2015-12-09 07:45:11 +00:00
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## 3.5. 字符串
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2015-12-17 05:13:42 +00:00
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一箇字符串是一箇不可改變的字節序列. 字符串可以包含任意的數據, 包括字節值0, 但是通常包含人類可讀的文本. 文本字符串通常被解釋為採用UTF8編碼的Unicode碼點(rune)序列, 我們稍後會詳細討論這箇問題.
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2015-12-17 03:01:51 +00:00
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2015-12-17 05:13:42 +00:00
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內置的 len 函數可以返迴一箇字符串的字節數目(不是rune字符數目), 索引操作 s[i] 返迴第i箇字節的字節值, i 必須滿足 0 ≤ i< len(s) 條件約束.
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2015-12-17 03:01:51 +00:00
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```Go
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s := "hello, world"
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fmt.Println(len(s)) // "12"
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fmt.Println(s[0], s[7]) // "104 119" ('h' and 'w')
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```
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Attempting to access a byte outside this range results in a panic:
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2015-12-17 05:13:42 +00:00
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如果視圖訪問超齣字符串範圍的字節將會導緻panic異常:
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2015-12-17 03:01:51 +00:00
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```Go
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c := s[len(s)] // panic: index out of range
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```
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2015-12-17 05:13:42 +00:00
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第i箇字節並不一定是字符串的第i箇字符, 因此對於非ASCII字符的UTF8編碼會要兩箇或多箇字節. 我們簡單說下字符的工作方式.
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2015-12-17 03:01:51 +00:00
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2015-12-17 05:13:42 +00:00
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子字符串操作s[i:j]基於原始的s字符串的第i箇字節開始到第j箇字節(並不包含j本身)生成一箇新字符串. 生成的子字符串將包含 j-i 箇字節.
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2015-12-17 03:01:51 +00:00
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```Go
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fmt.Println(s[0:5]) // "hello"
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```
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2015-12-17 05:13:42 +00:00
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衕樣, 如果索引超齣字符串範圍或者j小於i的話將導緻panic異常.
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2015-12-17 03:01:51 +00:00
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2015-12-17 05:13:42 +00:00
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不管i還是j都可能被忽略, 噹它們被忽略時將採用0作為開始位置, 採用 len(s) 作為接受的位置.
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2015-12-17 03:01:51 +00:00
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```Go
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fmt.Println(s[:5]) // "hello"
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fmt.Println(s[7:]) // "world"
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fmt.Println(s[:]) // "hello, world"
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```
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2015-12-17 05:13:42 +00:00
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其中 + 操作符將兩箇字符串鏈接構造一箇新字符串:
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2015-12-17 03:01:51 +00:00
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```Go
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fmt.Println("goodbye" + s[5:]) // "goodbye, world"
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```
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2015-12-17 05:13:42 +00:00
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字符串可以用 == 和 < 進行比較; 比較通過逐箇字節比較完成的, 因此比較的結果是字符串自然編碼的順序.
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2015-12-17 03:01:51 +00:00
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2015-12-17 05:13:42 +00:00
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字符串的值是不可變的: 一箇字符串包含的字節序列永遠不會被改變, 噹然我們也可以給一箇字符串變量分配一箇新字符串值. 可以像下麪這樣將一箇字符串追加到另一箇字符串
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2015-12-17 03:01:51 +00:00
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```Go
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s := "left foot"
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t := s
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s += ", right foot"
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```
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2015-12-17 05:13:42 +00:00
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這並不會導緻原始的字符串值被改變, 但是 s 將因為 += 語句持有一箇新的字符串值, 但是 t 依然是包含原先的字符串值.
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2015-12-17 03:01:51 +00:00
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```Go
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fmt.Println(s) // "left foot, right foot"
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fmt.Println(t) // "left foot"
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```
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2015-12-17 05:13:42 +00:00
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因為字符串是不可脩改的, 因此嘗試脩改字符串內部數據的操作是被禁止的:
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2015-12-17 03:01:51 +00:00
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```Go
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s[0] = 'L' // compile error: cannot assign to s[0]
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```
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2015-12-17 05:13:42 +00:00
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不變性意味如果兩箇字符串共享相衕的底層數據是安全的, 這使得復製任何長度的字符串代價是低廉的. 衕樣, 一箇字符串 s 和對應的子字符串 s[7:] 也可以安全地共享相衕的內存, 因此字符串切片操作代價也是低廉的. 在這兩種情況下都沒有必要分配新的內存. 圖3.4 演示了一箇字符串和兩箇字串共享相衕的底層數據.
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2015-12-17 03:01:51 +00:00
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2015-12-16 06:03:43 +00:00
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2015-12-17 05:13:42 +00:00
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{% include "./ch3-05-1.md" %}
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2015-12-16 06:03:43 +00:00
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2015-12-17 05:13:42 +00:00
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{% include "./ch3-05-2.md" %}
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2015-12-16 06:03:43 +00:00
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2015-12-17 05:13:42 +00:00
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{% include "./ch3-05-3.md" %}
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2015-12-16 06:03:43 +00:00
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2015-12-17 05:13:42 +00:00
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{% include "./ch3-05-4.md" %}
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2015-12-16 06:03:43 +00:00
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2015-12-17 05:13:42 +00:00
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{% include "./ch3-05-5.md" %}
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2015-12-16 06:03:43 +00:00
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