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< div class = "book" data-level = "11.4" data-chapter-title = "基準測試" data-filepath = "ch11/ch11-04.md" data-basepath = ".." data-revision = "Mon Dec 28 2015 16:03:52 GMT+0800 (中国标准时间)" >
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前言
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< b > 0.1.< / b >
Go語言起源
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< b > 0.2.< / b >
Go語言項目
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< b > 0.3.< / b >
本書的組織
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< b > 0.4.< / b >
更多的信息
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< b > 0.5.< / b >
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致謝
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< b > 1.< / b >
入門
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< b > 1.1.< / b >
Hello, World
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< b > 1.2.< / b >
命令行參數
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< b > 1.3.< / b >
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査找重複的行
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< b > 1.4.< / b >
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GIF動畵
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< b > 1.5.< / b >
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獲取URL
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< b > 1.6.< / b >
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併發獲取多個URL
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< b > 1.7.< / b >
Web服務
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< b > 1.8.< / b >
本章要點
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< b > 2.< / b >
程序結構
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< b > 2.1.< / b >
命名
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< b > 2.2.< / b >
聲明
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< b > 2.3.< / b >
變量
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< b > 2.4.< / b >
賦值
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< b > 2.5.< / b >
類型
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< b > 2.6.< / b >
包和文件
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< b > 2.7.< / b >
作用域
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< b > 3.< / b >
基礎數據類型
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< b > 3.1.< / b >
整型
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< b > 3.2.< / b >
浮點數
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< b > 3.3.< / b >
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複數
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< b > 3.4.< / b >
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布爾型
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< b > 3.5.< / b >
字符串
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< b > 3.6.< / b >
常量
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< b > 4.< / b >
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複合數據類型
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< b > 4.1.< / b >
數組
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< b > 4.2.< / b >
切片
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< b > 4.3.< / b >
字典
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< b > 4.4.< / b >
結構體
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< b > 4.5.< / b >
JSON
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< b > 4.6.< / b >
文本和HTML模闆
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< b > 5.< / b >
函數
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< b > 5.1.< / b >
函數聲明
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< b > 5.2.< / b >
遞歸
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< b > 5.3.< / b >
多返迴值
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< b > 5.4.< / b >
錯誤
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< b > 5.5.< / b >
函數值
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< b > 5.6.< / b >
匿名函數
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< b > 5.7.< / b >
可變參數
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< b > 5.8.< / b >
Deferred函數
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< b > 5.9.< / b >
Panic異常
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.10" data-path = "ch5/ch5-10.html" >
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< b > 5.10.< / b >
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Recover捕獲異常
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< b > 6.< / b >
方法
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< b > 6.1.< / b >
方法聲明
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< b > 6.2.< / b >
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基於指針對象的方法
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3" data-path = "ch6/ch6-03.html" >
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< b > 6.3.< / b >
通過嵌入結構體來擴展類型
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4" data-path = "ch6/ch6-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch6/ch6-04.html" >
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< b > 6.4.< / b >
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方法值和方法表達式
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< b > 6.5.< / b >
示例: Bit數組
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< b > 6.6.< / b >
封裝
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< b > 7.< / b >
接口
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< b > 7.1.< / b >
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接口是合約
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< b > 7.2.< / b >
接口類型
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.3" data-path = "ch7/ch7-03.html" >
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< b > 7.3.< / b >
實現接口的條件
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< b > 7.4.< / b >
flag.Value接口
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< b > 7.5.< / b >
接口值
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< b > 7.6.< / b >
sort.Interface接口
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< b > 7.7.< / b >
http.Handler接口
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< b > 7.8.< / b >
error接口
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< b > 7.9.< / b >
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示例: 表達式求值
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< b > 7.10.< / b >
類型斷言
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< b > 7.11.< / b >
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基於類型斷言識别錯誤類型
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< b > 7.12.< / b >
通過類型斷言査詢接口
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< b > 7.13.< / b >
類型分支
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.14" data-path = "ch7/ch7-14.html" >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-14.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 7.14.< / b >
示例: 基於標記的XML解碼
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.15" data-path = "ch7/ch7-15.html" >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-15.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 7.15.< / b >
補充幾點
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8" data-path = "ch8/ch8.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.< / b >
Goroutines和Channels
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.1" data-path = "ch8/ch8-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.1.< / b >
Goroutines
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.2" data-path = "ch8/ch8-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.2.< / b >
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示例: 併發的Clock服務
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.3" data-path = "ch8/ch8-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.3.< / b >
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示例: 併發的Echo服務
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.4" data-path = "ch8/ch8-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.4.< / b >
Channels
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.5" data-path = "ch8/ch8-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.5.< / b >
併行的循環
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.6" data-path = "ch8/ch8-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.6.< / b >
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示例: 併發的Web爬蟲
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.7" data-path = "ch8/ch8-07.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-07.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.7.< / b >
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基於select的多路複用
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.8" data-path = "ch8/ch8-08.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-08.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.8.< / b >
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示例: 併發的字典遍歷
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.9" data-path = "ch8/ch8-09.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-09.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.9.< / b >
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併發的退出
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.10" data-path = "ch8/ch8-10.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-10.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.10.< / b >
示例: 聊天服務
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9" data-path = "ch9/ch9.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.< / b >
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基於共享變量的併發
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< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.1" data-path = "ch9/ch9-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.1.< / b >
競爭條件
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.2" data-path = "ch9/ch9-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.2.< / b >
sync.Mutex互斥鎖
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.3" data-path = "ch9/ch9-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.3.< / b >
sync.RWMutex讀寫鎖
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.4" data-path = "ch9/ch9-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.4.< / b >
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內存同步
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.5" data-path = "ch9/ch9-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.5.< / b >
sync.Once初始化
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.6" data-path = "ch9/ch9-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.6.< / b >
競爭條件檢測
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.7" data-path = "ch9/ch9-07.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-07.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.7.< / b >
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示例: 併發的非阻塞緩存
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.8" data-path = "ch9/ch9-08.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-08.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.8.< / b >
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Goroutines和線程
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< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10" data-path = "ch10/ch10.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.< / b >
包和工具
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.1" data-path = "ch10/ch10-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.1.< / b >
簡介
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.2" data-path = "ch10/ch10-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.2.< / b >
導入路徑
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.3" data-path = "ch10/ch10-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.3.< / b >
包聲明
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.4" data-path = "ch10/ch10-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.4.< / b >
導入聲明
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.5" data-path = "ch10/ch10-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.5.< / b >
匿名導入
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.6" data-path = "ch10/ch10-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.6.< / b >
包和命名
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.7" data-path = "ch10/ch10-07.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-07.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.7.< / b >
工具
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11" data-path = "ch11/ch11.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.< / b >
測試
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.1" data-path = "ch11/ch11-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.1.< / b >
go test
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.2" data-path = "ch11/ch11-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.2.< / b >
測試函數
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.3" data-path = "ch11/ch11-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.3.< / b >
測試覆蓋率
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter active" data-level = "11.4" data-path = "ch11/ch11-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.4.< / b >
基準測試
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.5" data-path = "ch11/ch11-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.5.< / b >
剖析
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.6" data-path = "ch11/ch11-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.6.< / b >
示例函數
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12" data-path = "ch12/ch12.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.< / b >
反射
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.1" data-path = "ch12/ch12-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.1.< / b >
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爲何需要反射?
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.2" data-path = "ch12/ch12-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.2.< / b >
reflect.Type和reflect.Value
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.3" data-path = "ch12/ch12-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.3.< / b >
Display遞歸打印
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.4" data-path = "ch12/ch12-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.4.< / b >
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示例: 編碼S表達式
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.5" data-path = "ch12/ch12-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.5.< / b >
通過reflect.Value脩改值
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.6" data-path = "ch12/ch12-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.6.< / b >
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示例: 解碼S表達式
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.7" data-path = "ch12/ch12-07.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-07.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.7.< / b >
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獲取結構體字段標識
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.8" data-path = "ch12/ch12-08.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-08.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.8.< / b >
顯示一個類型的方法集
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.9" data-path = "ch12/ch12-09.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-09.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.9.< / b >
幾點忠告
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13" data-path = "ch13/ch13.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.< / b >
底層編程
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.1" data-path = "ch13/ch13-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.1.< / b >
unsafe.Sizeof, Alignof 和 Offsetof
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.2" data-path = "ch13/ch13-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.2.< / b >
unsafe.Pointer
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.3" data-path = "ch13/ch13-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.3.< / b >
示例: 深度相等判斷
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.4" data-path = "ch13/ch13-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.4.< / b >
通過cgo調用C代碼
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.5" data-path = "ch13/ch13-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.5.< / b >
幾點忠告
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "14" data-path = "CONTRIBUTORS.html" >
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< a href = "../CONTRIBUTORS.html" >
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< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
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< b > 14.< / b >
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附録
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "divider" > < / li >
< li >
< a href = "https://www.gitbook.com" target = "blank" class = "gitbook-link" >
本書使用 GitBook 釋出
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / nav >
< / div >
< div class = "book-body" >
< div class = "body-inner" >
< div class = "book-header" role = "navigation" >
<!-- Actions Left -->
<!-- Title -->
< h1 >
< i class = "fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin" > < / i >
< a href = "../" > Go编程语言< / a >
< / h1 >
< / div >
< div class = "page-wrapper" tabindex = "-1" role = "main" >
< div class = "page-inner" >
< section class = "normal" id = "section-" >
< h2 id = "114-基準測試" > 11.4. 基 準 測 試 < / h2 >
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< p > 基 準 測 試 是 測 量 一 個 程 序 在 固 定 工 作 負 載 下 的 性 能 . 在 Go語 言 中 , 基 準 測 試 函 數 和 普 通 測 試 函 數 類 似 , 但 是 以 Benchmark爲 前 綴 名 , 併 且 帶 有 一 個 < code > *testing.B< / code > 類 型 的 參 數 ; < code > *testing.B< / code > 除 了 提 供 和 < code > *testing.T< / code > 類 似 的 方 法 , 還 有 額 外 一 些 和 性 能 測 量 相 關 的 方 法 . 它 還 提 供 了 一 個 整 數 N, 用 於 指 定 操 作 執 行 的 循 環 次 數 .< / p >
< p > 下 面 是 IsPalindrome 函 數 的 基 準 測 試 , 其 中 循 環 將 執 行 N次 .< / p >
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< pre > < code class = "lang-Go" > < span class = "hljs-keyword" > import< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " testing" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > BenchmarkIsPalindrome(b *testing.B) {
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > for< / span > i := < span class = "hljs-number" > 0< / span > ; i < b.N; i++ {
IsPalindrome(< span class = "hljs-string" > " A man, a plan, a canal: Panama" < / span > )
}
}
< / code > < / pre >
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< p > 我 們 用 下 面 的 命 令 運 行 基 準 測 試 . 和 普 通 測 試 不 同 的 是 , 默 認 情 況 下 不 運 行 任 何 基 準 測 試 . 我 們 需 要 通 過 < code > -bench< / code > 命 令 行 標 誌 參 數 手 工 指 定 要 運 行 的 基 準 測 試 函 數 . 該 參 數 是 一 個 正 則 表 達 式 , 用 於 匹 配 要 執 行 的 基 準 測 試 函 數 的 名 字 , 默 認 值 是 空 的 . 其 中 ‘ ‘ .’ ’ 模 式 將 可 以 匹 配 所 有 基 準 測 試 函 數 , 但 是 這 里 總 共 隻 有 一 個 基 準 測 試 函 數 , 因 此 和 < code > -bench=IsPalindrome< / code > 參 數 是 等 價 的 效 果 .< / p >
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< pre > < code > $ cd $GOPATH/src/gopl.io/ch11/word2
$ go test -bench=.
PASS
BenchmarkIsPalindrome-8 1000000 1035 ns/op
ok gopl.io/ch11/word2 2.179s
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< / code > < / pre > < p > 基 準 測 試 名 的 數 字 後 綴 部 分 , 這 里 是 8, 表 示 運 行 時 對 應 的 GOMAXPROCS 的 值 , 這 對 於 一 些 和 併 發 相 關 的 基 準 測 試 是 重 要 的 信 息 .< / p >
< p > 報 告 顯 示 每 次 調 用 IsPalindrome 函 數 花 費 1.035微 秒 , 是 執 行 1,000,000 次 的 平 均 時 間 . 因 爲 基 準 測 試 驅 動 器 併 不 知 道 每 個 基 準 測 試 函 數 運 行 所 花 的 時 候 , 它 會 嚐 試 在 眞 正 運 行 基 準 測 試 前 先 嚐 試 用 較 小 的 N 運 行 測 試 來 估 算 基 準 測 試 函 數 所 需 要 的 時 間 , 然 後 推 斷 一 個 較 大 的 時 間 保 證 穩 定 的 測 量 結 果 .< / p >
< p > 循 環 在 基 準 測 試 函 數 內 實 現 , 而 不 是 放 在 基 準 測 試 框 架 內 實 現 , 這 樣 可 以 讓 每 個 基 準 測 試 函 數 有 機 會 在 循 環 啟 動 前 執 行 初 始 化 代 碼 , 這 樣 併 不 會 顯 著 影 響 每 次 迭 代 的 平 均 運 行 時 間 . 如 果 還 是 擔 心 初 始 化 代 碼 部 分 對 測 量 時 間 帶 來 榦 擾 , 那 麽 可 以 通 過 testing.B 參 數 的 方 法 來 臨 時 關 閉 或 重 置 計 時 器 , 不 過 這 些 一 般 很 少 會 用 到 .< / p >
< p > 現 在 我 們 有 了 一 個 基 準 測 試 和 普 通 測 試 , 我 們 可 以 很 容 易 測 試 新 的 讓 程 序 運 行 更 快 的 想 法 . 也 許 最 明 顯 的 優 化 是 在 IsPalindrome 函 數 中 第 二 個 循 環 的 停 止 檢 査 , 這 樣 可 以 避 免 每 個 比 較 都 做 兩 次 :< / p >
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< pre > < code class = "lang-Go" > n := < span class = "hljs-built_in" > len< / span > (letters)/< span class = "hljs-number" > 2< / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > for< / span > i := < span class = "hljs-number" > 0< / span > ; i < n; i++ {
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > letters[i] != letters[< span class = "hljs-built_in" > len< / span > (letters)-< span class = "hljs-number" > 1< / span > -i] {
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > return< / span > < span class = "hljs-constant" > false< / span >
}
}
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > return< / span > < span class = "hljs-constant" > true< / span >
< / code > < / pre >
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< p > 不 過 很 多 情 況 下 , 一 個 明 顯 的 優 化 併 不 一 定 就 能 代 碼 預 期 的 效 果 . 這 個 改 進 在 基 準 測 試 中 值 帶 來 了 4% 的 性 能 提 陞 .< / p >
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< pre > < code > $ go test -bench=.
PASS
BenchmarkIsPalindrome-8 1000000 992 ns/op
ok gopl.io/ch11/word2 2.093s
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< / code > < / pre > < p > 另 一 個 改 進 想 法 是 在 開 始 爲 每 個 字 符 預 先 分 配 一 個 足 夠 大 的 數 組 , 這 樣 就 可 以 避 免 在 append 調 用 時 可 能 會 導 致 內 存 的 多 次 重 新 分 配 . 聲 明 一 個 letters 數 組 變 量 , 併 指 定 合 適 的 大 小 , 像 這 樣 ,< / p >
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< pre > < code class = "lang-Go" > letters := < span class = "hljs-built_in" > make< / span > ([]< span class = "hljs-typename" > rune< / span > , < span class = "hljs-number" > 0< / span > , < span class = "hljs-built_in" > len< / span > (s))
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > for< / span > _, r := < span class = "hljs-keyword" > range< / span > s {
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > unicode.IsLetter(r) {
letters = < span class = "hljs-built_in" > append< / span > (letters, unicode.ToLower(r))
}
}
< / code > < / pre >
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< p > 這 個 改 進 提 陞 性 能 約 35%, 報 告 結 果 是 基 於 2,000,000 次 迭 代 的 平 均 運 行 時 間 統 計 .< / p >
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< pre > < code > $ go test -bench=.
PASS
BenchmarkIsPalindrome-8 2000000 697 ns/op
ok gopl.io/ch11/word2 1.468s
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< / code > < / pre > < p > 如 這 個 例 子 所 示 , 快 的 程 序 往 往 是 有 很 少 的 內 存 分 配 . < code > -benchmem< / code > 命 令 行 標 誌 參 數 將 在 報 告 中 包 含 內 存 的 分 配 數 據 統 計 . 我 們 可 以 比 較 優 化 前 後 內 存 的 分 配 情 況 :< / p >
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< pre > < code > $ go test -bench=. -benchmem
PASS
BenchmarkIsPalindrome 1000000 1026 ns/op 304 B/op 4 allocs/op
< / code > < / pre > < p > 這 是 優 化 之 後 的 結 果 :< / p >
< pre > < code > $ go test -bench=. -benchmem
PASS
BenchmarkIsPalindrome 2000000 807 ns/op 128 B/op 1 allocs/op
< / code > < / pre > < p > 一 次 內 存 分 配 代 替 多 次 的 內 存 分 配 節 省 了 75%的 分 配 調 用 次 數 和 減 少 近 一 半 的 內 存 需 求 .< / p >
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< p > 這 個 基 準 測 試 告 訴 我 們 所 需 的 絶 對 時 間 依 賴 給 定 的 具 體 操 作 , 兩 個 不 同 的 操 作 所 需 時 間 的 差 異 也 是 和 不 同 環 境 相 關 的 . 例 如 , 如 果 一 個 函 數 需 要 1ms 處 理 1,000 個 元 素 , 那 麽 處 理 10000 或 1百 萬 將 需 要 多 少 時 間 呢 ? 這 樣 的 比 較 揭 示 了 漸 近 增 長 函 數 的 運 行 時 間 . 另 一 個 例 子 : I/O 緩 存 該 設 置 爲 多 大 呢 ? 基 準 測 試 可 以 幫 助 我 們 選 擇 較 小 的 緩 存 但 能 帶 來 滿 意 的 性 能 . 第 三 個 例 子 : 對 於 一 個 確 定 的 工 作 那 種 算 法 更 好 ? 基 準 測 試 可 以 評 估 兩 種 不 同 算 法 對 於 相 同 的 輸 入 在 不 同 的 場 景 和 負 載 下 的 優 缺 點 .< / p >
< p > 比 較 基 準 測 試 都 是 結 構 類 似 的 代 碼 . 它 們 通 常 是 采 用 一 個 參 數 的 函 數 , 從 幾 個 標 誌 的 基 準 測 試 函 數 入 口 調 用 , 就 像 這 樣 :< / p >
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< pre > < code class = "lang-Go" > < span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > benchmark(b *testing.B, size < span class = "hljs-typename" > int< / span > ) { < span class = "hljs-comment" > /* ... */< / span > }
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > Benchmark10(b *testing.B) { benchmark(b, < span class = "hljs-number" > 10< / span > ) }
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > Benchmark100(b *testing.B) { benchmark(b, < span class = "hljs-number" > 100< / span > ) }
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > Benchmark1000(b *testing.B) { benchmark(b, < span class = "hljs-number" > 1000< / span > ) }
< / code > < / pre >
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< p > 通 過 函 數 參 數 來 指 定 輸 入 的 大 小 , 但 是 參 數 變 量 對 於 每 個 具 體 的 基 準 測 試 都 是 固 定 的 . 要 避 免 直 接 脩 改 b.N 來 控 製 輸 入 的 大 小 . 除 非 你 將 它 作 爲 一 個 固 定 大 小 的 迭 代 計 算 輸 入 , 否 則 基 準 測 試 的 結 果 將 毫 無 意 義 .< / p >
< p > 基 準 測 試 對 於 編 寫 代 碼 是 很 有 幫 助 的 , 但 是 卽 使 工 作 完 成 了 應 應 當 保 存 基 準 測 試 代 碼 . 因 爲 隨 着 項 目 的 發 展 , 或 者 是 輸 入 的 增 加 , 或 者 是 部 署 到 新 的 操 作 繫 統 或 不 同 的 處 理 器 , 我 們 可 以 再 次 用 基 準 測 試 來 幫 助 我 們 改 進 設 計 .< / p >
< p > < strong > 練 習 11.6:< / strong > 爲 2.6.2節 的 練 習 2.4 和 練 習 2.5 的 PopCount 函 數 編 寫 基 準 測 試 . 看 看 基 於 表 格 算 法 在 不 同 情 況 下 的 性 能 .< / p >
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< p > < strong > 練 習 11.7:< / strong > 爲 *IntSet (§ 6.5) 的 Add, UnionWith 和 其 他 方 法 編 寫 基 準 測 試 , 使 用 大 量 隨 機 出 入 . 你 可 以 讓 這 些 方 法 跑 多 快 ? 選 擇 字 的 大 小 對 於 性 能 的 影 響 如 何 ? IntSet 和 基 於 內 建 map 的 實 現 相 比 有 多 快 ?< / p >
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< / section >
< / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-03.html" class = "navigation navigation-prev " aria-label = "Previous page: 測試覆蓋率" > < i class = "fa fa-angle-left" > < / i > < / a >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-05.html" class = "navigation navigation-next " aria-label = "Next page: 剖析" > < i class = "fa fa-angle-right" > < / i > < / a >
< / div >
< / div >
< script src = "../gitbook/app.js" > < / script >
< script src = "../gitbook/plugins/gitbook-plugin-sharing/buttons.js" > < / script >
< script src = "../gitbook/plugins/gitbook-plugin-fontsettings/buttons.js" > < / script >
< script >
require(["gitbook"], function(gitbook) {
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var config = {"katex":{},"highlight":{},"sharing":{"facebook":true,"twitter":true,"google":false,"weibo":false,"instapaper":false,"vk":false,"all":["facebook","google","twitter","weibo","instapaper"]},"fontsettings":{"theme":"white","family":"sans","size":2}};
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gitbook.start(config);
});
< / script >
< / body >
< / html >
