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2023-06-26 17:30:52 +00:00
< ol class = "chapter" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded affix " > < a href = "../index.html" > Go语言圣经< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded affix " > < a href = "../preface-zh.html" > 译者序< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded affix " > < a href = "../preface.html" > 前言< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.< / strong > 入门< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.1.< / strong > Hello, World< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.2.< / strong > 命令行参数< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.3.< / strong > 查找重复的行< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.4.< / strong > GIF动画< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.5.< / strong > 获取URL< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.6.< / strong > 并发获取多个URL< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-07.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.7.< / strong > Web服务< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-08.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.8.< / strong > 本章要点< / a > < / li > < / ol > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.< / strong > 程序结构< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.1.< / strong > 命名< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.2.< / strong > 声明< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.3.< / strong > 变量< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.4.< / strong > 赋值< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.5.< / strong > 类型< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.6.< / strong > 包和文件< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-07.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.7.< / strong > 作用域< / a > < / li > < / ol > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.< / strong > 基础数据类型< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.1.< / strong > 整型< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.2.< / strong > 浮点数< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.3.< / strong > 复数< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.4.< / strong > 布尔型< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.5.< / strong > 字符串< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.6.< / strong > 常量< / a > < / li > < / ol > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.< / strong > 复合数据类型< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.1.< / strong > 数组< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.2.< / strong > Slice< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.3.< / strong > Map< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.4.< / strong > 结构体< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.5.< / strong > JSON< /
2022-08-04 06:59:33 +00:00
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2023-06-26 17:46:27 +00:00
< li > < em > 凹语言(专为 WebAssembly 设计): < a href = "https://github.com/wa-lang/wa" > https://github.com/wa-lang/wa< / a > < / em > < / li >
< li > < em > KCL 配置语言(Rust): < a href = "https://github.com/kcl-lang/kcl" > https://github.com/kcl-lang/kcl< / a > < / em > < / li >
< / ul >
2022-08-04 06:59:33 +00:00
< hr >
< h2 id = "86-示例-并发的web爬虫" > < a class = "header" href = "#86-示例-并发的web爬虫" > 8.6. 示例: 并发的Web爬虫< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 在5.6节中， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > < u > < i > gopl.io/ch8/crawl1< / i > < / u > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-go" > func crawl(url string) []string {
fmt.Println(url)
list, err := links.Extract(url)
if err != nil {
log.Print(err)
}
return list
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 主函数和5.6节中的breadthFirst(广度优先)类似。像之前一样， ， ， < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-go" > func main() {
worklist := make(chan []string)
// Start with the command-line arguments.
go func() { worklist < - os.Args[1:] }()
// Crawl the web concurrently.
seen := make(map[string]bool)
for list := range worklist {
for _, link := range list {
if !seen[link] {
seen[link] = true
go func(link string) {
worklist < - crawl(link)
}(link)
}
}
}
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 注意这里的crawl所在的goroutine会将link作为一个显式的参数传入， （ ） ， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > 现在爬虫可以高并发地运行起来， ， ： < / p >
< pre > < code > $ go build gopl.io/ch8/crawl1
$ ./crawl1 http://gopl.io/
http://gopl.io/
https://golang.org/help/
https://golang.org/doc/
https://golang.org/blog/
...
2015/07/15 18:22:12 Get ...: dial tcp: lookup blog.golang.org: no such host
2015/07/15 18:22:12 Get ...: dial tcp 23.21.222.120:443: socket: too many open files
...
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 最初的错误信息是一个让人莫名的DNS查找失败， ： ， ， < / p >
< p > 这个程序实在是太他妈并行了。无穷无尽地并行化并不是什么好事情， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > 我们可以用一个有容量限制的buffered channel来控制并发， ， （ ） ， ， （ ， ） ， < / p >
< p > 让我们重写crawl函数， ， < / p >
< p > < u > < i > gopl.io/ch8/crawl2< / i > < / u > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-go" > // tokens is a counting semaphore used to
// enforce a limit of 20 concurrent requests.
var tokens = make(chan struct{}, 20)
func crawl(url string) []string {
fmt.Println(url)
tokens < - struct{}{} // acquire a token
list, err := links.Extract(url)
< -tokens // release the token
if err != nil {
log.Print(err)
}
return list
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 第二个问题是这个程序永远都不会终止， （ ， ， ） ， < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-go" > func main() {
worklist := make(chan []string)
var n int // number of pending sends to worklist
// Start with the command-line arguments.
n++
go func() { worklist < - os.Args[1:] }()
// Crawl the web concurrently.
seen := make(map[string]bool)
for ; n > 0; n-- {
list := < -worklist
for _, link := range list {
if !seen[link] {
seen[link] = true
n++
go func(link string) {
worklist < - crawl(link)
}(link)
}
}
}
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 这个版本中， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > 现在这个并发爬虫会比5.6节中的深度优先搜索版快上20倍， ， < / p >
< p > 下面的程序是避免过度并发的另一种思路。这个版本使用了原来的crawl函数， ， ， < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-go" > func main() {
worklist := make(chan []string) // lists of URLs, may have duplicates
unseenLinks := make(chan string) // de-duplicated URLs
// Add command-line arguments to worklist.
go func() { worklist < - os.Args[1:] }()
// Create 20 crawler goroutines to fetch each unseen link.
for i := 0; i < 20; i++ {
go func() {
for link := range unseenLinks {
foundLinks := crawl(link)
go func() { worklist < - foundLinks }()
}
}()
}
// The main goroutine de-duplicates worklist items
// and sends the unseen ones to the crawlers.
seen := make(map[string]bool)
for list := range worklist {
for _, link := range list {
if !seen[link] {
seen[link] = true
unseenLinks < - link
}
}
}
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 所有的爬虫goroutine现在都是被同一个channel - unseenLinks喂饱的了。主goroutine负责拆分它从worklist里拿到的元素， < / p >
< p > seen这个map被限定在main goroutine中； ， ， ； （ < / p >
< p > crawl函数爬到的链接在一个专有的goroutine中被发送到worklist中来避免死锁。为了节省篇幅， < / p >
< p > < strong > 练习 8.6： < / strong > 为并发爬虫增加深度限制。也就是说， ， < / p >
< p > < strong > 练习 8.7： < / strong > 完成一个并发程序来创建一个线上网站的本地镜像， ， （ ， ： ） ， ， ， < / p >
< p > < strong > 译注：< / strong >
拓展阅读 < a href = "http://marcio.io/2015/07/handling-1-million-requests-per-minute-with-golang/" > Handling 1 Million Requests per Minute with Go< / a > 。< / p >
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