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< ol class = "chapter" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded affix " > < a href = "../index.html" > Go语言圣经< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded affix " > < a href = "../preface.html" > 前言< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.< / strong > 入门< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.1.< / strong > Hello, World< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.2.< / strong > 命令行参数< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.3.< / strong > 查找重复的行< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.4.< / strong > GIF动画< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.5.< / strong > 获取URL< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.6.< / strong > 并发获取多个URL< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-07.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.7.< / strong > Web服务< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-08.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.8.< / strong > 本章要点< / a > < / li > < / ol > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.< / strong > 程序结构< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.1.< / strong > 命名< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.2.< / strong > 声明< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.3.< / strong > 变量< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.4.< / strong > 赋值< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.5.< / strong > 类型< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.6.< / strong > 包和文件< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-07.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.7.< / strong > 作用域< / a > < / li > < / ol > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.< / strong > 基础数据类型< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.1.< / strong > 整型< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.2.< / strong > 浮点数< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.3.< / strong > 复数< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.4.< / strong > 布尔型< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.5.< / strong > 字符串< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.6.< / strong > 常量< / a > < / li > < / ol > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.< / strong > 复合数据类型< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.1.< / strong > 数组< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.2.< / strong > Slice< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.3.< / strong > Map< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.4.< / strong > 结构体< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.5.< / strong > JSON< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-06.html" > < strong aria-hidd
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2022-08-24 10:48:15 +00:00
< li > < em > KusonStack一站式可编程配置技术栈(Go): < a href = "https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion" > https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion< / a > < / em > < / li >
< li > < em > KCL 配置编程语言(Rust): < a href = "https://github.com/KusionStack/KCLVM" > https://github.com/KusionStack/KCLVM< / a > < / em > < / li >
< li > < em > 凹语言™: < a href = "https://github.com/wa-lang/wa" > https://github.com/wa-lang/wa< / a > < / em > < / li >
2022-08-04 06:59:33 +00:00
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< hr >
< h2 id = "66-封装" > < a class = "header" href = "#66-封装" > 6.6. 封装< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 一个对象的变量或者方法如果对调用方是不可见的话，一般就被定义为“封装”。封装有时候也被叫做信息隐藏，同时也是面向对象编程最关键的一个方面。< / p >
< p > Go语言只有一种控制可见性的手段： ， ， < / p >
< p > 这也就是前面的小节中IntSet被定义为struct类型的原因， ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-go" > type IntSet struct {
words []uint64
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 当然， ， < code > *s< / code > 替换掉了：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-go" > type IntSet []uint64
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 尽管这个版本的IntSet在本质上是一样的， ， < code > *s< / code > 这个表达式会出现在所有的包中， （ ： ） < / p >
< p > 这种基于名字的手段使得在语言中最小的封装单元是package， ， < / p >
< p > 封装提供了三方面的优点。首先，因为调用方不能直接修改对象的变量值，其只需要关注少量的语句并且只要弄懂少量变量的可能的值即可。< / p >
< p > 第二， ， ， < / p >
< p > 把bytes.Buffer这个类型作为例子来考虑。这个类型在做短字符串叠加的时候很常用， ， ， ， ， ， ， ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-go" > type Buffer struct {
buf []byte
initial [64]byte
/* ... */
}
// Grow expands the buffer's capacity, if necessary,
// to guarantee space for another n bytes. [...]
func (b *Buffer) Grow(n int) {
if b.buf == nil {
b.buf = b.initial[:0] // use preallocated space initially
}
if len(b.buf)+n > cap(b.buf) {
buf := make([]byte, b.Len(), 2*cap(b.buf) + n)
copy(buf, b.buf)
b.buf = buf
}
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 封装的第三个优点也是最重要的优点， ， ， ， （ ： ） ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-go" > type Counter struct { n int }
func (c *Counter) N() int { return c.n }
func (c *Counter) Increment() { c.n++ }
func (c *Counter) Reset() { c.n = 0 }
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 只用来访问或修改内部变量的函数被称为setter或者getter， ， ， ， < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-go" > package log
type Logger struct {
flags int
prefix string
// ...
}
func (l *Logger) Flags() int
func (l *Logger) SetFlags(flag int)
func (l *Logger) Prefix() string
func (l *Logger) SetPrefix(prefix string)
< / code > < / pre >
< p > Go的编码风格不禁止直接导出字段。当然， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > 封装并不总是理想的。
虽然封装在有些情况是必要的， ， ： ， ， ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-go" > const day = 24 * time.Hour
fmt.Println(day.Seconds()) // " 86400"
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 另一个例子， ， ； ， < / p >
< p > 这两种类型决定性的不同： ， ， ， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > 在这章中， ， ， ， < / p >
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