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2023-06-26 17:30:52 +00:00
< ol class = "chapter" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded affix " > < a href = "index.html" > Go语言圣经< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded affix " > < a href = "preface-zh.html" > 译者序< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded affix " > < a href = "preface.html" class = "active" > 前言< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch1/ch1.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.< / strong > 入门< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch1/ch1-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.1.< / strong > Hello, World< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch1/ch1-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.2.< / strong > 命令行参数< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch1/ch1-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.3.< / strong > 查找重复的行< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch1/ch1-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.4.< / strong > GIF动画< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch1/ch1-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.5.< / strong > 获取URL< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch1/ch1-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.6.< / strong > 并发获取多个URL< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch1/ch1-07.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.7.< / strong > Web服务< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch1/ch1-08.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.8.< / strong > 本章要点< / a > < / li > < / ol > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch2/ch2.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.< / strong > 程序结构< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch2/ch2-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.1.< / strong > 命名< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch2/ch2-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.2.< / strong > 声明< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch2/ch2-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.3.< / strong > 变量< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch2/ch2-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.4.< / strong > 赋值< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch2/ch2-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.5.< / strong > 类型< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch2/ch2-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.6.< / strong > 包和文件< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch2/ch2-07.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.7.< / strong > 作用域< / a > < / li > < / ol > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch3/ch3.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.< / strong > 基础数据类型< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch3/ch3-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.1.< / strong > 整型< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch3/ch3-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.2.< / strong > 浮点数< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch3/ch3-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.3.< / strong > 复数< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch3/ch3-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.4.< / strong > 布尔型< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch3/ch3-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.5.< / strong > 字符串< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch3/ch3-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.6.< / strong > 常量< / a > < / li > < / ol > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch4/ch4.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.< / strong > 复合数据类型< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch4/ch4-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.1.< / strong > 数组< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch4/ch4-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.2.< / strong > Slice< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch4/ch4-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.3.< / strong > Map< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch4/ch4-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.4.< / strong > 结构体< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch4/ch4-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.5.< / strong > JSON< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "ch4/ch4-06.html" > < strong aria-hid
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2023-06-26 17:46:27 +00:00
< li > < em > 凹语言(专为 WebAssembly 设计): < a href = "https://github.com/wa-lang/wa" > https://github.com/wa-lang/wa< / a > < / em > < / li >
< li > < em > KCL 配置语言(Rust): < a href = "https://github.com/kcl-lang/kcl" > https://github.com/kcl-lang/kcl< / a > < / em > < / li >
< / ul >
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< hr >
< h1 id = "前言" > < a class = "header" href = "#前言" > 前言< / a > < / h1 >
< h2 id = "go语言起源" > < a class = "header" href = "#go语言起源" > Go语言起源< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 编程语言的演化跟生物物种的演化类似，一个成功的编程语言的后代一般都会继承它们祖先的优点；当然有时多种语言杂合也可能会产生令人惊讶的特性；还有一些激进的新特性可能并没有先例。通过观察这些影响，我们可以学到为什么一门语言是这样子的，它已经适应了怎样的环境。< / p >
< p > 下图展示了有哪些早期的编程语言对Go语言的设计产生了重要影响。< / p >
< p > < img src = "../images/ch0-01.png" alt = "" / > < / p >
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< p > Go语言有时候被描述为“类C语言”， ， < / p >
< p > 但是在Go语言的家族树中还有其它的祖先。其中一个有影响力的分支来自< a href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" > Niklaus Wirth< / a > 所设计的< code > Pascal< / code > 语言。然后< code > Modula-2< / code > 语言激发了包的概念。然后< code > Oberon< / code > 语言摒弃了模块接口文件和模块实现文件之间的区别。第二代的< code > Oberon-2< / code > 语言直接影响了包的导入和声明的语法，还有< code > Oberon< / code > 语言的面向对象特性所提供的方法的声明语法等。< / p >
< p > Go语言的另一支祖先， ， < a href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hoare" > Tony Hoare< / a > 于1978年发表的鲜为外界所知的关于并发研究的基础文献 < em > 顺序通信进程< / em > （ < em > communicating sequential processes< / em > ，缩写为< code > CSP< / code > 。在< code > CSP< / code > 中，程序是一组中间没有共享状态的平行运行的处理过程，它们之间使用管道进行通信和控制同步。不过< a href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hoare" > Tony Hoare< / a > 的< code > CSP< / code > 只是一个用于描述并发性基本概念的描述语言，并不是一个可以编写可执行程序的通用编程语言。< / p >
< p > 接下来， < a href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicating_sequential_processes" > CSP< / a > 引入实际的编程语言中。他们第一次尝试引入< a href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicating_sequential_processes" > CSP< / a > 特性的编程语言叫< a href = "http://doc.cat-v.org/bell_labs/squeak/" > Squeak< / a > （老鼠间交流的语言），是一个提供鼠标和键盘事件处理的编程语言，它的管道是静态创建的。然后是改进版的< a href = "http://doc.cat-v.org/bell_labs/squeak/" > Newsqueak< / a > 语言，提供了类似< code > C< / code > 语言语句和表达式的语法和类似< code > Pascal< / code > 语言的推导语法。< code > Newsqueak< / code > 是一个带垃圾回收的纯函数式语言，它再次针对键盘、鼠标和窗口事件管理。但是在< code > Newsqueak< / code > 语言中管道是动态创建的，属于第一类值，可以保存到变量中。< / p >
< p > 在< code > Plan9< / code > 操作系统中，这些优秀的想法被吸收到了一个叫< code > Alef< / code > 的编程语言中。< code > Alef< / code > 试图将< code > Newsqueak< / code > 语言改造为系统编程语言，但是因为缺少垃圾回收机制而导致并发编程很痛苦。（译注：在< code > Alef< / code > 之后还有一个叫< code > Limbo< / code > 的编程语言， ： ） < / p >
< p > Go语言的其他的一些特性零散地来自于其他一些编程语言； < code > iota< / code > 语法是从< code > APL< / code > 语言借鉴，词法作用域与嵌套函数来自于< code > Scheme< / code > 语言（ ） ， ， < code > defer< / code > 语句。< / p >
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< h2 id = "go语言项目" > < a class = "header" href = "#go语言项目" > Go语言项目< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 所有的编程语言都反映了语言设计者对编程哲学的反思， （ ） < / p >
< p > 正如< a href = "http://genius.cat-v.org/rob-pike/" > Rob Pike< / a > 所说，“软件的复杂性是乘法级相关的”，通过增加一个部分的复杂性来修复问题通常将慢慢地增加其他部分的复杂性。通过增加功能、选项和配置是修复问题的最快的途径，但是这很容易让人忘记简洁的内涵，即从长远来看，简洁依然是好软件的关键因素。< / p >
< p > 简洁的设计需要在工作开始的时候舍弃不必要的想法，并且在软件的生命周期内严格区别好的改变和坏的改变。通过足够的努力，一个好的改变可以在不破坏原有完整概念的前提下保持自适应，正如< a href = "http://www.cs.unc.edu/%7Ebrooks/" > Fred Brooks< / a > 所说的“概念完整性”；而一个坏的改变则不能达到这个效果，它们仅仅是通过肤浅的和简单的妥协来破坏原有设计的一致性。只有通过简洁的设计，才能让一个系统保持稳定、安全和持续的进化。< / p >
< p > Go项目包括编程语言本身， ， ， ， ： ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ： < / p >
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< p > Go语言有足够的类型系统以避免动态语言中那些粗心的类型错误， ， ， ， < code > C++< / code > 或< code > Haskell< / code > 程序员那样纠结于具体类型的安全属性。在实践中， < / p >
< p > Go语言鼓励当代计算机系统设计的原则， ， （ ） ， ， ， < code > CSP< / code > 的并发特性支持。Go语言的动态栈使得轻量级线程< code > goroutine< / code > 的初始栈可以很小，因此，创建一个< code > goroutine< / code > 的代价很小，创建百万级的< code > goroutine< / code > 完全是可行的。< / p >
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< p > Go语言的标准库（ ） ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ； < / p >
< h2 id = "本书的组织" > < a class = "header" href = "#本书的组织" > 本书的组织< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 我们假设你已经有一种或多种其他编程语言的使用经历， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > 第一章包含了本教程的基本结构， < / p >
< p > 第二章描述了Go语言程序的基本元素结构、变量、新类型定义、包和文件、以及作用域等概念。第三章讨论了数字、布尔值、字符串和常量， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > 第一章到第五章是基础部分， ， ， ： < / p >
< p > Go语言的面向对象机制与一般语言不同。它没有类层次结构， ； （ ） ， ， ； ， （ ） ， ， < / p >
< p > 第八章讨论了基于顺序通信进程（ ） ， < / p >
< p > 第十章描述了包机制和包的组织结构。这一章还展示了如何有效地利用Go自带的工具， < / p >
< p > 第十一章讨论了单元测试， ， ， < / p >
< p > 第十二章讨论了反射， ， ； ， ， ， < / p >
< p > 每一章都有一些练习题， ， < / p >
< p > 书中所有的代码都可以从 http://gopl.io 上的Git仓库下载。go get命令根据每个例子的导入路径智能地获取、构建并安装。只需要选择一个目录作为工作空间， < / p >
< p > 必要时， ： < / p >
< pre > < code > $ export GOPATH=$HOME/gobook # 选择工作目录
$ go get gopl.io/ch1/helloworld # 获取/编译/安装
$ $GOPATH/bin/helloworld # 运行程序
Hello, 世界 # 这是中文
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 运行这些例子需要安装Go1.5以上的版本。< / p >
< pre > < code > $ go version
go version go1.5 linux/amd64
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 如果使用其他的操作系统，请参考 https://golang.org/doc/install 提供的说明安装。< / p >
< h2 id = "更多的信息" > < a class = "header" href = "#更多的信息" > 更多的信息< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 最佳的帮助信息来自Go语言的官方网站， ， ， ， ， ， （ ： < / p >
< p > 在线访问的一个有价值的地方是可以从web页面运行Go语言的程序（ ） < / p >
< p > Playground可以简单的通过执行一个小程序来测试对语法、语义和对程序库的理解， ， ， < / p >
< p > 基于 Playground 构建的 Go Tour， ， ， < / p >
< p > 当然， ， ， ， ， ， （ ： ， ， ） ， < / p >
< p > Go语言是一个开源项目， ， < / p >
< h2 id = "致谢" > < a class = "header" href = "#致谢" > 致谢< / a > < / h2 >
< p > < a href = "http://genius.cat-v.org/rob-pike/" > Rob Pike< / a > 和< a href = "http://research.swtch.com/" > Russ Cox< / a > ， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > 我们还感谢Sameer Ajmani、Ittai Balaban、David Crawshaw、Billy Donohue、Jonathan Feinberg、Andrew Gerrand、Robert Griesemer、John Linderman、Minux Ma（ ： ， ） （ ： ） < / p >
< p > 我们从来自Addison-Wesley的编辑Greg Doench收到了很多帮助， ， < / p >
< p > < a href = "https://github.com/adonovan" > Alan Donovan< / a > 特别感谢： ； ， ， < / p >
< p > < a href = "http://www.cs.princeton.edu/%7Ebwk/" > Brian Kernighan< / a > 特别感谢： ， < / p >
< p > 2015年 10月 于 纽约< / p >
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