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<li><em>Go语言圣经读书笔记(挖坑中...): <a href="https://github.com/chai2010/gopl-notes-zh">https://github.com/chai2010/gopl-notes-zh</a></em></li>
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<hr>
<h2 id="96-竞争条件检测"><a class="header" href="#96-竞争条件检测">9.6. 竞争条件检测</a></h2>
<p>即使我们小心到不能再小心，但在并发程序中犯错还是太容易了。幸运的是，Go的runtime和工具链为我们装备了一个复杂但好用的动态分析工具，竞争检查器（the race detector）。</p>
<p>只要在go build，go run或者go test命令后面加上-race的flag，就会使编译器创建一个你的应用的“修改”版或者一个附带了能够记录所有运行期对共享变量访问工具的test，并且会记录下每一个读或者写共享变量的goroutine的身份信息。另外，修改版的程序会记录下所有的同步事件，比如go语句，channel操作，以及对<code>(*sync.Mutex).Lock</code>，<code>(*sync.WaitGroup).Wait</code>等等的调用。（完整的同步事件集合是在The Go Memory Model文档中有说明，该文档是和语言文档放在一起的。译注：https://golang.org/ref/mem ）</p>
<p>竞争检查器会检查这些事件，会寻找在哪一个goroutine中出现了这样的case，例如其读或者写了一个共享变量，这个共享变量是被另一个goroutine在没有进行干预同步操作便直接写入的。这种情况也就表明了是对一个共享变量的并发访问，即数据竞争。这个工具会打印一份报告，内容包含变量身份，读取和写入的goroutine中活跃的函数的调用栈。这些信息在定位问题时通常很有用。9.7节中会有一个竞争检查器的实战样例。</p>
<p>竞争检查器会报告所有的已经发生的数据竞争。然而，它只能检测到运行时的竞争条件；并不能证明之后不会发生数据竞争。所以为了使结果尽量正确，请保证你的测试并发地覆盖到了你的包。</p>
<p>由于需要额外的记录，因此构建时加了竞争检测的程序跑起来会慢一些，且需要更大的内存，即使是这样，这些代价对于很多生产环境的程序（工作）来说还是可以接受的。对于一些偶发的竞争条件来说，让竞争检查器来干活可以节省无数日夜的debugging。（译注：多少服务端C和C++程序员为此竞折腰。）</p>
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