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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../index.html">Go语言圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../preface.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> JSON</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html"><strong aria-hidd
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<!-- 头部 -->
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<ul dir="auto">
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<li><em>KusonStack一站式可编程配置技术栈(Go): <a href="https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion">https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion</a></em></li>
|
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<li><em>KCL 配置编程语言(Rust): <a href="https://github.com/KusionStack/KCLVM">https://github.com/KusionStack/KCLVM</a></em></li>
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<li><em>凹语言™: <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li>
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<hr>
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<h2 id="127-获取结构体字段标签"><a class="header" href="#127-获取结构体字段标签">12.7. 获取结构体字段标签</a></h2>
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<p>在4.5节我们使用构体成员标签用于设置对应JSON对应的名字。其中json成员标签让我们可以选择成员的名字和抑制零值成员的输出。在本节，我们将看到如何通过反射机制类获取成员标签。</p>
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<p>对于一个web服务，大部分HTTP处理函数要做的第一件事情就是展开请求中的参数到本地变量中。我们定义了一个工具函数，叫params.Unpack，通过使用结构体成员标签机制来让HTTP处理函数解析请求参数更方便。</p>
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<p>首先，我们看看如何使用它。下面的search函数是一个HTTP请求处理函数。它定义了一个匿名结构体类型的变量，用结构体的每个成员表示HTTP请求的参数。其中结构体成员标签指明了对于请求参数的名字，为了减少URL的长度这些参数名通常都是神秘的缩略词。Unpack将请求参数填充到合适的结构体成员中，这样我们可以方便地通过合适的类型类来访问这些参数。</p>
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<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch12/search</i></u></p>
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<pre><code class="language-Go">import "gopl.io/ch12/params"
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// search implements the /search URL endpoint.
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func search(resp http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
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var data struct {
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Labels []string `http:"l"`
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MaxResults int `http:"max"`
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Exact bool `http:"x"`
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}
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data.MaxResults = 10 // set default
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if err := params.Unpack(req, &data); err != nil {
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http.Error(resp, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest) // 400
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return
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}
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// ...rest of handler...
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fmt.Fprintf(resp, "Search: %+v\n", data)
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>下面的Unpack函数主要完成三件事情。第一，它调用req.ParseForm()来解析HTTP请求。然后，req.Form将包含所有的请求参数，不管HTTP客户端使用的是GET还是POST请求方法。</p>
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<p>下一步，Unpack函数将构建每个结构体成员有效参数名字到成员变量的映射。如果结构体成员有成员标签的话，有效参数名字可能和实际的成员名字不相同。reflect.Type的Field方法将返回一个reflect.StructField，里面含有每个成员的名字、类型和可选的成员标签等信息。其中成员标签信息对应reflect.StructTag类型的字符串，并且提供了Get方法用于解析和根据特定key提取的子串，例如这里的http:"..."形式的子串。</p>
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<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch12/params</i></u></p>
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<pre><code class="language-Go">// Unpack populates the fields of the struct pointed to by ptr
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// from the HTTP request parameters in req.
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func Unpack(req *http.Request, ptr interface{}) error {
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if err := req.ParseForm(); err != nil {
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return err
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}
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// Build map of fields keyed by effective name.
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fields := make(map[string]reflect.Value)
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v := reflect.ValueOf(ptr).Elem() // the struct variable
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for i := 0; i < v.NumField(); i++ {
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fieldInfo := v.Type().Field(i) // a reflect.StructField
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tag := fieldInfo.Tag // a reflect.StructTag
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name := tag.Get("http")
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if name == "" {
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name = strings.ToLower(fieldInfo.Name)
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}
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fields[name] = v.Field(i)
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}
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// Update struct field for each parameter in the request.
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for name, values := range req.Form {
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f := fields[name]
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if !f.IsValid() {
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continue // ignore unrecognized HTTP parameters
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}
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for _, value := range values {
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if f.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
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elem := reflect.New(f.Type().Elem()).Elem()
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if err := populate(elem, value); err != nil {
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return fmt.Errorf("%s: %v", name, err)
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}
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f.Set(reflect.Append(f, elem))
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} else {
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if err := populate(f, value); err != nil {
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return fmt.Errorf("%s: %v", name, err)
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}
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}
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}
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}
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return nil
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>最后，Unpack遍历HTTP请求的name/valu参数键值对，并且根据更新相应的结构体成员。回想一下，同一个名字的参数可能出现多次。如果发生这种情况，并且对应的结构体成员是一个slice，那么就将所有的参数添加到slice中。其它情况，对应的成员值将被覆盖，只有最后一次出现的参数值才是起作用的。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>populate函数小心用请求的字符串类型参数值来填充单一的成员v（或者是slice类型成员中的单一的元素）。目前，它仅支持字符串、有符号整数和布尔型。其中其它的类型将留做练习任务。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-Go">func populate(v reflect.Value, value string) error {
|
|||
|
|
switch v.Kind() {
|
|||
|
|
case reflect.String:
|
|||
|
|
v.SetString(value)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
case reflect.Int:
|
|||
|
|
i, err := strconv.ParseInt(value, 10, 64)
|
|||
|
|
if err != nil {
|
|||
|
|
return err
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
v.SetInt(i)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
case reflect.Bool:
|
|||
|
|
b, err := strconv.ParseBool(value)
|
|||
|
|
if err != nil {
|
|||
|
|
return err
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
v.SetBool(b)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
default:
|
|||
|
|
return fmt.Errorf("unsupported kind %s", v.Type())
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
return nil
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p>如果我们上上面的处理程序添加到一个web服务器，则可以产生以下的会话：</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code>$ go build gopl.io/ch12/search
|
|||
|
|
$ ./search &
|
|||
|
|
$ ./fetch 'http://localhost:12345/search'
|
|||
|
|
Search: {Labels:[] MaxResults:10 Exact:false}
|
|||
|
|
$ ./fetch 'http://localhost:12345/search?l=golang&l=programming'
|
|||
|
|
Search: {Labels:[golang programming] MaxResults:10 Exact:false}
|
|||
|
|
$ ./fetch 'http://localhost:12345/search?l=golang&l=programming&max=100'
|
|||
|
|
Search: {Labels:[golang programming] MaxResults:100 Exact:false}
|
|||
|
|
$ ./fetch 'http://localhost:12345/search?x=true&l=golang&l=programming'
|
|||
|
|
Search: {Labels:[golang programming] MaxResults:10 Exact:true}
|
|||
|
|
$ ./fetch 'http://localhost:12345/search?q=hello&x=123'
|
|||
|
|
x: strconv.ParseBool: parsing "123": invalid syntax
|
|||
|
|
$ ./fetch 'http://localhost:12345/search?q=hello&max=lots'
|
|||
|
|
max: strconv.ParseInt: parsing "lots": invalid syntax
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>练习 12.11：</strong> 编写相应的Pack函数，给定一个结构体值，Pack函数将返回合并了所有结构体成员和值的URL。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>练习 12.12：</strong> 扩展成员标签以表示一个请求参数的有效值规则。例如，一个字符串可以是有效的email地址或一个信用卡号码，还有一个整数可能需要是有效的邮政编码。修改Unpack函数以检查这些规则。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>练习 12.13：</strong> 修改S表达式的编码器（§12.4）和解码器（§12.6），采用和encoding/json包（§4.5）类似的方式使用成员标签中的sexpr:"..."字串。</p>
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