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<li><em>凹语言(专为 WebAssembly 设计): <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li>
<li><em>KCL 配置语言(Rust): <a href="https://github.com/kcl-lang/kcl">https://github.com/kcl-lang/kcl</a></em></li>
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<h2 id="710-类型断言"><a class="header" href="#710-类型断言">7.10. 类型断言</a></h2>
<p>类型断言是一个使用在接口值上的操作。语法上它看起来像x.(T)被称为断言类型这里x表示一个接口的类型和T表示一个类型。一个类型断言检查它操作对象的动态类型是否和断言的类型匹配。</p>
<p>这里有两种可能。第一种如果断言的类型T是一个具体类型然后类型断言检查x的动态类型是否和T相同。如果这个检查成功了类型断言的结果是x的动态值当然它的类型是T。换句话说具体类型的类型断言从它的操作对象中获得具体的值。如果检查失败接下来这个操作会抛出panic。例如</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">var w io.Writer
w = os.Stdout
f := w.(*os.File) // success: f == os.Stdout
c := w.(*bytes.Buffer) // panic: interface holds *os.File, not *bytes.Buffer
</code></pre>
<p>第二种如果相反地断言的类型T是一个接口类型然后类型断言检查是否x的动态类型满足T。如果这个检查成功了动态值没有获取到这个结果仍然是一个有相同动态类型和值部分的接口值但是结果为类型T。换句话说对一个接口类型的类型断言改变了类型的表述方式改变了可以获取的方法集合通常更大但是它保留了接口值内部的动态类型和值的部分。</p>
<p>在下面的第一个类型断言后w和rw都持有os.Stdout因此它们都有一个动态类型<code>*os.File</code>但是变量w是一个io.Writer类型只对外公开了文件的Write方法而rw变量还公开了它的Read方法。</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">var w io.Writer
w = os.Stdout
rw := w.(io.ReadWriter) // success: *os.File has both Read and Write
w = new(ByteCounter)
rw = w.(io.ReadWriter) // panic: *ByteCounter has no Read method
</code></pre>
<p>如果断言操作的对象是一个nil接口值那么不论被断言的类型是什么这个类型断言都会失败。我们几乎不需要对一个更少限制性的接口类型更少的方法集合做断言因为它表现的就像是赋值操作一样除了对于nil接口值的情况。</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">w = rw // io.ReadWriter is assignable to io.Writer
w = rw.(io.Writer) // fails only if rw == nil
</code></pre>
<p>经常地对一个接口值的动态类型我们是不确定的并且我们更愿意去检验它是否是一些特定的类型。如果类型断言出现在一个预期有两个结果的赋值操作中例如如下的定义这个操作不会在失败的时候发生panic但是替代地返回一个额外的第二个结果这个结果是一个标识成功与否的布尔值</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">var w io.Writer = os.Stdout
f, ok := w.(*os.File) // success: ok, f == os.Stdout
b, ok := w.(*bytes.Buffer) // failure: !ok, b == nil
</code></pre>
<p>第二个结果通常赋值给一个命名为ok的变量。如果这个操作失败了那么ok就是false值第一个结果等于被断言类型的零值在这个例子中就是一个nil的<code>*bytes.Buffer</code>类型。</p>
<p>这个ok结果经常立即用于决定程序下面做什么。if语句的扩展格式让这个变的很简洁</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">if f, ok := w.(*os.File); ok {
// ...use f...
}
</code></pre>
<p>当类型断言的操作对象是一个变量你有时会看见原来的变量名重用而不是声明一个新的本地变量名这个重用的变量原来的值会被覆盖理解其实是声明了一个同名的新的本地变量外层原来的w不会被改变如下面这样</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">if w, ok := w.(*os.File); ok {
// ...use w...
}
</code></pre>
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