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< div class = "book" data-level = "1.8" data-chapter-title = "本章要點" data-filepath = "ch1/ch1-08.md" data-basepath = ".." data-revision = "Mon Dec 21 2015 12:51:02 GMT+0800 (中国标准时间)" >
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前言
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< b > 0.1.< / b >
Go語言起源
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< b > 0.2.< / b >
Go語言項目
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< b > 0.3.< / b >
本書的組織
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< b > 0.4.< / b >
更多的信息
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< b > 0.5.< / b >
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致謝
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< b > 1.< / b >
入門
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< b > 1.1.< / b >
Hello, World
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< b > 1.2.< / b >
命令行參數
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< b > 1.3.< / b >
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査找重複的行
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "1.4" data-path = "ch1/ch1-04.html" >
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< b > 1.4.< / b >
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GIF動畵
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< b > 1.5.< / b >
穫取URL
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< b > 1.6.< / b >
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併發穫取多個URL
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< b > 1.7.< / b >
Web服務
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< b > 1.8.< / b >
本章要點
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< b > 2.< / b >
程序結構
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< b > 2.1.< / b >
命名
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< b > 2.2.< / b >
聲明
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< b > 2.3.< / b >
變量
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< b > 2.4.< / b >
賦值
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< b > 2.5.< / b >
類型
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< b > 2.6.< / b >
包和文件
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< b > 2.7.< / b >
作用域
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< b > 3.< / b >
基礎數據類型
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< b > 3.1.< / b >
整型
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< b > 3.2.< / b >
浮點數
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< b > 3.3.< / b >
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複數
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< b > 3.4.< / b >
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布爾型
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< b > 3.5.< / b >
字符串
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< b > 3.6.< / b >
常量
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< b > 4.< / b >
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複合數據類型
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< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.1" data-path = "ch4/ch4-01.html" >
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< b > 4.1.< / b >
數組
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< b > 4.2.< / b >
切片
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< b > 4.3.< / b >
字典
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< b > 4.4.< / b >
結構體
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< b > 4.5.< / b >
JSON
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< b > 4.6.< / b >
文本和HTML模闆
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5" data-path = "ch5/ch5.html" >
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< b > 5.< / b >
函數
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< b > 5.1.< / b >
函數聲明
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< b > 5.2.< / b >
遞歸
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< b > 5.3.< / b >
多返迴值
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< b > 5.4.< / b >
錯誤
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< b > 5.5.< / b >
函數值
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< b > 5.6.< / b >
匿名函數
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.7" data-path = "ch5/ch5-07.html" >
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< b > 5.7.< / b >
可變參數
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< b > 5.8.< / b >
Deferred函數
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< b > 5.9.< / b >
Panic異常
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.10" data-path = "ch5/ch5-10.html" >
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< b > 5.10.< / b >
Recover捕穫異常
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< b > 6.< / b >
方法
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< b > 6.1.< / b >
方法聲明
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.2" data-path = "ch6/ch6-02.html" >
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< b > 6.2.< / b >
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基於指針對象的方法
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3" data-path = "ch6/ch6-03.html" >
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< b > 6.3.< / b >
通過嵌入結構體來擴展類型
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4" data-path = "ch6/ch6-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch6/ch6-04.html" >
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< b > 6.4.< / b >
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方法值和方法表達式
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.5" data-path = "ch6/ch6-05.html" >
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< b > 6.5.< / b >
示例: Bit數組
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< b > 6.6.< / b >
封裝
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< b > 7.< / b >
接口
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< b > 7.1.< / b >
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接口是合約
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.2" data-path = "ch7/ch7-02.html" >
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< b > 7.2.< / b >
接口類型
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.3" data-path = "ch7/ch7-03.html" >
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< b > 7.3.< / b >
實現接口的條件
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< b > 7.4.< / b >
flag.Value接口
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< b > 7.5.< / b >
接口值
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< b > 7.6.< / b >
sort.Interface接口
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< b > 7.7.< / b >
http.Handler接口
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< b > 7.8.< / b >
error接口
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< a href = "../ch7/ch7-09.html" >
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< b > 7.9.< / b >
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示例: 表達式求值
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< b > 7.10.< / b >
類型斷言
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< b > 7.11.< / b >
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基於類型斷言識别錯誤類型
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< b > 7.12.< / b >
通過類型斷言査詢接口
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< b > 7.13.< / b >
類型分支
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< b > 7.14.< / b >
示例: 基於標記的XML解碼
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.15" data-path = "ch7/ch7-15.html" >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-15.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 7.15.< / b >
補充幾點
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8" data-path = "ch8/ch8.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.< / b >
Goroutines和Channels
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.1" data-path = "ch8/ch8-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.1.< / b >
Goroutines
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.2" data-path = "ch8/ch8-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.2.< / b >
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示例: 併發的Clock服務
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.3" data-path = "ch8/ch8-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.3.< / b >
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示例: 併發的Echo服務
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.4" data-path = "ch8/ch8-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.4.< / b >
Channels
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.5" data-path = "ch8/ch8-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.5.< / b >
併行的循環
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.6" data-path = "ch8/ch8-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.6.< / b >
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示例: 併發的Web爬蟲
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.7" data-path = "ch8/ch8-07.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-07.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.7.< / b >
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基於select的多路複用
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.8" data-path = "ch8/ch8-08.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-08.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.8.< / b >
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示例: 併發的字典遍歷
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.9" data-path = "ch8/ch8-09.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-09.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.9.< / b >
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併發的退齣
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.10" data-path = "ch8/ch8-10.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-10.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.10.< / b >
示例: 聊天服務
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9" data-path = "ch9/ch9.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.< / b >
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基於共享變量的併發
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< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.1" data-path = "ch9/ch9-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.1.< / b >
競爭條件
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.2" data-path = "ch9/ch9-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.2.< / b >
sync.Mutex互斥鎖
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.3" data-path = "ch9/ch9-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.3.< / b >
sync.RWMutex讀寫鎖
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.4" data-path = "ch9/ch9-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.4.< / b >
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內存同步
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.5" data-path = "ch9/ch9-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.5.< / b >
sync.Once初始化
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.6" data-path = "ch9/ch9-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.6.< / b >
競爭條件檢測
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.7" data-path = "ch9/ch9-07.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-07.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.7.< / b >
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示例: 併發的非阻塞緩存
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.8" data-path = "ch9/ch9-08.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-08.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.8.< / b >
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Goroutines和線程
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< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10" data-path = "ch10/ch10.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.< / b >
包和工具
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.1" data-path = "ch10/ch10-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.1.< / b >
簡介
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.2" data-path = "ch10/ch10-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.2.< / b >
導入路徑
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.3" data-path = "ch10/ch10-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.3.< / b >
包聲明
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.4" data-path = "ch10/ch10-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.4.< / b >
導入聲明
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.5" data-path = "ch10/ch10-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.5.< / b >
匿名導入
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.6" data-path = "ch10/ch10-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.6.< / b >
包和命名
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.7" data-path = "ch10/ch10-07.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-07.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.7.< / b >
工具
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11" data-path = "ch11/ch11.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.< / b >
測試
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.1" data-path = "ch11/ch11-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.1.< / b >
go test
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.2" data-path = "ch11/ch11-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.2.< / b >
測試函數
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.3" data-path = "ch11/ch11-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.3.< / b >
測試覆蓋率
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.4" data-path = "ch11/ch11-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.4.< / b >
基準測試
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.5" data-path = "ch11/ch11-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.5.< / b >
剖析
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.6" data-path = "ch11/ch11-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.6.< / b >
示例函數
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12" data-path = "ch12/ch12.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.< / b >
反射
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.1" data-path = "ch12/ch12-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.1.< / b >
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爲何需要反射?
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.2" data-path = "ch12/ch12-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.2.< / b >
reflect.Type和reflect.Value
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.3" data-path = "ch12/ch12-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.3.< / b >
Display遞歸打印
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.4" data-path = "ch12/ch12-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.4.< / b >
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示例: 編碼S表達式
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.5" data-path = "ch12/ch12-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.5.< / b >
通過reflect.Value脩改值
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.6" data-path = "ch12/ch12-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.6.< / b >
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示例: 解碼S表達式
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.7" data-path = "ch12/ch12-07.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-07.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.7.< / b >
穫取結構體字段標識
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.8" data-path = "ch12/ch12-08.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-08.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.8.< / b >
顯示一個類型的方法集
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.9" data-path = "ch12/ch12-09.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-09.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.9.< / b >
幾點忠告
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13" data-path = "ch13/ch13.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.< / b >
底層編程
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.1" data-path = "ch13/ch13-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.1.< / b >
unsafe.Sizeof, Alignof 和 Offsetof
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.2" data-path = "ch13/ch13-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.2.< / b >
unsafe.Pointer
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.3" data-path = "ch13/ch13-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.3.< / b >
示例: 深度相等判斷
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.4" data-path = "ch13/ch13-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.4.< / b >
通過cgo調用C代碼
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.5" data-path = "ch13/ch13-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.5.< / b >
幾點忠告
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "14" data-path = "errata.html" >
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< a href = "../errata.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
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< b > 14.< / b >
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勘誤
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "divider" > < / li >
< li >
< a href = "https://www.gitbook.com" target = "blank" class = "gitbook-link" >
本書使用 GitBook 釋出
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / nav >
< / div >
< div class = "book-body" >
< div class = "body-inner" >
< div class = "book-header" role = "navigation" >
<!-- Actions Left -->
<!-- Title -->
< h1 >
< i class = "fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin" > < / i >
< a href = "../" > Go编程语言< / a >
< / h1 >
< / div >
< div class = "page-wrapper" tabindex = "-1" role = "main" >
< div class = "page-inner" >
< section class = "normal" id = "section-" >
< h2 id = "18-本章要點" > 1.8. 本 章 要 點 < / h2 >
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< p > 本 章 中 對 Go語 言 做 了 一 些 介 紹 ， 實 際 上 Go語 言 還 有 很 多 方 面 在 這 有 限 的 篇 幅 中 還 沒 有 覆 蓋 到 。 這 里 我 們 會 把 沒 有 講 到 的 內 容 也 做 一 些 簡 單 的 介 紹 ， 這 樣 讀 者 在 之 後 看 到 完 整 的 內 容 之 前 ， 也 可 以 簡 單 有 個 印 象 。 < / p >
< p > 控 製 流 ： 在 本 章 我 們 隻 介 紹 了 if控 製 和 for， 但 是 沒 有 提 到 switch多 路 選 擇 。 這 里 是 一 個 簡 單 的 switch的 例 子 ： < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "lang-go" > < span class = "hljs-keyword" > switch< / span > coinflip() {
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > case< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " heads" < / span > :
heads++
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > case< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " tails" < / span > :
tails++
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > default< / span > :
fmt.Println(< span class = "hljs-string" > " landed on edge!" < / span > )
}
< / code > < / pre >
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< p > 在 翻 轉 硬 幣 的 時 候 ， 例 子 里 的 coinflip函 數 返 迴 幾 種 不 同 的 結 果 ， 每 一 個 case都 會 對 應 個 返 迴 結 果 ， 這 里 需 要 註 意 ， Go語 言 併 不 需 要 顯 式 地 去 在 每 一 個 case後 寫 break， 語 言 默 認 執 行 完 case後 的 邏 輯 語 句 會 自 動 退 齣 。 當 然 了 ， 如 果 你 想 要 相 鄰 的 幾 個 case都 執 行 同 一 邏 輯 的 話 ， 需 要 自 己 顯 式 地 寫 上 一 個 fallthrough語 句 來 覆 蓋 這 種 默 認 行 爲 。 不 過 fallthrough語 句 在 一 般 的 編 程 中 用 到 得 很 少 。 < / p >
< p > go里 的 switch還 可 以 不 帶 操 作 對 象 ； 可 以 直 接 羅 列 多 種 條 件 ， 像 其 它 語 言 里 面 的 多 個 if else一 樣 ， 下 面 是 一 個 例 子 ： < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "lang-go" > < span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > Signum(x < span class = "hljs-typename" > int< / span > ) < span class = "hljs-typename" > int< / span > {
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > switch< / span > {
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > case< / span > x > < span class = "hljs-number" > 0< / span > :
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > return< / span > +< span class = "hljs-number" > 1< / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > default< / span > :
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > return< / span > < span class = "hljs-number" > 0< / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > case< / span > x < < span class = "hljs-number" > 0< / span > :
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > return< / span > -< span class = "hljs-number" > 1< / span >
}
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 這 種 形 式 叫 做 無 tag switch(tagless switch)； 這 和 switch true是 等 價 的 。 < / p >
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< p > 像 for和 if控 製 語 句 一 樣 ， switch也 可 以 緊 跟 一 個 簡 短 的 變 量 聲 明 ， 一 個 自 增 表 達 式 、 賦 值 語 句 ， 或 者 一 個 函 數 調 用 。 < / p >
< p > break和 continue語 句 會 改 變 控 製 流 。 和 其 它 語 言 中 的 break和 continue一 樣 ， break會 中 斷 當 前 的 循 環 ， 併 開 始 執 行 循 環 之 後 的 內 容 ， 而 continue會 中 跳 過 當 前 循 環 ， 併 開 始 執 行 下 一 次 循 環 。 這 兩 個 語 句 除 了 可 以 控 製 for循 環 ， 還 可 以 用 來 控 製 switch和 select語 句 (之 後 會 講 到 )， 在 1.3節 中 我 們 看 到 ， continue會 跳 過 是 內 層 的 循 環 ， 如 果 我 們 想 跳 過 的 是 更 外 層 的 循 環 的 話 ， 我 們 可 以 在 相 應 的 位 置 加 上 label， 這 樣 break和 continue就 可 以 根 據 我 們 的 想 法 來 continue和 break任 意 循 環 。 這 看 起 來 甚 至 有 點 像 goto語 句 的 作 用 了 。 當 然 ， 一 般 程 序 員 也 不 會 用 到 這 種 操 作 。 這 兩 種 行 爲 更 多 地 被 用 到 機 器 生 成 的 代 碼 中 。 < / p >
< p > 命 名 類 型 ： 類 型 聲 明 使 得 我 們 可 以 很 方 便 地 給 一 個 特 殊 類 型 一 個 名 字 。 因 爲 struct類 型 聲 明 通 常 非 常 地 長 ， 所 以 我 們 總 要 給 這 種 struct取 一 個 名 字 。 本 章 中 就 有 這 樣 一 個 例 子 ， 2d點 類 型 ： < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "lang-go" > < span class = "hljs-keyword" > type< / span > Point < span class = "hljs-keyword" > struct< / span > {
X, Y < span class = "hljs-typename" > int< / span >
}
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > var< / span > p Point
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 類 型 聲 明 和 命 名 類 型 會 在 第 二 章 中 介 紹 。 < / p >
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< p > 指 針 ： Go語 言 提 供 了 指 針 。 指 針 是 一 種 直 接 存 儲 了 變 量 的 內 存 地 址 的 數 據 結 構 。 在 其 它 語 言 中 ， 比 如 C語 言 ， 指 針 是 完 全 不 受 約 束 的 。 在 另 外 一 些 語 言 中 ， 指 針 一 般 被 稱 爲 “ 引 用 ” ， 除 了 到 處 傳 遞 這 些 指 針 之 外 ， 併 不 能 對 這 些 指 針 做 太 多 事 情 。 go在 這 兩 種 范 圍 中 取 得 了 一 個 平 衡 。 指 針 是 可 見 的 內 存 地 址 ， & 操 作 符 可 以 返 迴 一 個 變 量 的 內 存 地 址 ， 併 且 *操 作 符 可 以 穫 取 指 針 指 向 的 變 量 內 容 ， 但 是 在 go語 言 里 沒 有 指 針 運 算 ， 也 就 是 不 像 c語 言 里 可 以 對 指 針 進 行 加 或 減 操 作 。 我 們 會 在 2.3.2中 進 行 詳 細 介 紹 。 < / p >
< p > 方 法 和 接 口 ： 方 法 是 和 命 名 類 型 關 聯 的 一 類 函 數 。 Go語 言 里 比 較 特 殊 的 是 方 法 可 以 被 關 聯 到 任 意 一 種 命 名 類 型 。 在 第 六 章 我 們 會 詳 細 地 講 方 法 。 接 口 是 一 種 抽 象 類 型 ， 這 種 類 型 可 以 讓 我 們 以 同 樣 的 方 式 來 處 理 不 同 的 固 有 類 型 ， 不 用 關 心 它 們 的 具 體 實 現 ， 而 隻 需 要 關 註 它 們 提 供 的 方 法 。 第 七 章 中 會 詳 細 説 明 這 些 內 容 。 < / p >
< p > 包 (packages)： Go語 言 提 供 了 一 些 很 好 用 的 package， 併 且 這 些 package是 可 以 擴 展 的 。 Go語 言 社 區 已 經 創 造 併 且 分 享 了 很 多 很 多 。 所 以 Go語 言 編 程 大 多 數 情 況 下 就 是 用 已 有 的 package來 寫 我 們 自 己 的 代 碼 。 通 過 這 本 書 ， 我 們 會 講 解 一 些 重 要 的 標 準 庫 內 的 package， 但 是 還 是 有 很 多 我 們 沒 有 篇 幅 去 説 明 ， 因 爲 我 們 沒 法 在 這 樣 的 厚 度 的 書 里 去 做 一 部 代 碼 大 全 。 < / p >
< p > 在 你 開 始 寫 一 個 新 程 序 之 前 ， 最 好 先 去 檢 査 一 下 是 不 是 已 經 有 了 現 成 的 庫 可 以 幫 助 你 更 高 效 地 完 成 這 件 事 情 。 你 可 以 在 < a href = "https://golang.org/pkg" target = "_blank" > https://golang.org/pkg< / a > 和 < a href = "https://godoc.org" target = "_blank" > https://godoc.org< / a > 中 找 到 標 準 庫 和 社 區 寫 的 package。 godoc這 個 工 具 可 以 讓 你 直 接 在 本 地 命 令 行 閲 讀 標 準 庫 的 文 檔 。 比 如 下 面 這 個 例 子 。 < / p >
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< pre > < code > $ go doc http.ListenAndServe
package http // import " net/http"
func ListenAndServe(addr string, handler Handler) error
ListenAndServe listens on the TCP network address addr and then
calls Serve with handler to handle requests on incoming connections.
...
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< / code > < / pre > < p > 註 釋 ： 我 們 之 前 已 經 提 到 過 了 在 源 文 件 的 開 頭 寫 的 註 釋 是 這 個 源 文 件 的 文 檔 。 在 每 一 個 函 數 之 前 寫 一 個 説 明 函 數 行 爲 的 註 釋 也 是 一 個 好 習 慣 。 這 些 慣 例 很 重 要 ， 因 爲 這 些 內 容 會 被 像 godoc這 樣 的 工 具 檢 測 到 ， 併 且 在 執 行 命 令 時 顯 示 這 些 註 釋 。 具 體 可 以 參 考 10.7.4。 < / p >
< p > 多 行 註 釋 可 以 用 /< em > ... < / em > /來 包 裹 ， 和 其 它 大 多 數 語 言 一 樣 。 在 文 件 一 開 頭 的 註 釋 一 般 都 是 這 種 形 式 ， 或 者 一 大 段 的 解 釋 性 的 註 釋 文 字 也 會 被 這 符 號 包 住 ， 來 避 免 每 一 行 都 需 要 加 //。 在 註 釋 中 //和 /*是 沒 什 麽 意 義 的 ， 所 以 不 要 在 註 釋 中 再 嵌 入 註 釋 。 < / p >
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< / section >
< / div >
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< / div >
< a href = "../ch1/ch1-07.html" class = "navigation navigation-prev " aria-label = "Previous page: Web服務" > < i class = "fa fa-angle-left" > < / i > < / a >
< a href = "../ch2/ch2.html" class = "navigation navigation-next " aria-label = "Next page: 程序結構" > < i class = "fa fa-angle-right" > < / i > < / a >
< / div >
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< script src = "../gitbook/app.js" > < / script >
< script src = "../gitbook/plugins/gitbook-plugin-search/lunr.min.js" > < / script >
< script src = "../gitbook/plugins/gitbook-plugin-search/search.js" > < / script >
< script src = "../gitbook/plugins/gitbook-plugin-sharing/buttons.js" > < / script >
< script src = "../gitbook/plugins/gitbook-plugin-fontsettings/buttons.js" > < / script >
< script >
require(["gitbook"], function(gitbook) {
var config = {"highlight":{},"search":{},"sharing":{"facebook":true,"twitter":true,"google":false,"weibo":false,"instapaper":false,"vk":false,"all":["facebook","google","twitter","weibo","instapaper"]},"fontsettings":{"theme":"white","family":"sans","size":2}};
gitbook.start(config);
});
< / script >
< / body >
< / html >
