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# LABEL 指令
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# LABEL 为镜像添加元数据
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`LABEL` 指令用来给镜像以键值对的形式添加一些元数据(metadata)。
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## 基本语法
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```docker
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LABEL <key>=<value> <key>=<value> <key>=<value> ...
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LABEL <key>=<value> <key>=<value> ...
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```
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我们还可以用一些标签来申明镜像的作者、文档地址等:
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`LABEL` 指令以键值对的形式给镜像添加元数据。这些数据不会影响镜像的功能,但可以帮助用户理解镜像,或被自动化工具使用。
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---
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## 为什么需要 LABEL
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1. **版本管理**:记录版本号、构建时间、Git Commit ID
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2. **联系信息**:维护者邮箱、文档地址、支持渠道
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3. **自动化工具**: CI/CD 工具可以读取标签触发操作
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4. **许可证信息**:声明开源协议
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---
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## 基本用法
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### 定义单个标签
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```docker
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LABEL org.opencontainers.image.authors="yeasy"
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LABEL org.opencontainers.image.documentation="https://yeasy.gitbooks.io"
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LABEL version="1.0"
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LABEL description="这是一个 Web 应用服务器"
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```
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具体可以参考 https://github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/blob/master/annotations.md
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### 定义多个标签(推荐)
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```docker
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LABEL maintainer="user@example.com" \
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version="1.2.0" \
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description="My App Description" \
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org.opencontainers.image.authors="Yeasy"
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```
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> 💡 包含空格的值需要用引号括起来。
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---
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## 常用标签规范 (OCI Annotations)
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为了标准和互操作性,推荐使用 [OCI Image Format Specification](https://github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/blob/main/annotations.md#pre-defined-annotation-keys) 定义的标准标签:
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| 标签 Key | 说明 | 示例 |
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|----------|------|------|
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| `org.opencontainers.image.created` | 构建时间(RFC 3339) | `2024-01-01T00:00:00Z` |
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| `org.opencontainers.image.authors` | 作者/维护者 | `support@example.com` |
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| `org.opencontainers.image.url` | 项目主页 | `https://example.com` |
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| `org.opencontainers.image.documentation`| 文档地址 | `https://example.com/docs` |
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| `org.opencontainers.image.source` | 源码仓库 | `https://github.com/user/repo` |
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| `org.opencontainers.image.version` | 版本号 | `1.0.0` |
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| `org.opencontainers.image.licenses` | 许可证 | `MIT` |
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| `org.opencontainers.image.title` | 镜像标题 | `My App` |
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| `org.opencontainers.image.description` | 描述 | `Production ready web server` |
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### 示例
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```docker
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LABEL org.opencontainers.image.authors="yeasy" \
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org.opencontainers.image.documentation="https://yeasy.gitbooks.io" \
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org.opencontainers.image.source="https://github.com/yeasy/docker_practice" \
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org.opencontainers.image.licenses="MIT"
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```
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---
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## MAINTAINER 指令(已废弃)
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旧版本的 Dockerfile 中常看到 `MAINTAINER` 指令:
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```docker
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# ❌ 已弃用
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MAINTAINER user@example.com
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```
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现在推荐使用 `LABEL`:
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```docker
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# ✅ 推荐
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LABEL maintainer="user@example.com"
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# 或
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LABEL org.opencontainers.image.authors="user@example.com"
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```
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---
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## 动态标签
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配合 `ARG` 使用,可以在构建时动态注入标签:
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```docker
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ARG BUILD_DATE
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ARG VCS_REF
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LABEL org.opencontainers.image.created=$BUILD_DATE \
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org.opencontainers.image.revision=$VCS_REF
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```
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构建命令:
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```bash
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$ docker build \
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--build-arg BUILD_DATE=$(date -u +'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ') \
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--build-arg VCS_REF=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) \
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.
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```
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---
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## 查看标签
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### docker inspect
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查看镜像的标签信息:
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```bash
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$ docker inspect nginx --format '{{json .Config.Labels}}' | jq
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{
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"maintainer": "NGINX Docker Maintainers <docker-maint@nginx.com>"
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}
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```
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### 过滤器
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可以使用标签过滤镜像:
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```bash
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# 列出作者是 yeasy 的所有镜像
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$ docker images --filter "label=org.opencontainers.image.authors=yeasy"
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# 删除所有带有特定标签的镜像
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$ docker rmi $(docker images -q --filter "label=stage=builder")
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```
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---
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## 本章小结
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| 要点 | 说明 |
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|------|------|
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| **作用** | 添加 key-value 元数据 |
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| **语法** | `LABEL k=v k=v ...` |
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| **规范** | 推荐使用 OCI 标准标签 |
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| **弃用** | 不要再使用 `MAINTAINER` |
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| **查看** | `docker inspect` |
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## 延伸阅读
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- [OCI 标签规范](https://github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/blob/main/annotations.md)
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- [Dockerfile 最佳实践](../../appendix/best_practices.md)
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