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< ol class = "chapter" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded affix " > < a href = "../index.html" > Go语言圣经< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded affix " > < a href = "../preface-zh.html" > 译者序< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded affix " > < a href = "../preface.html" > 前言< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.< / strong > 入门< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.1.< / strong > Hello, World< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.2.< / strong > 命令行参数< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.3.< / strong > 查找重复的行< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.4.< / strong > GIF动画< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.5.< / strong > 获取URL< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.6.< / strong > 并发获取多个URL< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-07.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.7.< / strong > Web服务< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-08.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.8.< / strong > 本章要点< / a > < / li > < / ol > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.< / strong > 程序结构< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.1.< / strong > 命名< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.2.< / strong > 声明< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.3.< / strong > 变量< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.4.< / strong > 赋值< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.5.< / strong > 类型< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.6.< / strong > 包和文件< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-07.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.7.< / strong > 作用域< / a > < / li > < / ol > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.< / strong > 基础数据类型< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.1.< / strong > 整型< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.2.< / strong > 浮点数< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.3.< / strong > 复数< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.4.< / strong > 布尔型< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.5.< / strong > 字符串< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.6.< / strong > 常量< / a > < / li > < / ol > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.< / strong > 复合数据类型< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.1.< / strong > 数组< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.2.< / strong > Slice< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.3.< / strong > Map< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.4.< / strong > 结构体< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.5.< / strong > JSON< /
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2023-06-26 17:46:27 +00:00
< li > < em > 凹语言(专为 WebAssembly 设计): < a href = "https://github.com/wa-lang/wa" > https://github.com/wa-lang/wa< / a > < / em > < / li >
< li > < em > KCL 配置语言(Rust): < a href = "https://github.com/kcl-lang/kcl" > https://github.com/kcl-lang/kcl< / a > < / em > < / li >
< / ul >
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< hr >
< h2 id = "56-匿名函数" > < a class = "header" href = "#56-匿名函数" > 5.6. 匿名函数< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 拥有函数名的函数只能在包级语法块中被声明， （ ） ， ， ， ， （ ） < / p >
< p > 函数字面量允许我们在使用函数时， ， ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > strings.Map(func(r rune) rune { return r + 1 }, " HAL-9000" )
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 更为重要的是， （ ） ， ， ： < / p >
< p > < u > < i > gopl.io/ch5/squares< / i > < / u > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > // squares返回一个匿名函数。
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// 该匿名函数每次被调用时都会返回下一个数的平方的函数
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func squares() func() int {
var x int
return func() int {
x++
return x * x
}
}
func main() {
f := squares()
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// () 函数调用符号
fmt.Println(f()()) // " 1"
fmt.Println(f()()) // " 4"
fmt.Println(f()()) // " 9"
fmt.Println(f()()) // " 16"
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}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 函数squares返回另一个类型为 func() int 的函数。对squares的一次调用会生成一个局部变量x并返回一个匿名函数。每次调用匿名函数时， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > squares的例子证明， ， ， ， （ ） ， < / p >
< p > 通过这个例子， ： ， < / p >
< p > 接下来，我们讨论一个有点学术性的例子，考虑这样一个问题：给定一些计算机课程，每个课程都有前置课程，只有完成了前置课程才可以开始当前课程的学习；我们的目标是选择出一组课程，这组课程必须确保按顺序学习时，能全部被完成。每个课程的前置课程如下：< / p >
< p > < u > < i > gopl.io/ch5/toposort< / i > < / u > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > // prereqs记录了每个课程的前置课程
var prereqs = map[string][]string{
" algorithms" : {" data structures" },
" calculus" : {" linear algebra" },
" compilers" : {
" data structures" ,
" formal languages" ,
" computer organization" ,
},
" data structures" : {" discrete math" },
" databases" : {" data structures" },
" discrete math" : {" intro to programming" },
" formal languages" : {" discrete math" },
" networks" : {" operating systems" },
" operating systems" : {" data structures" , " computer organization" },
" programming languages" : {" data structures" , " computer organization" },
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 这类问题被称作拓扑排序。从概念上说，前置条件可以构成有向图。图中的顶点表示课程，边表示课程间的依赖关系。显然，图中应该无环，这也就是说从某点出发的边，最终不会回到该点。下面的代码用深度优先搜索了整张图，获得了符合要求的课程序列。< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > func main() {
for i, course := range topoSort(prereqs) {
fmt.Printf(" %d:\t%s\n" , i+1, course)
}
}
func topoSort(m map[string][]string) []string {
var order []string
seen := make(map[string]bool)
var visitAll func(items []string)
visitAll = func(items []string) {
for _, item := range items {
if !seen[item] {
seen[item] = true
visitAll(m[item])
order = append(order, item)
}
}
}
var keys []string
for key := range m {
keys = append(keys, key)
}
sort.Strings(keys)
visitAll(keys)
return order
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 当匿名函数需要被递归调用时，我们必须首先声明一个变量（在上面的例子中，我们首先声明了 visitAll） ， ， ， < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > visitAll := func(items []string) {
// ...
visitAll(m[item]) // compile error: undefined: visitAll
// ...
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 在toposort程序的输出如下所示， ， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< pre > < code > 1: intro to programming
2: discrete math
3: data structures
4: algorithms
5: linear algebra
6: calculus
7: formal languages
8: computer organization
9: compilers
10: databases
11: operating systems
12: networks
13: programming languages
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 让我们回到findLinks这个例子。我们将代码移动到了links包下， ， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > < u > < i > gopl.io/ch5/links< / i > < / u > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > // Package links provides a link-extraction function.
package links
import (
" fmt"
" net/http"
" golang.org/x/net/html"
)
// Extract makes an HTTP GET request to the specified URL, parses
// the response as HTML, and returns the links in the HTML document.
func Extract(url string) ([]string, error) {
resp, err := http.Get(url)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
resp.Body.Close()
return nil, fmt.Errorf(" getting %s: %s" , url, resp.Status)
}
doc, err := html.Parse(resp.Body)
resp.Body.Close()
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf(" parsing %s as HTML: %v" , url, err)
}
var links []string
visitNode := func(n *html.Node) {
if n.Type == html.ElementNode & & n.Data == " a" {
for _, a := range n.Attr {
if a.Key != " href" {
continue
}
link, err := resp.Request.URL.Parse(a.Val)
if err != nil {
continue // ignore bad URLs
}
links = append(links, link.String())
}
}
}
forEachNode(doc, visitNode, nil)
return links, nil
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 上面的代码对之前的版本做了改进， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > 网页抓取的核心问题就是如何遍历图。在topoSort的例子中， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > 下面的函数实现了广度优先算法。调用者需要输入一个初始的待访问列表和一个函数f。待访问列表中的每个元素被定义为string类型。广度优先算法会为每个元素调用一次f。每次f执行完毕后， ， ， < / p >
< p > < u > < i > gopl.io/ch5/findlinks3< / i > < / u > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > // breadthFirst calls f for each item in the worklist.
// Any items returned by f are added to the worklist.
// f is called at most once for each item.
func breadthFirst(f func(item string) []string, worklist []string) {
seen := make(map[string]bool)
for len(worklist) > 0 {
items := worklist
worklist = nil
for _, item := range items {
if !seen[item] {
seen[item] = true
worklist = append(worklist, f(item)...)
}
}
}
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 就像我们在章节3解释的那样， ， < / p >
< p > 在我们网页抓取器中， ， ， < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-go" > func crawl(url string) []string {
fmt.Println(url)
list, err := links.Extract(url)
if err != nil {
log.Print(err)
}
return list
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 为了使抓取器开始运行， < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > func main() {
// Crawl the web breadth-first,
// starting from the command-line arguments.
breadthFirst(crawl, os.Args[1:])
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 让我们从 https://golang.org 开始，下面是程序的输出结果：< / p >
< pre > < code > $ go build gopl.io/ch5/findlinks3
$ ./findlinks3 https://golang.org
https://golang.org/
https://golang.org/doc/
https://golang.org/pkg/
https://golang.org/project/
https://code.google.com/p/go-tour/
https://golang.org/doc/code.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCsL89YtqCs
http://research.swtch.com/gotour
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 当所有发现的链接都已经被访问或电脑的内存耗尽时，程序运行结束。< / p >
< p > < strong > 练习5.10： < / strong > 重写topoSort函数， （ ） < / p >
< p > < strong > 练习5.11： < / strong > 现在线性代数的老师把微积分设为了前置课程。完善topSort， < / p >
< p > < strong > 练习5.12： < / strong > gopl.io/ch5/outline2（ ） ， ， < / p >
< p > < strong > 练习5.13： < / strong > 修改crawl， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > < strong > 练习5.14： < / strong > 使用breadthFirst遍历其他数据结构。比如， （ ） （ ） ； （ ） < / p >
< h3 id = "561-警告捕获迭代变量" > < a class = "header" href = "#561-警告捕获迭代变量" > 5.6.1. 警告：捕获迭代变量< / a > < / h3 >
< p > 本节， ， < / p >
< p > 考虑这样一个问题： ， ， < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > var rmdirs []func()
for _, d := range tempDirs() {
dir := d // NOTE: necessary!
os.MkdirAll(dir, 0755) // creates parent directories too
rmdirs = append(rmdirs, func() {
os.RemoveAll(dir)
})
}
// ...do some work…
for _, rmdir := range rmdirs {
rmdir() // clean up
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 你可能会感到困惑， ， ， < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-go" > var rmdirs []func()
for _, dir := range tempDirs() {
os.MkdirAll(dir, 0755)
rmdirs = append(rmdirs, func() {
os.RemoveAll(dir) // NOTE: incorrect!
})
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 问题的原因在于循环变量的作用域。在上面的程序中， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > 通常， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > for _, dir := range tempDirs() {
dir := dir // declares inner dir, initialized to outer dir
// ...
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 这个问题不仅存在基于range的循环， ， ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > var rmdirs []func()
dirs := tempDirs()
for i := 0; i < len(dirs); i++ {
os.MkdirAll(dirs[i], 0755) // OK
rmdirs = append(rmdirs, func() {
os.RemoveAll(dirs[i]) // NOTE: incorrect!
})
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 如果你使用go语句（ ） （ ） ， ， < / p >
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