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< div class = "book" data-level = "1.4" data-chapter-title = "GIF動畵" data-filepath = "ch1/ch1-04.md" data-basepath = ".." data-revision = "Mon Dec 28 2015 16:03:52 GMT+0800 (中国标准时间)" >
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前言
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< b > 0.1.< / b >
Go語言起源
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< b > 0.2.< / b >
Go語言項目
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< b > 0.3.< / b >
本書的組織
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< b > 0.4.< / b >
更多的信息
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< b > 0.5.< / b >
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致謝
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< b > 1.< / b >
入門
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< b > 1.1.< / b >
Hello, World
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< b > 1.2.< / b >
命令行參數
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< b > 1.3.< / b >
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査找重複的行
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< li class = "chapter active" data-level = "1.4" data-path = "ch1/ch1-04.html" >
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< b > 1.4.< / b >
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GIF動畵
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< b > 1.5.< / b >
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獲取URL
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< b > 1.6.< / b >
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併發獲取多個URL
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< b > 1.7.< / b >
Web服務
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< b > 1.8.< / b >
本章要點
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< b > 2.< / b >
程序結構
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< b > 2.1.< / b >
命名
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< b > 2.2.< / b >
聲明
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< b > 2.3.< / b >
變量
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< b > 2.4.< / b >
賦值
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< b > 2.5.< / b >
類型
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< b > 2.6.< / b >
包和文件
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< b > 2.7.< / b >
作用域
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< b > 3.< / b >
基礎數據類型
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< b > 3.1.< / b >
整型
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< b > 3.2.< / b >
浮點數
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< b > 3.3.< / b >
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複數
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< b > 3.4.< / b >
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布爾型
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< b > 3.5.< / b >
字符串
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< b > 3.6.< / b >
常量
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< b > 4.< / b >
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複合數據類型
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< b > 4.1.< / b >
數組
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< b > 4.2.< / b >
切片
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< b > 4.3.< / b >
字典
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< b > 4.4.< / b >
結構體
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< b > 4.5.< / b >
JSON
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< b > 4.6.< / b >
文本和HTML模闆
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5" data-path = "ch5/ch5.html" >
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< b > 5.< / b >
函數
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< b > 5.1.< / b >
函數聲明
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< b > 5.2.< / b >
遞歸
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< b > 5.3.< / b >
多返迴值
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< b > 5.4.< / b >
錯誤
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< b > 5.5.< / b >
函數值
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6" data-path = "ch5/ch5-06.html" >
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< b > 5.6.< / b >
匿名函數
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< b > 5.7.< / b >
可變參數
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< b > 5.8.< / b >
Deferred函數
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< b > 5.9.< / b >
Panic異常
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.10" data-path = "ch5/ch5-10.html" >
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< b > 5.10.< / b >
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Recover捕獲異常
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< b > 6.< / b >
方法
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< b > 6.1.< / b >
方法聲明
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< b > 6.2.< / b >
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基於指針對象的方法
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3" data-path = "ch6/ch6-03.html" >
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< b > 6.3.< / b >
通過嵌入結構體來擴展類型
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< a href = "../ch6/ch6-04.html" >
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< b > 6.4.< / b >
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方法值和方法表達式
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< b > 6.5.< / b >
示例: Bit數組
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< b > 6.6.< / b >
封裝
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< b > 7.< / b >
接口
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< b > 7.1.< / b >
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接口是合約
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< b > 7.2.< / b >
接口類型
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< b > 7.3.< / b >
實現接口的條件
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< b > 7.4.< / b >
flag.Value接口
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< b > 7.5.< / b >
接口值
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< b > 7.6.< / b >
sort.Interface接口
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< b > 7.7.< / b >
http.Handler接口
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< b > 7.8.< / b >
error接口
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< b > 7.9.< / b >
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示例: 表達式求值
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< b > 7.10.< / b >
類型斷言
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< b > 7.11.< / b >
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基於類型斷言識别錯誤類型
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< b > 7.12.< / b >
通過類型斷言査詢接口
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< b > 7.13.< / b >
類型分支
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.14" data-path = "ch7/ch7-14.html" >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-14.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 7.14.< / b >
示例: 基於標記的XML解碼
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.15" data-path = "ch7/ch7-15.html" >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-15.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 7.15.< / b >
補充幾點
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8" data-path = "ch8/ch8.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.< / b >
Goroutines和Channels
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.1" data-path = "ch8/ch8-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.1.< / b >
Goroutines
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.2" data-path = "ch8/ch8-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.2.< / b >
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示例: 併發的Clock服務
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.3" data-path = "ch8/ch8-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.3.< / b >
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示例: 併發的Echo服務
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.4" data-path = "ch8/ch8-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.4.< / b >
Channels
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.5" data-path = "ch8/ch8-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.5.< / b >
併行的循環
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.6" data-path = "ch8/ch8-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.6.< / b >
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示例: 併發的Web爬蟲
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.7" data-path = "ch8/ch8-07.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-07.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.7.< / b >
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基於select的多路複用
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.8" data-path = "ch8/ch8-08.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-08.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.8.< / b >
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示例: 併發的字典遍歷
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.9" data-path = "ch8/ch8-09.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-09.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.9.< / b >
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併發的退出
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.10" data-path = "ch8/ch8-10.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-10.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.10.< / b >
示例: 聊天服務
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9" data-path = "ch9/ch9.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.< / b >
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基於共享變量的併發
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< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.1" data-path = "ch9/ch9-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.1.< / b >
競爭條件
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.2" data-path = "ch9/ch9-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.2.< / b >
sync.Mutex互斥鎖
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.3" data-path = "ch9/ch9-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.3.< / b >
sync.RWMutex讀寫鎖
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.4" data-path = "ch9/ch9-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.4.< / b >
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內存同步
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.5" data-path = "ch9/ch9-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.5.< / b >
sync.Once初始化
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.6" data-path = "ch9/ch9-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.6.< / b >
競爭條件檢測
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.7" data-path = "ch9/ch9-07.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-07.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.7.< / b >
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示例: 併發的非阻塞緩存
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.8" data-path = "ch9/ch9-08.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-08.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.8.< / b >
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Goroutines和線程
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< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10" data-path = "ch10/ch10.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.< / b >
包和工具
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.1" data-path = "ch10/ch10-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.1.< / b >
簡介
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.2" data-path = "ch10/ch10-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.2.< / b >
導入路徑
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.3" data-path = "ch10/ch10-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.3.< / b >
包聲明
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.4" data-path = "ch10/ch10-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.4.< / b >
導入聲明
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.5" data-path = "ch10/ch10-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.5.< / b >
匿名導入
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.6" data-path = "ch10/ch10-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.6.< / b >
包和命名
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.7" data-path = "ch10/ch10-07.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-07.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.7.< / b >
工具
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11" data-path = "ch11/ch11.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.< / b >
測試
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.1" data-path = "ch11/ch11-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.1.< / b >
go test
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.2" data-path = "ch11/ch11-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.2.< / b >
測試函數
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.3" data-path = "ch11/ch11-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.3.< / b >
測試覆蓋率
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.4" data-path = "ch11/ch11-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.4.< / b >
基準測試
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.5" data-path = "ch11/ch11-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.5.< / b >
剖析
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.6" data-path = "ch11/ch11-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.6.< / b >
示例函數
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12" data-path = "ch12/ch12.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.< / b >
反射
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.1" data-path = "ch12/ch12-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.1.< / b >
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爲何需要反射?
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.2" data-path = "ch12/ch12-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.2.< / b >
reflect.Type和reflect.Value
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.3" data-path = "ch12/ch12-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.3.< / b >
Display遞歸打印
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.4" data-path = "ch12/ch12-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.4.< / b >
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示例: 編碼S表達式
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.5" data-path = "ch12/ch12-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.5.< / b >
通過reflect.Value脩改值
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.6" data-path = "ch12/ch12-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.6.< / b >
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示例: 解碼S表達式
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.7" data-path = "ch12/ch12-07.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-07.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.7.< / b >
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獲取結構體字段標識
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.8" data-path = "ch12/ch12-08.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-08.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.8.< / b >
顯示一個類型的方法集
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.9" data-path = "ch12/ch12-09.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-09.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.9.< / b >
幾點忠告
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13" data-path = "ch13/ch13.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.< / b >
底層編程
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.1" data-path = "ch13/ch13-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.1.< / b >
unsafe.Sizeof, Alignof 和 Offsetof
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.2" data-path = "ch13/ch13-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.2.< / b >
unsafe.Pointer
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.3" data-path = "ch13/ch13-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.3.< / b >
示例: 深度相等判斷
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.4" data-path = "ch13/ch13-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.4.< / b >
通過cgo調用C代碼
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.5" data-path = "ch13/ch13-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.5.< / b >
幾點忠告
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "14" data-path = "CONTRIBUTORS.html" >
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< a href = "../CONTRIBUTORS.html" >
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< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
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< b > 14.< / b >
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附録
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "divider" > < / li >
< li >
< a href = "https://www.gitbook.com" target = "blank" class = "gitbook-link" >
本書使用 GitBook 釋出
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / nav >
< / div >
< div class = "book-body" >
< div class = "body-inner" >
< div class = "book-header" role = "navigation" >
<!-- Actions Left -->
<!-- Title -->
< h1 >
< i class = "fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin" > < / i >
< a href = "../" > Go编程语言< / a >
< / h1 >
< / div >
< div class = "page-wrapper" tabindex = "-1" role = "main" >
< div class = "page-inner" >
< section class = "normal" id = "section-" >
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< h2 id = "14-gif動畵" > 1.4. GIF動 畵 < / h2 >
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< p > 下 面 的 程 序 會 演 示 Go語 言 標 準 庫 里 的 image這 個 package的 用 法 ， 我 們 會 用 這 個 包 來 生 成 一 繫 列 的 bit-mapped圖 ， 然 後 將 這 些 圖 片 編 碼 爲 一 個 GIF動 畵 。 我 們 生 成 的 圖 形 名 字 叫 利 薩 如 圖 形 (Lissajous figures)， 這 種 效 果 是 在 1960年 代 的 老 電 影 里 出 現 的 一 種 視 覺 特 效 。 它 們 是 協 振 子 在 兩 個 緯 度 上 振 動 所 産 生 的 麴 線 ， 比 如 兩 個 sin正 絃 波 分 别 在 x軸 和 y軸 輸 入 會 産 生 的 麴 線 。 圖 1.1是 這 樣 的 一 個 例 子 ： < / p >
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< p > < img src = "../images/ch1-01.png" alt = "" > < / p >
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< p > 譯 註 ： 要 看 這 個 程 序 的 結 果 ， 需 要 將 標 準 輸 出 重 定 向 到 一 個 GIF圖 像 文 件 （ 使 用 < code > ./lissajous > output.gif< / code > 命 令 ） 。 下 面 是 GIF圖 像 動 畵 效 果 ： < / p >
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< p > < img src = "../images/ch1-01.gif" alt = "" > < / p >
< p > 這 段 代 碼 里 我 們 用 了 一 些 新 的 結 構 ， 包 括 const聲 明 ， struct結 構 體 類 型 ， 複 合 聲 明 。 和 我 們 舉 的 其 它 的 例 子 不 太 一 樣 ， 這 一 個 例 子 包 含 了 浮 點 數 運 算 。 這 些 概 念 我 們 隻 在 這 里 簡 單 地 説 明 一 下 ， 之 後 的 章 節 會 更 詳 細 地 講 解 。 < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "lang-go" > gopl.io/ch1/lissajous
< span class = "hljs-comment" > // Lissajous generates GIF animations of random Lissajous figures.< / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > package< / span > main
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > import< / span > (
< span class = "hljs-string" > " image" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-string" > " image/color" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-string" > " image/gif" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-string" > " io" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-string" > " math" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-string" > " math/rand" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-string" > " os" < / span >
)
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > var< / span > palette = []color.Color{color.White, color.Black}
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< span class = "hljs-keyword" > const< / span > (
whiteIndex = < span class = "hljs-number" > 0< / span > < span class = "hljs-comment" > // first color in palette< / span >
blackIndex = < span class = "hljs-number" > 1< / span > < span class = "hljs-comment" > // next color in palette< / span >
)
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< span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > main() {
lissajous(os.Stdout)
}
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > lissajous(out io.Writer) {
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > const< / span > (
cycles = < span class = "hljs-number" > 5< / span > < span class = "hljs-comment" > // number of complete x oscillator revolutions< / span >
res = < span class = "hljs-number" > 0.001< / span > < span class = "hljs-comment" > // angular resolution< / span >
size = < span class = "hljs-number" > 100< / span > < span class = "hljs-comment" > // image canvas covers [-size..+size]< / span >
nframes = < span class = "hljs-number" > 64< / span > < span class = "hljs-comment" > // number of animation frames< / span >
delay = < span class = "hljs-number" > 8< / span > < span class = "hljs-comment" > // delay between frames in 10ms units< / span >
)
freq := rand.Float64() * < span class = "hljs-number" > 3.0< / span > < span class = "hljs-comment" > // relative frequency of y oscillator< / span >
anim := gif.GIF{LoopCount: nframes}
phase := < span class = "hljs-number" > 0.0< / span > < span class = "hljs-comment" > // phase difference< / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > for< / span > i := < span class = "hljs-number" > 0< / span > ; i < nframes; i++ {
rect := image.Rect(< span class = "hljs-number" > 0< / span > , < span class = "hljs-number" > 0< / span > , < span class = "hljs-number" > 2< / span > *size+< span class = "hljs-number" > 1< / span > , < span class = "hljs-number" > 2< / span > *size+< span class = "hljs-number" > 1< / span > )
img := image.NewPaletted(rect, palette)
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > for< / span > t := < span class = "hljs-number" > 0.0< / span > ; t < cycles*< span class = "hljs-number" > 2< / span > *math.Pi; t += res {
x := math.Sin(t)
y := math.Sin(t*freq + phase)
img.SetColorIndex(size+< span class = "hljs-typename" > int< / span > (x*size+< span class = "hljs-number" > 0.5< / span > ), size+< span class = "hljs-typename" > int< / span > (y*size+< span class = "hljs-number" > 0.5< / span > ),
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bla kIndex)
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}
phase += < span class = "hljs-number" > 0.1< / span >
anim.Delay = < span class = "hljs-built_in" > append< / span > (anim.Delay, delay)
anim.Image = < span class = "hljs-built_in" > append< / span > (anim.Image, img)
}
gif.EncodeAll(out, & anim) < span class = "hljs-comment" > // < span class = "hljs-doctag" > NOTE:< / span > ignoring encoding errors< / span >
}
< / code > < / pre >
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< p > 當 我 們 import了 一 個 包 路 徑 包 含 有 多 個 單 詞 的 package時 ， 比 如 image/color（ image和 color兩 個 單 詞 ） ， 通 常 我 們 隻 需 要 用 最 後 那 個 單 詞 表 示 這 個 包 就 可 以 。 所 以 當 我 們 寫 color.White時 ， 這 個 變 量 指 向 的 是 image/color包 里 的 變 量 ， 同 理 gif.GIF是 屬 於 image/gif包 里 的 變 量 。 < / p >
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< p > 這 個 程 序 里 的 常 量 聲 明 給 出 了 一 繫 列 的 常 量 值 ， 常 量 是 指 在 程 序 編 譯 後 運 行 時 始 終 都 不 會 變 化 的 值 ， 比 如 圈 數 、 幀 數 、 延 遲 值 。 常 量 聲 明 和 變 量 聲 明 一 般 都 會 出 現 在 包 級 别 ， 所 以 這 些 常 量 在 整 個 包 中 都 是 可 以 共 享 的 ， 或 者 你 也 可 以 把 常 量 聲 明 定 義 在 函 數 體 內 部 ， 那 麽 這 種 常 量 就 隻 能 在 函 數 體 內 用 。 目 前 常 量 聲 明 的 值 必 鬚 是 一 個 數 字 值 、 字 符 串 或 者 一 個 固 定 的 boolean值 。 < / p >
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< p > []color.Color{...}和 gif.GIF{...}這 兩 個 表 達 式 就 是 我 們 説 的 複 合 聲 明 （ 4.2和 4.4.1節 有 説 明 ） 。 這 是 實 例 化 Go語 言 里 的 複 合 類 型 的 一 種 寫 法 。 這 里 的 前 者 生 成 的 是 一 個 slice切 片 ， 後 者 生 成 的 是 一 個 struct結 構 體 。 < / p >
< p > gif.GIF是 一 個 struct類 型 （ 參 考 4.4節 ） 。 struct是 一 組 值 或 者 叫 字 段 的 集 合 ， 不 同 的 類 型 集 合 在 一 個 struct可 以 讓 我 們 以 一 個 統 一 的 單 元 進 行 處 理 。 anim是 一 個 gif.GIF類 型 的 struct變 量 。 這 種 寫 法 會 生 成 一 個 struct變 量 ， 併 且 其 內 部 變 量 LoopCount字 段 會 被 設 置 爲 nframes； 而 其 它 的 字 段 會 被 設 置 爲 各 自 類 型 默 認 的 零 值 。 struct內 部 的 變 量 可 以 以 一 個 點 (.)來 進 行 訪 問 ， 就 像 在 最 後 兩 個 賦 值 語 句 中 顯 式 地 更 新 了 anim這 個 struct的 Delay和 Image字 段 。 < / p >
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< p > lissajous函 數 內 部 有 兩 層 嵌 套 的 for循 環 。 外 層 循 環 會 循 環 64次 ， 每 一 次 都 會 生 成 一 個 單 獨 的 動 畵 幀 。 它 生 成 了 一 個 包 含 兩 種 顔 色 的 201& 201大 小 的 圖 片 ， 白 色 和 黑 色 。 所 有 像 素 點 都 會 被 默 認 設 置 爲 其 零 值 （ 也 就 是 palette里 的 第 0個 值 ） ， 這 里 我 們 設 置 的 是 白 色 。 每 次 經 過 內 存 循 環 都 會 通 過 設 置 像 素 爲 黑 色 ， 生 成 一 張 新 圖 片 。 其 結 果 會 append到 之 前 結 果 之 後 。 這 里 我 們 用 到 了 append(參 考 4.2.1)這 個 內 置 函 數 ， 將 結 果 appen到 anim中 的 幀 列 表 末 尾 ， 併 會 設 置 一 個 默 認 的 80ms的 延 遲 值 。 最 終 循 環 結 束 ， 所 有 的 延 遲 值 也 被 編 碼 進 了 GIF圖 片 中 ， 併 將 結 果 寫 入 到 輸 出 流 。 out這 個 變 量 是 io.Writer類 型 ， 這 個 類 型 讓 我 們 可 以 可 以 讓 我 們 把 輸 出 結 果 寫 到 很 多 目 標 ， 很 快 我 們 就 可 以 看 到 了 。 < / p >
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< p > 內 存 循 環 設 置 了 兩 個 偏 振 。 x軸 偏 振 使 用 的 是 一 個 sin函 數 。 y軸 偏 振 也 是 一 個 正 絃 波 ， 但 是 其 其 相 對 x軸 的 偏 振 是 一 個 0-3的 隨 機 值 ， 併 且 初 始 偏 振 值 是 一 個 零 值 ， 併 隨 着 動 畵 的 每 一 幀 逐 漸 增 加 。 循 環 會 一 直 跑 到 x軸 完 成 五 次 完 整 的 循 環 。 每 一 步 它 都 會 調 用 SetColorIndex來 爲 (x, y)點 來 染 黑 色 。 < / p >
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< p > main函 數 調 用 了 lissajous函 數 ， 併 且 用 它 來 向 標 準 輸 出 中 打 印 信 息 ， 所 以 下 面 這 個 命 令 會 像 圖 1.1中 産 生 一 個 GIF動 畵 。 < / p >
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< pre > < code > $ go build gopl.io/ch1/lissajous
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$ ./lissajous > out.gif
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< / code > < / pre > < p > < strong > 練 習 1.5： < / strong > 脩 改 前 面 的 Lissajous程 序 里 的 調 色 闆 ， 由 緑 色 改 爲 黑 色 。 我 們 可 以 用 color.RGBA{0xRR, 0xGG, 0xBB}來 得 到 #RRGGBB這 個 色 值 ， 三 個 十 六 進 製 的 字 符 串 分 别 代 表 紅 、 緑 、 藍 像 素 。 < / p >
< p > < strong > 練 習 1.6： < / strong > 脩 改 Lissajous程 序 ， 脩 改 其 調 色 闆 來 生 成 更 豐 富 的 顔 色 ， 然 後 脩 改 SetColorIndex的 第 三 個 參 數 ， 看 看 顯 示 結 果 吧 。 < / p >
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< / section >
< / div >
< / div >
< / div >
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< a href = "../ch1/ch1-03.html" class = "navigation navigation-prev " aria-label = "Previous page: 査找重複的行" > < i class = "fa fa-angle-left" > < / i > < / a >
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< a href = "../ch1/ch1-05.html" class = "navigation navigation-next " aria-label = "Next page: 獲取URL" > < i class = "fa fa-angle-right" > < / i > < / a >
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< / div >
< / div >
< script src = "../gitbook/app.js" > < / script >
< script src = "../gitbook/plugins/gitbook-plugin-sharing/buttons.js" > < / script >
< script src = "../gitbook/plugins/gitbook-plugin-fontsettings/buttons.js" > < / script >
< script >
require(["gitbook"], function(gitbook) {
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var config = {"katex":{},"highlight":{},"sharing":{"facebook":true,"twitter":true,"google":false,"weibo":false,"instapaper":false,"vk":false,"all":["facebook","google","twitter","weibo","instapaper"]},"fontsettings":{"theme":"white","family":"sans","size":2}};
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gitbook.start(config);
});
< / script >
< / body >
< / html >
