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2023-06-26 17:30:52 +00:00
< ol class = "chapter" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded affix " > < a href = "../index.html" > Go语言圣经< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded affix " > < a href = "../preface-zh.html" > 译者序< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded affix " > < a href = "../preface.html" > 前言< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.< / strong > 入门< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.1.< / strong > Hello, World< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.2.< / strong > 命令行参数< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.3.< / strong > 查找重复的行< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.4.< / strong > GIF动画< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.5.< / strong > 获取URL< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.6.< / strong > 并发获取多个URL< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-07.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.7.< / strong > Web服务< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-08.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.8.< / strong > 本章要点< / a > < / li > < / ol > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.< / strong > 程序结构< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.1.< / strong > 命名< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.2.< / strong > 声明< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.3.< / strong > 变量< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.4.< / strong > 赋值< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.5.< / strong > 类型< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.6.< / strong > 包和文件< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-07.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.7.< / strong > 作用域< / a > < / li > < / ol > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.< / strong > 基础数据类型< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.1.< / strong > 整型< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.2.< / strong > 浮点数< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.3.< / strong > 复数< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.4.< / strong > 布尔型< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.5.< / strong > 字符串< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.6.< / strong > 常量< / a > < / li > < / ol > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.< / strong > 复合数据类型< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.1.< / strong > 数组< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.2.< / strong > Slice< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.3.< / strong > Map< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.4.< / strong > 结构体< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.5.< / strong > JSON< /
2022-08-04 06:59:33 +00:00
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2023-06-26 17:46:27 +00:00
< li > < em > 凹语言(专为 WebAssembly 设计): < a href = "https://github.com/wa-lang/wa" > https://github.com/wa-lang/wa< / a > < / em > < / li >
< li > < em > KCL 配置语言(Rust): < a href = "https://github.com/kcl-lang/kcl" > https://github.com/kcl-lang/kcl< / a > < / em > < / li >
< / ul >
2022-08-04 06:59:33 +00:00
< hr >
< h2 id = "115-剖析" > < a class = "header" href = "#115-剖析" > 11.5. 剖析< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 基准测试（ ） ， ， ， ： < / p >
< blockquote >
< p > 毫无疑问， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > 当然我们也不应该放弃对那关键3%的优化。一个好的程序员不会因为这个比例小就裹足不前，他们会明智地观察和识别哪些是关键的代码；但是仅当关键代码已经被确认的前提下才会进行优化。对于很多程序员来说，判断哪部分是关键的性能瓶颈，是很容易犯经验上的错误的，因此一般应该借助测量工具来证明。< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > 当我们想仔细观察我们程序的运行速度的时候，最好的方法是性能剖析。剖析技术是基于程序执行期间一些自动抽样，然后在收尾时进行推断；最后产生的统计结果就称为剖析数据。< / p >
< p > Go语言支持多种类型的剖析性能分析， ， ， < code > go test< / code > 工具对几种分析方式都提供了支持。< / p >
< p > CPU剖析数据标识了最耗CPU时间的函数。在每个CPU上运行的线程在每隔几毫秒都会遇到操作系统的中断事件， < / p >
< p > 堆剖析则标识了最耗内存的语句。剖析库会记录调用内部内存分配的操作， < / p >
< p > 阻塞剖析则记录阻塞goroutine最久的操作， ， ， < / p >
< p > 只需要开启下面其中一个标志参数就可以生成各种分析文件。当同时使用多个标志参数时需要当心，因为一项分析操作可能会影响其他项的分析结果。< / p >
< pre > < code > $ go test -cpuprofile=cpu.out
$ go test -blockprofile=block.out
$ go test -memprofile=mem.out
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 对于一些非测试程序也很容易进行剖析， ， ， < / p >
< p > 一旦我们已经收集到了用于分析的采样数据， ， ， < code > go tool pprof< / code > 命令。该命令有许多特性和选项，但是最基本的是两个参数：生成这个概要文件的可执行程序和对应的剖析数据。< / p >
< p > 为了提高分析效率和减少空间， ； < code > go test< / code > 通常在测试完成后就丢弃临时用的测试程序， ， < / p >
< p > 下面的命令演示了如何收集并展示一个CPU分析文件。我们选择< code > net/http< / code > 包的一个基准测试为例。通常最好是对业务关键代码的部分设计专门的基准测试。因为简单的基准测试几乎没法代表业务场景，因此我们用-run=NONE参数禁止那些简单测试。< / p >
< pre > < code > $ go test -run=NONE -bench=ClientServerParallelTLS64 \
-cpuprofile=cpu.log net/http
PASS
BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64-8 1000
3141325 ns/op 143010 B/op 1747 allocs/op
ok net/http 3.395s
$ go tool pprof -text -nodecount=10 ./http.test cpu.log
2570ms of 3590ms total (71.59%)
Dropped 129 nodes (cum < = 17.95ms)
Showing top 10 nodes out of 166 (cum > = 60ms)
flat flat% sum% cum cum%
1730ms 48.19% 48.19% 1750ms 48.75% crypto/elliptic.p256ReduceDegree
230ms 6.41% 54.60% 250ms 6.96% crypto/elliptic.p256Diff
120ms 3.34% 57.94% 120ms 3.34% math/big.addMulVVW
110ms 3.06% 61.00% 110ms 3.06% syscall.Syscall
90ms 2.51% 63.51% 1130ms 31.48% crypto/elliptic.p256Square
70ms 1.95% 65.46% 120ms 3.34% runtime.scanobject
60ms 1.67% 67.13% 830ms 23.12% crypto/elliptic.p256Mul
60ms 1.67% 68.80% 190ms 5.29% math/big.nat.montgomery
50ms 1.39% 70.19% 50ms 1.39% crypto/elliptic.p256ReduceCarry
50ms 1.39% 71.59% 60ms 1.67% crypto/elliptic.p256Sum
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 参数< code > -text< / code > 用于指定输出格式， ， < code > -nodecount=10< / code > 参数限制了只输出前10行的结果。对于严重的性能问题， < / p >
< p > 这个概要文件告诉我们， < code > crypto/elliptic.p256ReduceDegree< / code > 函数占用了将近一半的CPU资源， ， ， < / p >
< p > 对于一些更微妙的问题， ， < code > -web< / code > 用于生成函数的有向图， < / p >
< p > 这一节我们只是简单看了下Go语言的数据分析工具。如果想了解更多， < / p >
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