择子对象。
|
||||
* 接口权限（`accessing_the_api`）：端口，IP 地址和代理的防火墙规则。
|
||||
* web 界面（`ux`）：用户可以通过 web 界面操作 Kubernetes。
|
||||
* 命令行操作（`cli`）：`kubectl`命令。
|
||||
|
||||
## 节点
|
||||
|
||||
在 `Kubernetes` 中，节点是实际工作的点，节点可以是虚拟机或者物理机器，依赖于一个集群环境。每个节点都有一些必要的服务以运行容器组，并且它们都可以通过主节点来管理。必要服务包括 Docker，kubelet 和代理服务。
|
||||
|
||||
### 容器状态
|
||||
|
||||
容器状态用来描述节点的当前状态。现在，其中包含三个信息：
|
||||
|
||||
#### 主机IP
|
||||
|
||||
主机 IP 需要云平台来查询，`Kubernetes` 把它作为状态的一部分来保存。如果 `Kubernetes` 没有运行在云平台上，节点 ID 就是必需的。IP 地址可以变化，并且可以包含多种类型的 IP 地址，如公共 IP，私有 IP，动态 IP，ipv6 等等。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 节点周期
|
||||
|
||||
通常来说节点有 `Pending`，`Running`，`Terminated` 三个周期，如果 Kubernetes 发现了一个节点并且其可用，那么 Kubernetes 就把它标记为 `Pending`。然后在某个时刻，Kubernetes 将会标记其为 `Running`。节点的结束周期称为 `Terminated`。一个已经 `Terminated` 的节点不会接受和调度任何请求，并且已经在其上运行的容器组也会删除。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 节点状态
|
||||
|
||||
节点的状态主要是用来描述处于 `Running` 的节点。当前可用的有 `NodeReachable` 和 `NodeReady`。以后可能会增加其他状态。`NodeReachable` 表示集群可达。`NodeReady` 表示 kubelet 返回 Status Ok 并且 HTTP 状态检查健康。
|
||||
|
||||
### 节点管理
|
||||
|
||||
节点并非 Kubernetes 创建，而是由云平台创建，或者就是物理机器、虚拟机。在 Kubernetes 中，节点仅仅是一条记录，节点创建之后，Kubernetes 会检查其是否可用。在 Kubernetes 中，节点用如下结构保存：
|
||||
|
||||
```json
|
||||
{
|
||||
"id": "10.1.2.3",
|
||||
"kind": "Minion",
|
||||
"apiVersion": "v1beta1",
|
||||
"resources": {
|
||||
"capacity": {
|
||||
"cpu": 1000,
|
||||
"memory": 1073741824
|
||||
},
|
||||
},
|
||||
"labels": {
|
||||
"name": "my-first-k8s-node",
|
||||
},
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Kubernetes 校验节点可用依赖于 ID。在当前的版本中，有两个接口可以用来管理节点：节点控制和 Kube 管理。
|
||||
|
||||
### 节点控制
|
||||
|
||||
在 Kubernetes 主节点中，节点控制器是用来管理节点的组件。主要包含：
|
||||
|
||||
* 集群范围内节点同步
|
||||
* 单节点生命周期管理
|
||||
|
||||
节点控制有一个同步轮询，主要监听所有云平台的虚拟实例，会根据节点状态创建和删除。可以通过 `--node_sync_period`标志来控制该轮询。如果一个实例已经创建，节点控制将会为其创建一个结构。同样的，如果一个节点被删除，节点控制也会删除该结构。在 Kubernetes 启动时可用通过 `--machines`标记来显示指定节点。同样可以使用 `kubectl` 来一条一条的添加节点，两者是相同的。通过设置 `--sync_nodes=false`标记来禁止集群之间的节点同步，你也可以使用 api/kubectl 命令行来增删节点。
|
||||
|
||||
## 容器组
|
||||
|
||||
在 Kubernetes 中，使用的最小单位是容器组，容器组是创建，调度，管理的最小单位。 一个容器组使用相同的 Docker 容器并共享卷（挂载点）。一个容器组是一个特定应用的打包集合，包含一个或多个容器。
|
||||
|
||||
和运行的容器类似，一个容器组被认为只有很短的运行周期。容器组被调度到一组节点运行，直到容器的生命周期结束或者其被删除。如果节点死掉，运行在其上的容器组将会被删除而不是重新调度。（也许在将来的版本中会添加容器组的移动）。
|
||||
|
||||
### 容器组设计的初衷
|
||||
|
||||
### 资源共享和通信
|
||||
|
||||
容器组主要是为了数据共享和它们之间的通信。
|
||||
|
||||
在一个容器组中，容器都使用相同的网络地址和端口，可以通过本地网络来相互通信。每个容器组都有独立的 IP，可用通过网络来和其他物理主机或者容器通信。
|
||||
|
||||
容器组有一组存储卷（挂载点），主要是为了让容器在重启之后可以不丢失数据。
|
||||
|
||||
### 容器组管理
|
||||
|
||||
容器组是一个应用管理和部署的高层次抽象，同时也是一组容器的接口。容器组是部署、水平放缩的最小单位。
|
||||
|
||||
### 容器组的使用
|
||||
|
||||
容器组可以通过组合来构建复杂的应用，其本来的意义包含：
|
||||
|
||||
* 内容管理，文件和数据加载以及本地缓存管理等。
|
||||
* 日志和检查点备份，压缩，快照等。
|
||||
* 监听数据变化，跟踪日志，日志和监控代理，消息发布等。
|
||||
* 代理，网桥
|
||||
* 控制器，管理，配置以及更新
|
||||
|
||||
### 替代方案
|
||||
|
||||
为什么不在一个单一的容器里运行多个程序？
|
||||
|
||||
* 1.透明化。为了使容器组中的容器保持一致的基础设施和服务，比如进程管理和资源监控。这样设计是为了用户的便利性。
|
||||
* 2.解偶软件之间的依赖。每个容器都可能重新构建和发布，Kubernetes 必须支持热发布和热更新（将来）。
|
||||
* 3.方便使用。用户不必运行独立的程序管理，也不用担心每个应用程序的退出状态。
|
||||
* 4.高效。考虑到基础设施有更多的职责，容器必须要轻量化。
|
||||
|
||||
### 容器组的生命状态
|
||||
|
||||
包括若干状态值：`pending`、`running`、`succeeded`、`failed`。
|
||||
|
||||
#### pending
|
||||
|
||||
容器组已经被节点接受，但有一个或多个容器还没有运行起来。这将包含某些节点正在下载镜像的时间，这种情形会依赖于网络情况。
|
||||
|
||||
#### running
|
||||
|
||||
容器组已经被调度到节点，并且所有的容器都已经启动。至少有一个容器处于运行状态（或者处于重启状态）。
|
||||
|
||||
#### succeeded
|
||||
|
||||
所有的容器都正常退出。
|
||||
|
||||
#### failed
|
||||
|
||||
容器组中所有容器都意外中断了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 容器组生命周期
|
||||
|
||||
通常来说，如果容器组被创建了就不会自动销毁，除非被某种行为触发，而触发此种情况可能是人为，或者复制控制器所为。唯一例外的是容器组由 succeeded 状态成功退出，或者在一定时间内重试多次依然失败。
|
||||
|
||||
如果某个节点死掉或者不能连接，那么节点控制器将会标记其上的容器组的状态为 `failed`。
|
||||
|
||||
举例如下。
|
||||
|
||||
* 容器组状态 `running`，有 1 容器，容器正常退出
|
||||
* 记录完成事件
|
||||
* 如果重启策略为：
|
||||
* 始终：重启容器，容器组保持 `running`
|
||||
* 失败时：容器组变为 `succeeded`
|
||||
* 从不：容器组变为 `succeeded`
|
||||
* 容器组状态 `running`，有1容器，容器异常退出
|
||||
* 记录失败事件
|
||||
* 如果重启策略为：
|
||||
* 始终：重启容器，容器组保持 `running`
|
||||
* 失败时：重启容器，容器组保持 `running`
|
||||
* 从不：容器组变为 `failed`
|
||||
* 容器组状态 `running`，有2容器，有1容器异常退出
|
||||
* 记录失败事件
|
||||
* 如果重启策略为：
|
||||
* 始终：重启容器，容器组保持 `running`
|
||||
* 失败时：重启容器，容器组保持 `running`
|
||||
* 从不：容器组保持 `running`
|
||||
* 当有2容器退出
|
||||
* 记录失败事件
|
||||
* 如果重启策略为：
|
||||
* 始终：重启容器，容器组保持 `running`
|
||||
* 失败时：重启容器，容器组保持 `running`
|
||||
* 从不：容器组变为 `failed`
|
||||
* 容器组状态 `running`，容器内存不足
|
||||
* 标记容器错误中断
|
||||
* 记录内存不足事件
|
||||
* 如果重启策略为：
|
||||
* 始终：重启容器，容器组保持 `running`
|
||||
* 失败时：重启容器，容器组保持 `running`
|
||||
* 从不：记录错误事件，容器组变为 `failed`
|
||||
* 容器组状态 `running`，一块磁盘死掉
|
||||
* 杀死所有容器
|
||||
* 记录事件
|
||||
* 容器组变为 `failed`
|
||||
* 如果容器组运行在一个控制器下，容器组将会在其他地方重新创建
|
||||
* 容器组状态 `running`，对应的节点段溢出
|
||||
* 节点控制器等到超时
|
||||
* 节点控制器标记容器组 `failed`
|
||||
* 如果容器组运行在一个控制器下，容器组将会在其他地方重新创建
|
||||
|
||||
## Replication Controllers
|
||||
|
||||
## 服务
|
||||
|
||||
## 卷
|
||||
|
||||
## 标签
|
||||
|
||||
## 接口权限
|
||||
|
||||
## web界面
|
||||
|
||||
## 命令行操作
|
||||
49
11_orchestration/kubernetes/design.md
Normal file
49
11_orchestration/kubernetes/design.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
|
||||
# 架构设计
|
||||
|
||||
任何优秀的项目都离不开优秀的架构设计。本小节将介绍 Kubernetes 在架构方面的设计考虑。
|
||||
|
||||
## 基本考虑
|
||||
|
||||
如果让我们自己从头设计一套容器管理平台，有如下几个方面是很容易想到的：
|
||||
|
||||
* 分布式架构，保证扩展性；
|
||||
* 逻辑集中式的控制平面 + 物理分布式的运行平面；
|
||||
* 一套资源调度系统，管理哪个容器该分配到哪个节点上；
|
||||
* 一套对容器内服务进行抽象和 HA 的系统。
|
||||
|
||||
## 运行原理
|
||||
|
||||
下面这张图完整展示了 Kubernetes 的运行原理。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
可见，Kubernetes 首先是一套分布式系统，由多个节点组成，节点分为两类：一类是属于管理平面的主节点/控制节点（Master Node）；一类是属于运行平面的工作节点（Worker Node）。
|
||||
|
||||
显然，复杂的工作肯定都交给控制节点去做了，工作节点负责提供稳定的操作接口和能力抽象即可。
|
||||
|
||||
从这张图上，我们没有能发现 Kubernetes 中对于控制平面的分布式实现，但是由于数据后端自身就是一套分布式的数据库 Etcd，因此可以很容易扩展到分布式实现。
|
||||
|
||||
## 控制平面
|
||||
|
||||
### 主节点服务
|
||||
|
||||
主节点上需要提供如下的管理服务：
|
||||
|
||||
* `apiserver` 是整个系统的对外接口，提供一套 RESTful 的 [Kubernetes API](https://kubernetes.io/zh/docs/concepts/overview/kubernetes-api/)，供客户端和其它组件调用；
|
||||
* `scheduler` 负责对资源进行调度，分配某个 pod 到某个节点上。是 pluggable 的，意味着很容易选择其它实现方式；
|
||||
* `controller-manager` 负责管理控制器，包括 endpoint-controller（刷新服务和 pod 的关联信息）和 replication-controller（维护某个 pod 的复制为配置的数值）。
|
||||
|
||||
### Etcd
|
||||
|
||||
这里 Etcd 即作为数据后端，又作为消息中间件。
|
||||
|
||||
通过 Etcd 来存储所有的主节点上的状态信息，很容易实现主节点的分布式扩展。
|
||||
|
||||
组件可以自动的去侦测 Etcd 中的数值变化来获得通知，并且获得更新后的数据来执行相应的操作。
|
||||
|
||||
## 工作节点
|
||||
|
||||
* kubelet 是工作节点执行操作的 agent，负责具体的容器生命周期管理，根据从数据库中获取的信息来管理容器，并上报 pod 运行状态等；
|
||||
* kube-proxy 是一个简单的网络访问代理，同时也是一个 Load Balancer。它负责将访问到某个服务的请求具体分配给工作节点上的 Pod（同一类标签）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
83
11_orchestration/kubernetes/intro.md
Normal file
83
11_orchestration/kubernetes/intro.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
|
||||
# Kubernetes 简介
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## 什么是 Kubernetes
|
||||
|
||||
Kubernetes（常简称为 K8s）是 Google 开源的容器编排引擎。如果说 Docker 解决了"如何打包和运送集装箱"的问题，那么 Kubernetes 解决的就是"如何管理海量集装箱的调度、运行和维护"的问题。
|
||||
|
||||
它不仅仅是一个编排系统，更是一个**云原生应用操作系统**。
|
||||
|
||||
> **名字由来**：Kubernetes 在希腊语中意为"舵手"或"飞行员"。K8s 是因为 k 和 s 之间有 8 个字母。
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 为什么需要 Kubernetes
|
||||
|
||||
当我们在单机运行几个容器时，Docker Compose 就足够了。但在生产环境中，我们需要面对：
|
||||
|
||||
- **多主机调度**：容器应该运行在哪台机器上？
|
||||
- **自动恢复**：容器崩溃了怎么办？节点挂了怎么办？
|
||||
- **服务发现**：容器 IP 变了，其他服务怎么找到它？
|
||||
- **负载均衡**：流量大了，如何分发给多个副本？
|
||||
- **滚动更新**：如何不中断服务升级应用？
|
||||
|
||||
Kubernetes 完美解决了这些问题。
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 核心概念
|
||||
|
||||
### Pod (豆荚)
|
||||
Kubernetes 的最小调度单位。一个 Pod 可以包含一个或多个紧密协作的容器（共享网络和存储）。就像豌豆荚里的豌豆一样。
|
||||
|
||||
### Node (节点)
|
||||
运行 Pod 的物理机或虚拟机。
|
||||
|
||||
### Deployment (部署)
|
||||
定义应用的期望状态（如：需要 3 个副本，镜像版本为 v1）。K8s 会持续确保当前状态符合期望状态。
|
||||
|
||||
### Service (服务)
|
||||
定义一组 Pod 的访问策略。提供稳定的 Cluster IP 和 DNS 名称，负责负载均衡。
|
||||
|
||||
### Namespace (命名空间)
|
||||
用于多租户资源隔离。
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## Docker 用户如何过渡
|
||||
|
||||
如果你已经熟悉 Docker，学习 K8s 会很容易：
|
||||
|
||||
| Docker 概念 | Kubernetes 概念 | 说明 |
|
||||
|------------|----------------|------|
|
||||
| Container | Pod | K8s 增加了一层 Pod 包装 |
|
||||
| Volume | PersistentVolume | K8s 的存储更加抽象和强大 |
|
||||
| Network | Service/Ingress| K8s 的网络模型更扁平 |
|
||||
| Compose | Deployment + Service | 声明式配置的理念是一致的 |
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 架构
|
||||
|
||||
Kubernetes 也是 C/S 架构，由 **Master (控制平面)** 和 **Worker (工作节点)** 组成：
|
||||
|
||||
- **Control Plane**：负责决策（API Server, Scheduler, Controller Manager, etcd）
|
||||
- **Worker Node**：负责干活（Kubelet, Kube-proxy, Container Runtime）
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 学习建议
|
||||
|
||||
Kubernetes 的学习曲线较陡峭。建议的学习路径：
|
||||
1. **理解基本概念**：Pod, Deployment, Service
|
||||
2. **动手实践**：使用 Minikube 或 Kind 在本地搭建集群
|
||||
3. **部署应用**：编写 YAML 部署一个无状态应用
|
||||
4. **深入原理**：网络模型、存储机制、调度算法
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 延伸阅读
|
||||
|
||||
- [Minikube 安装](../kubernetes/setup/README.md)：本地体验 K8s
|
||||
- [Kubernetes 官网](https://kubernetes.io/)：官方文档
|
||||
99
11_orchestration/kubernetes/practice.md
Normal file
99
11_orchestration/kubernetes/practice.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
|
||||
# Kubernetes 实战练习
|
||||
|
||||
本章将通过一个具体的案例：部署一个 Nginx 网站，并为其配置 Service 和 Ingress，来串联前面学到的知识。
|
||||
|
||||
## 目标
|
||||
|
||||
1. 部署一个 Nginx Deployment。
|
||||
2. 创建一个 Service 暴露 Nginx。
|
||||
3. （可选）通过 Ingress 访问服务。
|
||||
|
||||
## 步骤 1：创建 Deployment
|
||||
|
||||
创建一个名为 `nginx-deployment.yaml` 的文件：
|
||||
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
apiVersion: apps/v1
|
||||
kind: Deployment
|
||||
metadata:
|
||||
name: nginx-deployment
|
||||
labels:
|
||||
app: nginx
|
||||
spec:
|
||||
replicas: 2
|
||||
selector:
|
||||
matchLabels:
|
||||
app: nginx
|
||||
template:
|
||||
metadata:
|
||||
labels:
|
||||
app: nginx
|
||||
spec:
|
||||
containers:
|
||||
- name: nginx
|
||||
image: nginx:1.24
|
||||
ports:
|
||||
- containerPort: 80
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
应用配置：
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
kubectl apply -f nginx-deployment.yaml
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## 步骤 2：创建 Service
|
||||
|
||||
创建一个名为 `nginx-service.yaml` 的文件：
|
||||
|
||||
```yaml
|
||||
apiVersion: v1
|
||||
kind: Service
|
||||
metadata:
|
||||
name: nginx-service
|
||||
spec:
|
||||
selector:
|
||||
app: nginx
|
||||
ports:
|
||||
- protocol: TCP
|
||||
port: 80
|
||||
targetPort: 80
|
||||
type: NodePort # 使用 NodePort 方便本地测试
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
应用配置：
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
kubectl apply -f nginx-service.yaml
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
查看分配的端口：
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
kubectl get svc nginx-service
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果输出端口是 `80:30080/TCP`，你可以通过 `http://<NodeIP>:30080` 访问 Nginx。
|
||||
|
||||
## 步骤 3：模拟滚动更新 (Rolling Update)
|
||||
|
||||
修改 `nginx-deployment.yaml`，将镜像版本改为 `nginx:latest`。
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
kubectl apply -f nginx-deployment.yaml
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
观察更新过程：
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
kubectl rollout status deployment/nginx-deployment
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## 步骤 4：清理资源
|
||||
|
||||
练习结束后，记得清理资源：
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
kubectl delete -f nginx-service.yaml
|
||||
kubectl delete -f nginx-deployment.yaml
|
||||
```
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user