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前言
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< b > 0.1.< / b >
Go語言起源
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< b > 0.2.< / b >
Go語言項目
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< b > 0.3.< / b >
本書的組織
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< b > 0.4.< / b >
更多的信息
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< b > 0.5.< / b >
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致謝
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< b > 1.< / b >
入門
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< b > 1.1.< / b >
Hello, World
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< b > 1.2.< / b >
命令行參數
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< b > 1.3.< / b >
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査找重複的行
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< b > 1.4.< / b >
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GIF動畵
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< b > 1.5.< / b >
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獲取URL
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< b > 1.6.< / b >
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併發獲取多個URL
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< b > 1.7.< / b >
Web服務
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< b > 1.8.< / b >
本章要點
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< b > 2.< / b >
程序結構
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< b > 2.1.< / b >
命名
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< b > 2.2.< / b >
聲明
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< b > 2.3.< / b >
變量
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< b > 2.4.< / b >
賦值
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< b > 2.5.< / b >
類型
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< b > 2.6.< / b >
包和文件
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< b > 2.7.< / b >
作用域
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< b > 3.< / b >
基礎數據類型
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< b > 3.1.< / b >
整型
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< b > 3.2.< / b >
浮點數
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< b > 3.3.< / b >
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複數
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< b > 3.4.< / b >
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布爾型
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< b > 3.5.< / b >
字符串
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< b > 3.6.< / b >
常量
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< b > 4.< / b >
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複合數據類型
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< ul class = "articles" >
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< b > 4.1.< / b >
數組
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< b > 4.2.< / b >
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Slice
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< b > 4.3.< / b >
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Map
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< b > 4.4.< / b >
結構體
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< b > 4.5.< / b >
JSON
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< b > 4.6.< / b >
文本和HTML模闆
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5" data-path = "ch5/ch5.html" >
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< b > 5.< / b >
函數
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< b > 5.1.< / b >
函數聲明
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< b > 5.2.< / b >
遞歸
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< a href = "../ch5/ch5-03.html" >
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< b > 5.3.< / b >
多返迴值
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.4" data-path = "ch5/ch5-04.html" >
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< b > 5.4.< / b >
錯誤
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< b > 5.5.< / b >
函數值
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6" data-path = "ch5/ch5-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch5/ch5-06.html" >
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< b > 5.6.< / b >
匿名函數
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.7" data-path = "ch5/ch5-07.html" >
< a href = "../ch5/ch5-07.html" >
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< b > 5.7.< / b >
可變參數
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.8" data-path = "ch5/ch5-08.html" >
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< b > 5.8.< / b >
Deferred函數
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.9" data-path = "ch5/ch5-09.html" >
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< b > 5.9.< / b >
Panic異常
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.10" data-path = "ch5/ch5-10.html" >
< a href = "../ch5/ch5-10.html" >
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< b > 5.10.< / b >
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Recover捕獲異常
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< b > 6.< / b >
方法
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< b > 6.1.< / b >
方法聲明
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< b > 6.2.< / b >
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基於指針對象的方法
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3" data-path = "ch6/ch6-03.html" >
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< b > 6.3.< / b >
通過嵌入結構體來擴展類型
< / a >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4" data-path = "ch6/ch6-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch6/ch6-04.html" >
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< b > 6.4.< / b >
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方法值和方法表達式
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< li class = "chapter active" data-level = "6.5" data-path = "ch6/ch6-05.html" >
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< b > 6.5.< / b >
示例: Bit數組
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.6" data-path = "ch6/ch6-06.html" >
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< b > 6.6.< / b >
封裝
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< b > 7.< / b >
接口
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< b > 7.1.< / b >
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接口是合約
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.2" data-path = "ch7/ch7-02.html" >
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< b > 7.2.< / b >
接口類型
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.3" data-path = "ch7/ch7-03.html" >
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< b > 7.3.< / b >
實現接口的條件
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< b > 7.4.< / b >
flag.Value接口
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< b > 7.5.< / b >
接口值
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< a href = "../ch7/ch7-06.html" >
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< b > 7.6.< / b >
sort.Interface接口
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< a href = "../ch7/ch7-07.html" >
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< b > 7.7.< / b >
http.Handler接口
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< b > 7.8.< / b >
error接口
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< a href = "../ch7/ch7-09.html" >
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< b > 7.9.< / b >
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示例: 表達式求值
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< b > 7.10.< / b >
類型斷言
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< b > 7.11.< / b >
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基於類型斷言識别錯誤類型
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< b > 7.12.< / b >
通過類型斷言査詢接口
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.13" data-path = "ch7/ch7-13.html" >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-13.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 7.13.< / b >
類型分支
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.14" data-path = "ch7/ch7-14.html" >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-14.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 7.14.< / b >
示例: 基於標記的XML解碼
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.15" data-path = "ch7/ch7-15.html" >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-15.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 7.15.< / b >
補充幾點
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8" data-path = "ch8/ch8.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.< / b >
Goroutines和Channels
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.1" data-path = "ch8/ch8-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.1.< / b >
Goroutines
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.2" data-path = "ch8/ch8-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.2.< / b >
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示例: 併發的Clock服務
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.3" data-path = "ch8/ch8-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.3.< / b >
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示例: 併發的Echo服務
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.4" data-path = "ch8/ch8-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.4.< / b >
Channels
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.5" data-path = "ch8/ch8-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.5.< / b >
併行的循環
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.6" data-path = "ch8/ch8-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.6.< / b >
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示例: 併發的Web爬蟲
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.7" data-path = "ch8/ch8-07.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-07.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.7.< / b >
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基於select的多路複用
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.8" data-path = "ch8/ch8-08.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-08.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.8.< / b >
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示例: 併發的字典遍歷
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.9" data-path = "ch8/ch8-09.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-09.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.9.< / b >
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併發的退出
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.10" data-path = "ch8/ch8-10.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-10.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.10.< / b >
示例: 聊天服務
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9" data-path = "ch9/ch9.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.< / b >
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基於共享變量的併發
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< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.1" data-path = "ch9/ch9-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.1.< / b >
競爭條件
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.2" data-path = "ch9/ch9-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.2.< / b >
sync.Mutex互斥鎖
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.3" data-path = "ch9/ch9-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.3.< / b >
sync.RWMutex讀寫鎖
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.4" data-path = "ch9/ch9-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.4.< / b >
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內存同步
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.5" data-path = "ch9/ch9-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.5.< / b >
sync.Once初始化
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.6" data-path = "ch9/ch9-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.6.< / b >
競爭條件檢測
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.7" data-path = "ch9/ch9-07.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-07.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.7.< / b >
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示例: 併發的非阻塞緩存
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.8" data-path = "ch9/ch9-08.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-08.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.8.< / b >
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Goroutines和線程
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< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10" data-path = "ch10/ch10.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.< / b >
包和工具
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.1" data-path = "ch10/ch10-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.1.< / b >
簡介
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.2" data-path = "ch10/ch10-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.2.< / b >
導入路徑
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.3" data-path = "ch10/ch10-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.3.< / b >
包聲明
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.4" data-path = "ch10/ch10-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.4.< / b >
導入聲明
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.5" data-path = "ch10/ch10-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.5.< / b >
匿名導入
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.6" data-path = "ch10/ch10-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.6.< / b >
包和命名
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.7" data-path = "ch10/ch10-07.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-07.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.7.< / b >
工具
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11" data-path = "ch11/ch11.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.< / b >
測試
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.1" data-path = "ch11/ch11-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.1.< / b >
go test
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.2" data-path = "ch11/ch11-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.2.< / b >
測試函數
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.3" data-path = "ch11/ch11-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.3.< / b >
測試覆蓋率
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.4" data-path = "ch11/ch11-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.4.< / b >
基準測試
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.5" data-path = "ch11/ch11-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.5.< / b >
剖析
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.6" data-path = "ch11/ch11-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.6.< / b >
示例函數
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12" data-path = "ch12/ch12.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.< / b >
反射
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.1" data-path = "ch12/ch12-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.1.< / b >
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爲何需要反射?
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.2" data-path = "ch12/ch12-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.2.< / b >
reflect.Type和reflect.Value
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.3" data-path = "ch12/ch12-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.3.< / b >
Display遞歸打印
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.4" data-path = "ch12/ch12-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.4.< / b >
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示例: 編碼S表達式
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.5" data-path = "ch12/ch12-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.5.< / b >
通過reflect.Value脩改值
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.6" data-path = "ch12/ch12-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.6.< / b >
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示例: 解碼S表達式
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.7" data-path = "ch12/ch12-07.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-07.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.7.< / b >
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獲取結構體字段標識
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.8" data-path = "ch12/ch12-08.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-08.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.8.< / b >
顯示一個類型的方法集
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.9" data-path = "ch12/ch12-09.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-09.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.9.< / b >
幾點忠告
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13" data-path = "ch13/ch13.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.< / b >
底層編程
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.1" data-path = "ch13/ch13-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.1.< / b >
unsafe.Sizeof, Alignof 和 Offsetof
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.2" data-path = "ch13/ch13-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.2.< / b >
unsafe.Pointer
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.3" data-path = "ch13/ch13-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.3.< / b >
示例: 深度相等判斷
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.4" data-path = "ch13/ch13-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.4.< / b >
通過cgo調用C代碼
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.5" data-path = "ch13/ch13-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.5.< / b >
幾點忠告
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "14" data-path = "CONTRIBUTORS.html" >
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2015-12-24 06:47:06 +00:00
< a href = "../CONTRIBUTORS.html" >
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< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
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< b > 14.< / b >
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附録
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "divider" > < / li >
< li >
< a href = "https://www.gitbook.com" target = "blank" class = "gitbook-link" >
本書使用 GitBook 釋出
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / nav >
< / div >
< div class = "book-body" >
< div class = "body-inner" >
< div class = "book-header" role = "navigation" >
<!-- Actions Left -->
<!-- Title -->
< h1 >
< i class = "fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin" > < / i >
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< a href = "../" > Go语言圣经< / a >
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< / h1 >
< / div >
< div class = "page-wrapper" tabindex = "-1" role = "main" >
< div class = "page-inner" >
< section class = "normal" id = "section-" >
< h2 id = "65-示例-bit數組" > 6.5. 示 例 : Bit數 組 < / h2 >
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< p > Go語 言 里 的 集 合 一 般 會 用 map[T]bool這 種 形 式 來 表 示 ， T代 表 元 素 類 型 。 集 合 用 map類 型 來 表 示 雖 然 非 常 靈 活 ， 但 我 們 可 以 以 一 種 更 好 的 形 式 來 表 示 它 。 例 如 在 數 據 流 分 析 領 域 ， 集 合 元 素 通 常 是 一 個 非 負 整 數 ， 集 合 會 包 含 很 多 元 素 ， 併 且 集 合 會 經 常 進 行 併 集 、 交 集 操 作 ， 這 種 情 況 下 ， bit數 組 會 比 map表 現 更 加 理 想 。 (譯 註 ： 這 里 再 補 充 一 個 例 子 ， 比 如 我 們 執 行 一 個 http下 載 任 務 ， 把 文 件 按 照 16kb一 塊 劃 分 爲 很 多 塊 ， 需 要 有 一 個 全 局 變 量 來 標 識 哪 些 塊 下 載 完 成 了 ， 這 種 時 候 也 需 要 用 到 bit數 組 )< / p >
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< p > 一 個 bit數 組 通 常 會 用 一 個 無 符 號 數 或 者 稱 之 爲 “ 字 ” 的 slice或 者 來 表 示 ， 每 一 個 元 素 的 每 一 位 都 表 示 集 合 里 的 一 個 值 。 當 集 合 的 第 i位 被 設 置 時 ， 我 們 才 説 這 個 集 合 包 含 元 素 i。 下 面 的 這 個 程 序 展 示 了 一 個 簡 單 的 bit數 組 類 型 ， 併 且 實 現 了 三 個 函 數 來 對 這 個 bit數 組 來 進 行 操 作 ： < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "lang-go" > gopl.io/ch6/intset
< span class = "hljs-comment" > // An IntSet is a set of small non-negative integers.< / span >
< span class = "hljs-comment" > // Its zero value represents the empty set.< / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > type< / span > IntSet < span class = "hljs-keyword" > struct< / span > {
words []< span class = "hljs-typename" > uint64< / span >
}
< span class = "hljs-comment" > // Has reports whether the set contains the non-negative value x.< / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > (s *IntSet) Has(x < span class = "hljs-typename" > int< / span > ) < span class = "hljs-typename" > bool< / span > {
word, bit := x/< span class = "hljs-number" > 64< / span > , < span class = "hljs-typename" > uint< / span > (x%< span class = "hljs-number" > 64< / span > )
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > return< / span > word < < span class = "hljs-built_in" > len< / span > (s.words) & & s.words[word]& (< span class = "hljs-number" > 1< / span > < < bit) != < span class = "hljs-number" > 0< / span >
}
< span class = "hljs-comment" > // Add adds the non-negative value x to the set.< / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > (s *IntSet) Add(x < span class = "hljs-typename" > int< / span > ) {
word, bit := x/< span class = "hljs-number" > 64< / span > , < span class = "hljs-typename" > uint< / span > (x%< span class = "hljs-number" > 64< / span > )
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > for< / span > word > = < span class = "hljs-built_in" > len< / span > (s.words) {
s.words = < span class = "hljs-built_in" > append< / span > (s.words, < span class = "hljs-number" > 0< / span > )
}
s.words[word] |= < span class = "hljs-number" > 1< / span > < < bit
}
< span class = "hljs-comment" > // UnionWith sets s to the union of s and t.< / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > (s *IntSet) UnionWith(t *IntSet) {
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > for< / span > i, tword := < span class = "hljs-keyword" > range< / span > t.words {
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > i < < span class = "hljs-built_in" > len< / span > (s.words) {
s.words[i] |= tword
} < span class = "hljs-keyword" > else< / span > {
s.words = < span class = "hljs-built_in" > append< / span > (s.words, tword)
}
}
}
< / code > < / pre >
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< p > 因 爲 每 一 個 字 都 有 64個 二 進 製 位 ， 所 以 爲 了 定 位 x的 bit位 ， 我 們 用 了 x/64的 商 作 爲 字 的 下 標 ， 併 且 用 x%64得 到 的 值 作 爲 這 個 字 內 的 bit的 所 在 位 置 。 UnionWith這 個 方 法 里 用 到 了 bit位 的 “ 或 ” 邏 輯 操 作 符 號 |來 一 次 完 成 64個 元 素 的 或 計 算 。 (在 練 習 6.5中 我 們 還 會 程 序 用 到 這 個 64位 字 的 例 子 。 )< / p >
< p > 當 前 這 個 實 現 還 缺 少 了 很 多 必 要 的 特 性 ， 我 們 把 其 中 一 些 作 爲 練 習 題 列 在 本 小 節 之 後 。 但 是 有 一 個 方 法 如 果 缺 失 的 話 我 們 的 bit數 組 可 能 會 比 較 難 混 ： 將 IntSet作 爲 一 個 字 符 串 來 打 印 。 這 里 我 們 來 實 現 它 ， 讓 我 們 來 給 上 面 的 例 子 添 加 一 個 String方 法 ， 類 似 2.5節 中 做 的 那 樣 ： < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "lang-go" > < span class = "hljs-comment" > // String returns the set as a string of the form " {1 2 3}" .< / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > (s *IntSet) String() < span class = "hljs-typename" > string< / span > {
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > var< / span > buf bytes.Buffer
buf.WriteByte(< span class = "hljs-string" > ' {' < / span > )
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > for< / span > i, word := < span class = "hljs-keyword" > range< / span > s.words {
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > word == < span class = "hljs-number" > 0< / span > {
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > continue< / span >
}
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > for< / span > j := < span class = "hljs-number" > 0< / span > ; j < < span class = "hljs-number" > 64< / span > ; j++ {
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > word& (< span class = "hljs-number" > 1< / span > < < < span class = "hljs-typename" > uint< / span > (j)) != < span class = "hljs-number" > 0< / span > {
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > buf.Len() > < span class = "hljs-built_in" > len< / span > (< span class = "hljs-string" > " {" < / span > ) {
buf.WriteByte(< span class = "hljs-string" > ' }' < / span > )
}
fmt.Fprintf(& buf, < span class = "hljs-string" > " %d" < / span > , < span class = "hljs-number" > 64< / span > *i+j)< span class = "hljs-string" > " }" < / span > )}}
}
}
}
buf.WriteByte(< span class = "hljs-string" > ' }' < / span > )
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > return< / span > buf.String()
}
< / code > < / pre >
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< p > 這 里 留 意 一 下 String方 法 ， 是 不 是 和 3.5.4節 中 的 intsToString方 法 很 相 似 ； bytes.Buffer在 String方 法 里 經 常 這 麽 用 。 當 你 爲 一 個 複 雜 的 類 型 定 義 了 一 個 String方 法 時 ， fmt包 就 會 特 殊 對 待 這 種 類 型 的 值 ， 這 樣 可 以 讓 這 些 類 型 在 打 印 的 時 候 看 起 來 更 加 友 好 ， 而 不 是 直 接 打 印 其 原 始 的 值 。 fmt會 直 接 調 用 用 戶 定 義 的 String方 法 。 這 種 機 製 依 賴 於 接 口 和 類 型 斷 言 ， 在 第 7章 中 我 們 會 詳 細 介 紹 。 < / p >
< p > 現 在 我 們 就 可 以 在 實 戰 中 直 接 用 上 面 定 義 好 的 IntSet了 ： < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "lang-go" > < span class = "hljs-keyword" > var< / span > x, y IntSet
x.Add(< span class = "hljs-number" > 1< / span > )
x.Add(< span class = "hljs-number" > 144< / span > )
x.Add(< span class = "hljs-number" > 9< / span > )
fmt.Println(x.String()) < span class = "hljs-comment" > // " {1 9 144}" < / span >
y.Add(< span class = "hljs-number" > 9< / span > )
y.Add(< span class = "hljs-number" > 42< / span > )
fmt.Println(y.String()) < span class = "hljs-comment" > // " {9 42}" < / span >
x.UnionWith(& y)
fmt.Println(x.String()) < span class = "hljs-comment" > // " {1 9 42 144}" < / span >
fmt.Println(x.Has(< span class = "hljs-number" > 9< / span > ), x.Has(< span class = "hljs-number" > 123< / span > )) < span class = "hljs-comment" > // " true false" < / span >
< / code > < / pre >
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< p > 這 里 要 註 意 ： 我 們 聲 明 的 String和 Has兩 個 方 法 都 是 以 指 針 類 型 *IntSet來 作 爲 接 收 器 的 ， 但 實 際 上 對 於 這 兩 個 類 型 來 説 ， 把 接 收 器 聲 明 爲 指 針 類 型 也 沒 什 麽 必 要 。 不 過 另 外 兩 個 函 數 就 不 是 這 樣 了 ， 因 爲 另 外 兩 個 函 數 操 作 的 是 s.words對 象 ， 如 果 你 不 把 接 收 器 聲 明 爲 指 針 對 象 ， 那 麽 實 際 操 作 的 是 拷 貝 對 象 ， 而 不 是 原 來 的 那 個 對 象 。 因 此 ， 因 爲 我 們 的 String方 法 定 義 在 IntSet指 針 上 ， 所 以 當 我 們 的 變 量 是 IntSet類 型 而 不 是 IntSet指 針 時 ， 可 能 會 有 下 面 這 樣 讓 人 意 外 的 情 況 ： < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "lang-go" > fmt.Println(& x) < span class = "hljs-comment" > // " {1 9 42 144}" < / span >
fmt.Println(x.String()) < span class = "hljs-comment" > // " {1 9 42 144}" < / span >
fmt.Println(x) < span class = "hljs-comment" > // " {[4398046511618 0 65536]}" < / span >
< / code > < / pre >
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< p > 在 第 一 個 Println中 ， 我 們 打 印 一 個 *IntSet的 指 針 ， 這 個 類 型 的 指 針 確 實 有 自 定 義 的 String方 法 。 第 二 Println， 我 們 直 接 調 用 了 x變 量 的 String()方 法 ； 這 種 情 況 下 編 譯 器 會 隱 式 地 在 x前 插 入 & 操 作 符 ， 這 樣 相 當 遠 我 們 還 是 調 用 的 IntSet指 針 的 String方 法 。 在 第 三 個 Println中 ， 因 爲 IntSet類 型 沒 有 String方 法 ， 所 以 Println方 法 會 直 接 以 原 始 的 方 式 理 解 併 打 印 。 所 以 在 這 種 情 況 下 & 符 號 是 不 能 忘 的 。 在 我 們 這 種 場 景 下 ， 你 把 String方 法 綁 定 到 IntSet對 象 上 ， 而 不 是 IntSet指 針 上 可 能 會 更 合 適 一 些 ， 不 過 這 也 需 要 具 體 問 題 具 體 分 析 。 < / p >
< p > 練 習 6.1: 爲 bit數 組 實 現 下 面 這 些 方 法 < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "lang-go" > < span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > (*IntSet) Len() < span class = "hljs-typename" > int< / span > < span class = "hljs-comment" > // return the number of elements< / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > (*IntSet) Remove(x < span class = "hljs-typename" > int< / span > ) < span class = "hljs-comment" > // remove x from the set< / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > (*IntSet) Clear() < span class = "hljs-comment" > // remove all elements from the set< / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > (*IntSet) Copy() *IntSet < span class = "hljs-comment" > // return a copy of the set< / span >
< / code > < / pre >
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< p > 練 習 6.2: 定 義 一 個 變 參 方 法 (*IntSet).AddAll(...int)， 這 個 方 法 可 以 爲 一 組 IntSet值 求 和 ， 比 如 s.AddAll(1,2,3)。 < / p >
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< p > 練 習 6.3: (*IntSet).UnionWith會 用 |操 作 符 計 算 兩 個 集 合 的 交 集 ， 我 們 再 爲 IntSet實 現 另 外 的 幾 個 函 數 IntersectWith(交 集 ： 元 素 在 A集 合 B集 合 均 出 現 ),DifferenceWith(差 集 ： 元 素 出 現 在 A集 合 ， 未 出 現 在 B集 合 ),SymmetricDifference(併 差 集 ： 元 素 出 現 在 A但 沒 有 出 現 在 B， 或 者 出 現 在 B沒 有 出 現 在 A)。
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練 習 6.4: 實 現 一 個 Elems方 法 ， 返 迴 集 合 中 的 所 有 元 素 ， 用 於 做 一 些 range之 類 的 遍 歷 操 作 。 < / p >
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< p > 練 習 6.5: 我 們 這 章 定 義 的 IntSet里 的 每 個 字 都 是 用 的 uint64類 型 ， 但 是 64位 的 數 值 可 能 在 32位 的 平 台 上 不 高 效 。 脩 改 程 序 ， 使 其 使 用 uint類 型 ， 這 種 類 型 對 於 32位 平 台 來 説 更 合 適 。 當 然 了 ， 這 里 我 們 可 以 不 用 簡 單 粗 暴 地 除 64， 可 以 定 義 一 個 常 量 來 決 定 是 用 32還 是 64， 這 里 你 可 能 會 用 到 平 台 的 自 動 判 斷 的 一 個 智 能 表 達 式 ： 32 < < (^uint(0) > > 63)< / p >
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< / div >
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