2022-08-04 06:59:33 +00:00
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2023-03-31 10:23:29 +00:00
< ol class = "chapter" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded affix " > < a href = "../index.html" > Go语言圣经< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded affix " > < a href = "../preface.html" > 前言< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.< / strong > 入门< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.1.< / strong > Hello, World< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.2.< / strong > 命令行参数< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.3.< / strong > 查找重复的行< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.4.< / strong > GIF动画< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.5.< / strong > 获取URL< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.6.< / strong > 并发获取多个URL< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-07.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.7.< / strong > Web服务< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-08.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.8.< / strong > 本章要点< / a > < / li > < / ol > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.< / strong > 程序结构< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.1.< / strong > 命名< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.2.< / strong > 声明< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.3.< / strong > 变量< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.4.< / strong > 赋值< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.5.< / strong > 类型< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.6.< / strong > 包和文件< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-07.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.7.< / strong > 作用域< / a > < / li > < / ol > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.< / strong > 基础数据类型< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-01.html" class = "active" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.1.< / strong > 整型< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.2.< / strong > 浮点数< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.3.< / strong > 复数< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.4.< / strong > 布尔型< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.5.< / strong > 字符串< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.6.< / strong > 常量< / a > < / li > < / ol > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.< / strong > 复合数据类型< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.1.< / strong > 数组< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.2.< / strong > Slice< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.3.< / strong > Map< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.4.< / strong > 结构体< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.5.< / strong > JSON< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-06.html" > < s
2022-08-04 06:59:33 +00:00
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2022-08-24 10:48:15 +00:00
< li > < em > KusonStack一站式可编程配置技术栈(Go): < a href = "https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion" > https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion< / a > < / em > < / li >
< li > < em > KCL 配置编程语言(Rust): < a href = "https://github.com/KusionStack/KCLVM" > https://github.com/KusionStack/KCLVM< / a > < / em > < / li >
< li > < em > 凹语言™: < a href = "https://github.com/wa-lang/wa" > https://github.com/wa-lang/wa< / a > < / em > < / li >
2022-08-04 06:59:33 +00:00
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< hr >
< h2 id = "31-整型" > < a class = "header" href = "#31-整型" > 3.1. 整型< / a > < / h2 >
< p > Go语言的数值类型包括几种不同大小的整数、浮点数和复数。每种数值类型都决定了对应的大小范围和是否支持正负符号。让我们先从整数类型开始介绍。< / p >
< p > Go语言同时提供了有符号和无符号类型的整数运算。这里有int8、int16、int32和int64四种截然不同大小的有符号整数类型， ， < / p >
< p > 这里还有两种一般对应特定CPU平台机器字大小的有符号和无符号整数int和uint； ， ， ； < / p >
< p > Unicode字符rune类型是和int32等价的类型， ， < / p >
< p > 最后， ， ， < / p >
< p > 不管它们的具体大小， ， ， ， < / p >
2022-09-02 12:31:34 +00:00
< p > 其中有符号整数采用2的补码形式表示， ， < sup > n-1< / sup > 到2< sup > n-1< / sup > -1。无符号整数的所有bit位都用于表示非负数， < sup > n< / sup > -1。例如， ， < / p >
2022-08-04 06:59:33 +00:00
< p > 下面是Go语言中关于算术运算、逻辑运算和比较运算的二元运算符， ： < / p >
< pre > < code > * / % < < > > & & ^
+ - | ^
== != < < = > > =
& &
||
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 二元运算符有五种优先级。在同一个优先级，使用左优先结合规则，但是使用括号可以明确优先顺序，使用括号也可以用于提升优先级，例如< code > mask & (1 < < 28)< / code > 。< / p >
< p > 对于上表中前两行的运算符，例如+运算符还有一个与赋值相结合的对应运算符+=，可以用于简化赋值语句。< / p >
< p > 算术运算符< code > +< / code > 、< code > -< / code > 、< code > *< / code > 和< code > /< / code > 可以适用于整数、浮点数和复数，但是取模运算符%仅用于整数间的运算。对于不同编程语言，%取模运算的行为可能并不相同。在Go语言中， < code > -5%3< / code > 和< code > -5%-3< / code > 结果都是-2。除法运算符< code > /< / code > 的行为则依赖于操作数是否全为整数，比如< code > 5.0/4.0< / code > 的结果是1.25， ， < / p >
< p > 一个算术运算的结果， ， ， ， ， ， ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > var u uint8 = 255
fmt.Println(u, u+1, u*u) // " 255 0 1"
var i int8 = 127
fmt.Println(i, i+1, i*i) // " 127 -128 1"
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 两个相同的整数类型可以使用下面的二元比较运算符进行比较；比较表达式的结果是布尔类型。< / p >
< pre > < code > == 等于
!= 不等于
< 小于
< = 小于等于
> 大于
> = 大于等于
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 事实上，布尔型、数字类型和字符串等基本类型都是可比较的，也就是说两个相同类型的值可以用==和!=进行比较。此外，整数、浮点数和字符串可以根据比较结果排序。许多其它类型的值可能是不可比较的，因此也就可能是不可排序的。对于我们遇到的每种类型，我们需要保证规则的一致性。< / p >
< p > 这里是一元的加法和减法运算符：< / p >
< pre > < code > + 一元加法（无效果）
- 负数
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 对于整数，+x是0+x的简写， ； ， ， < / p >
< p > Go语言还提供了以下的bit位操作运算符， ： < / p >
< pre > < code > & 位运算 AND
| 位运算 OR
^ 位运算 XOR
& ^ 位清空（ ）
< < 左移
> > 右移
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 位操作运算符< code > ^< / code > 作为二元运算符时是按位异或（ ） ， ； ， < code > & ^< / code > 用于按位置零（ ） ： ， < code > z = x & ^ y< / code > 结果z的对应的bit位为0， < / p >
< p > 下面的代码演示了如何使用位操作解释uint8类型值的8个独立的bit位。它使用了Printf函数的%b参数打印二进制格式的数字； ， < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > var x uint8 = 1< < 1 | 1< < 5
var y uint8 = 1< < 1 | 1< < 2
fmt.Printf(" %08b\n" , x) // " 00100010" , the set {1, 5}
fmt.Printf(" %08b\n" , y) // " 00000110" , the set {1, 2}
fmt.Printf(" %08b\n" , x& y) // " 00000010" , the intersection {1}
fmt.Printf(" %08b\n" , x|y) // " 00100110" , the union {1, 2, 5}
fmt.Printf(" %08b\n" , x^y) // " 00100100" , the symmetric difference {2, 5}
fmt.Printf(" %08b\n" , x& ^y) // " 00100000" , the difference {5}
for i := uint(0); i < 8; i++ {
if x& (1< < i) != 0 { // membership test
fmt.Println(i) // " 1" , " 5"
}
}
fmt.Printf(" %08b\n" , x< < 1) // " 01000100" , the set {2, 6}
fmt.Printf(" %08b\n" , x> > 1) // " 00010001" , the set {0, 4}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > （ < / p >
< p > 在< code > x< < n< / code > 和< code > x> > n< / code > 移位运算中， ； ， < code > x< < n< / code > 左移运算等价于乘以$2^n$，一个< code > x> > n< / code > 右移运算等价于除以$2^n$。< / p >
< p > 左移运算用零填充右边空缺的bit位， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > 尽管Go语言提供了无符号数的运算， ， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > medals := []string{" gold" , " silver" , " bronze" }
for i := len(medals) - 1; i > = 0; i-- {
fmt.Println(medals[i]) // " bronze" , " silver" , " gold"
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 另一个选择对于上面的例子来说将是灾难性的。如果len函数返回一个无符号数， ， < code > i > = 0< / code > 则永远为真。在三次迭代之后，也就是< code > i == 0< / code > 时， ， （ ） ， （ ） ， < / p >
< p > 出于这个原因， ， < / p >
< p > 一般来说，需要一个显式的转换将一个值从一种类型转化为另一种类型，并且算术和逻辑运算的二元操作中必须是相同的类型。虽然这偶尔会导致需要很长的表达式，但是它消除了所有和类型相关的问题，而且也使得程序容易理解。< / p >
< p > 在很多场景，会遇到类似下面代码的常见的错误：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > var apples int32 = 1
var oranges int16 = 2
var compote int = apples + oranges // compile error
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 当尝试编译这三个语句时，将产生一个错误信息：< / p >
< pre > < code > invalid operation: apples + oranges (mismatched types int32 and int16)
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 这种类型不匹配的问题可以有几种不同的方法修复，最常见方法是将它们都显式转型为一个常见类型：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > var compote = int(apples) + int(oranges)
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 如2.5节所述， ， ， ； ， ， ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > f := 3.141 // a float64
i := int(f)
fmt.Println(f, i) // " 3.141 3"
f = 1.99
fmt.Println(int(f)) // " 1"
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 浮点数到整数的转换将丢失任何小数部分，然后向数轴零方向截断。你应该避免对可能会超出目标类型表示范围的数值做类型转换，因为截断的行为可能依赖于具体的实现：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > f := 1e100 // a float64
i := int(f) // 结果依赖于具体实现
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 任何大小的整数字面值都可以用以0开始的八进制格式书写， ； ， ， < / p >
< p > 当使用fmt包打印一个数值时， ， ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > o := 0666
fmt.Printf(" %d %[1]o %#[1]o\n" , o) // " 438 666 0666"
x := int64(0xdeadbeef)
fmt.Printf(" %d %[1]x %#[1]x %#[1]X\n" , x)
// Output:
// 3735928559 deadbeef 0xdeadbeef 0XDEADBEEF
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 请注意fmt的两个使用技巧。通常Printf格式化字符串包含多个%参数时将会包含对应相同数量的额外操作数，但是%之后的< code > [1]< / code > 副词告诉Printf函数再次使用第一个操作数。第二， < code > #< / code > 副词告诉Printf在用%o、%x或%X输出时生成0、0x或0X前缀。< / p >
< p > 字符面值通过一对单引号直接包含对应字符。最简单的例子是ASCII中类似'a'写法的字符面值， ， < / p >
< p > 字符使用< code > %c< / code > 参数打印，或者是用< code > %q< / code > 参数打印带单引号的字符：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > ascii := 'a'
unicode := '国'
newline := '\n'
fmt.Printf(" %d %[1]c %[1]q\n" , ascii) // " 97 a 'a'"
fmt.Printf(" %d %[1]c %[1]q\n" , unicode) // " 22269 国 '国'"
fmt.Printf(" %d %[1]q\n" , newline) // " 10 '\n'"
< / code > < / pre >
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