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< div class = "book" data-level = "4.6" data-chapter-title = "文本和HTML模闆" data-filepath = "ch4/ch4-06.md" data-basepath = ".." data-revision = "Thu Dec 31 2015 16:18:40 GMT+0800 (中国标准时间)" >
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前言
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< b > 0.1.< / b >
Go語言起源
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< b > 0.2.< / b >
Go語言項目
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< b > 0.3.< / b >
本書的組織
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< b > 0.4.< / b >
更多的信息
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< b > 0.5.< / b >
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致謝
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< b > 1.< / b >
入門
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< b > 1.1.< / b >
Hello, World
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< b > 1.2.< / b >
命令行參數
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< b > 1.3.< / b >
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査找重複的行
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< b > 1.4.< / b >
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GIF動畵
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< b > 1.5.< / b >
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獲取URL
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< b > 1.6.< / b >
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併發獲取多個URL
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< b > 1.7.< / b >
Web服務
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< b > 1.8.< / b >
本章要點
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< b > 2.< / b >
程序結構
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< b > 2.1.< / b >
命名
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< b > 2.2.< / b >
聲明
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< b > 2.3.< / b >
變量
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< b > 2.4.< / b >
賦值
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< b > 2.5.< / b >
類型
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< b > 2.6.< / b >
包和文件
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< b > 2.7.< / b >
作用域
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< b > 3.< / b >
基礎數據類型
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< b > 3.1.< / b >
整型
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< b > 3.2.< / b >
浮點數
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "3.3" data-path = "ch3/ch3-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch3/ch3-03.html" >
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< b > 3.3.< / b >
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複數
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< b > 3.4.< / b >
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布爾型
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< b > 3.5.< / b >
字符串
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< b > 3.6.< / b >
常量
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< b > 4.< / b >
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複合數據類型
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< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.1" data-path = "ch4/ch4-01.html" >
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< b > 4.1.< / b >
數組
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< b > 4.2.< / b >
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Slice
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.3" data-path = "ch4/ch4-03.html" >
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< b > 4.3.< / b >
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Map
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.4" data-path = "ch4/ch4-04.html" >
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< b > 4.4.< / b >
結構體
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "4.5" data-path = "ch4/ch4-05.html" >
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< b > 4.5.< / b >
JSON
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< li class = "chapter active" data-level = "4.6" data-path = "ch4/ch4-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch4/ch4-06.html" >
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< b > 4.6.< / b >
文本和HTML模闆
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< / ul >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5" data-path = "ch5/ch5.html" >
< a href = "../ch5/ch5.html" >
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< b > 5.< / b >
函數
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.1" data-path = "ch5/ch5-01.html" >
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< b > 5.1.< / b >
函數聲明
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.2" data-path = "ch5/ch5-02.html" >
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< b > 5.2.< / b >
遞歸
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.3" data-path = "ch5/ch5-03.html" >
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< b > 5.3.< / b >
多返迴值
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.4" data-path = "ch5/ch5-04.html" >
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< b > 5.4.< / b >
錯誤
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< b > 5.5.< / b >
函數值
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.6" data-path = "ch5/ch5-06.html" >
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< b > 5.6.< / b >
匿名函數
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.7" data-path = "ch5/ch5-07.html" >
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< b > 5.7.< / b >
可變參數
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.8" data-path = "ch5/ch5-08.html" >
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< b > 5.8.< / b >
Deferred函數
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.9" data-path = "ch5/ch5-09.html" >
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< b > 5.9.< / b >
Panic異常
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "5.10" data-path = "ch5/ch5-10.html" >
< a href = "../ch5/ch5-10.html" >
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< b > 5.10.< / b >
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Recover捕獲異常
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< b > 6.< / b >
方法
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< b > 6.1.< / b >
方法聲明
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< b > 6.2.< / b >
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基於指針對象的方法
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.3" data-path = "ch6/ch6-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch6/ch6-03.html" >
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< b > 6.3.< / b >
通過嵌入結構體來擴展類型
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.4" data-path = "ch6/ch6-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch6/ch6-04.html" >
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< b > 6.4.< / b >
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方法值和方法表達式
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "6.5" data-path = "ch6/ch6-05.html" >
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< b > 6.5.< / b >
示例: Bit數組
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< b > 6.6.< / b >
封裝
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< b > 7.< / b >
接口
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< b > 7.1.< / b >
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接口是合約
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.2" data-path = "ch7/ch7-02.html" >
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< b > 7.2.< / b >
接口類型
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.3" data-path = "ch7/ch7-03.html" >
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< b > 7.3.< / b >
實現接口的條件
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.4" data-path = "ch7/ch7-04.html" >
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< b > 7.4.< / b >
flag.Value接口
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< b > 7.5.< / b >
接口值
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< b > 7.6.< / b >
sort.Interface接口
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< b > 7.7.< / b >
http.Handler接口
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< b > 7.8.< / b >
error接口
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< b > 7.9.< / b >
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示例: 表達式求值
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< b > 7.10.< / b >
類型斷言
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< b > 7.11.< / b >
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基於類型斷言識别錯誤類型
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< b > 7.12.< / b >
通過類型斷言査詢接口
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< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.13" data-path = "ch7/ch7-13.html" >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-13.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 7.13.< / b >
類型分支
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.14" data-path = "ch7/ch7-14.html" >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-14.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 7.14.< / b >
示例: 基於標記的XML解碼
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "7.15" data-path = "ch7/ch7-15.html" >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-15.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 7.15.< / b >
補充幾點
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8" data-path = "ch8/ch8.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.< / b >
Goroutines和Channels
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.1" data-path = "ch8/ch8-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.1.< / b >
Goroutines
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.2" data-path = "ch8/ch8-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.2.< / b >
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示例: 併發的Clock服務
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.3" data-path = "ch8/ch8-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.3.< / b >
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示例: 併發的Echo服務
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.4" data-path = "ch8/ch8-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.4.< / b >
Channels
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.5" data-path = "ch8/ch8-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.5.< / b >
併行的循環
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.6" data-path = "ch8/ch8-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.6.< / b >
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示例: 併發的Web爬蟲
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.7" data-path = "ch8/ch8-07.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-07.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.7.< / b >
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基於select的多路複用
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.8" data-path = "ch8/ch8-08.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-08.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.8.< / b >
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示例: 併發的字典遍歷
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.9" data-path = "ch8/ch8-09.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-09.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.9.< / b >
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併發的退出
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "8.10" data-path = "ch8/ch8-10.html" >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-10.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 8.10.< / b >
示例: 聊天服務
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9" data-path = "ch9/ch9.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.< / b >
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基於共享變量的併發
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< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.1" data-path = "ch9/ch9-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.1.< / b >
競爭條件
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.2" data-path = "ch9/ch9-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.2.< / b >
sync.Mutex互斥鎖
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.3" data-path = "ch9/ch9-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.3.< / b >
sync.RWMutex讀寫鎖
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.4" data-path = "ch9/ch9-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.4.< / b >
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內存同步
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.5" data-path = "ch9/ch9-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.5.< / b >
sync.Once初始化
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.6" data-path = "ch9/ch9-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.6.< / b >
競爭條件檢測
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.7" data-path = "ch9/ch9-07.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-07.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.7.< / b >
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示例: 併發的非阻塞緩存
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "9.8" data-path = "ch9/ch9-08.html" >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-08.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 9.8.< / b >
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Goroutines和線程
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< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10" data-path = "ch10/ch10.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.< / b >
包和工具
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.1" data-path = "ch10/ch10-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.1.< / b >
簡介
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.2" data-path = "ch10/ch10-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.2.< / b >
導入路徑
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.3" data-path = "ch10/ch10-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.3.< / b >
包聲明
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.4" data-path = "ch10/ch10-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.4.< / b >
導入聲明
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.5" data-path = "ch10/ch10-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.5.< / b >
匿名導入
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.6" data-path = "ch10/ch10-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.6.< / b >
包和命名
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "10.7" data-path = "ch10/ch10-07.html" >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-07.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 10.7.< / b >
工具
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11" data-path = "ch11/ch11.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.< / b >
測試
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.1" data-path = "ch11/ch11-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.1.< / b >
go test
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.2" data-path = "ch11/ch11-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.2.< / b >
測試函數
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.3" data-path = "ch11/ch11-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.3.< / b >
測試覆蓋率
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.4" data-path = "ch11/ch11-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.4.< / b >
基準測試
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.5" data-path = "ch11/ch11-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.5.< / b >
剖析
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "11.6" data-path = "ch11/ch11-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch11/ch11-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 11.6.< / b >
示例函數
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12" data-path = "ch12/ch12.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.< / b >
反射
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.1" data-path = "ch12/ch12-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.1.< / b >
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爲何需要反射?
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.2" data-path = "ch12/ch12-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.2.< / b >
reflect.Type和reflect.Value
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.3" data-path = "ch12/ch12-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.3.< / b >
Display遞歸打印
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.4" data-path = "ch12/ch12-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.4.< / b >
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示例: 編碼S表達式
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.5" data-path = "ch12/ch12-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.5.< / b >
通過reflect.Value脩改值
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.6" data-path = "ch12/ch12-06.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-06.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.6.< / b >
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示例: 解碼S表達式
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.7" data-path = "ch12/ch12-07.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-07.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.7.< / b >
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獲取結構體字段標識
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.8" data-path = "ch12/ch12-08.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-08.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.8.< / b >
顯示一個類型的方法集
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "12.9" data-path = "ch12/ch12-09.html" >
< a href = "../ch12/ch12-09.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 12.9.< / b >
幾點忠告
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13" data-path = "ch13/ch13.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.< / b >
底層編程
< / a >
< ul class = "articles" >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.1" data-path = "ch13/ch13-01.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-01.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.1.< / b >
unsafe.Sizeof, Alignof 和 Offsetof
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.2" data-path = "ch13/ch13-02.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-02.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.2.< / b >
unsafe.Pointer
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.3" data-path = "ch13/ch13-03.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-03.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.3.< / b >
示例: 深度相等判斷
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.4" data-path = "ch13/ch13-04.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-04.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.4.< / b >
通過cgo調用C代碼
< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter " data-level = "13.5" data-path = "ch13/ch13-05.html" >
< a href = "../ch13/ch13-05.html" >
< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
< b > 13.5.< / b >
幾點忠告
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
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< li class = "chapter " data-level = "14" data-path = "CONTRIBUTORS.html" >
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2015-12-24 06:47:06 +00:00
< a href = "../CONTRIBUTORS.html" >
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< i class = "fa fa-check" > < / i >
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< b > 14.< / b >
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附録
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< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "divider" > < / li >
< li >
< a href = "https://www.gitbook.com" target = "blank" class = "gitbook-link" >
本書使用 GitBook 釋出
< / a >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / nav >
< / div >
< div class = "book-body" >
< div class = "body-inner" >
< div class = "book-header" role = "navigation" >
<!-- Actions Left -->
<!-- Title -->
< h1 >
< i class = "fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin" > < / i >
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< a href = "../" > Go语言圣经< / a >
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< / h1 >
< / div >
< div class = "page-wrapper" tabindex = "-1" role = "main" >
< div class = "page-inner" >
< section class = "normal" id = "section-" >
< h2 id = "46-文本和html模闆" > 4.6. 文 本 和 HTML模 闆 < / h2 >
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< p > 前 面 的 例 子 ， 隻 是 最 簡 單 的 格 式 ， 使 用 Printf是 完 全 足 夠 的 。 但 是 有 時 候 會 需 要 複 雜 的 打 印 格 式 ， 這 時 候 一 般 需 要 將 格 式 化 代 碼 分 離 出 來 以 便 更 安 全 地 脩 改 。 這 寫 功 能 是 由 text/template和 html/template等 模 闆 包 提 供 的 ， 它 們 提 供 了 一 個 用 變 量 值 填 充 到 一 個 文 本 或 HTML格 式 的 模 闆 的 機 製 。 < / p >
< p > 一 個 模 闆 是 一 個 字 符 串 或 一 個 文 件 ， 里 面 包 含 了 一 個 或 多 個 由 雙 花 括 號 包 含 的 action對 象 。 大 部 分 的 字 符 串 隻 是 按 面 值 打 印 ， 但 是 對 於 actions部 分 將 觸 發 其 它 的 行 爲 。 買 個 actions包 好 了 一 個 用 模 闆 語 言 書 寫 的 表 達 式 ， 一 個 雖 然 簡 短 但 是 可 以 輸 出 複 雜 的 打 印 值 ， 模 闆 語 言 包 含 通 過 選 擇 結 構 體 的 成 員 、 調 用 函 數 或 方 法 、 表 達 式 控 製 流 if-else語 句 和 range循 環 語 句 ， 還 有 其 它 實 例 化 模 闆 等 諸 多 特 性 。 下 面 是 一 個 簡 單 的 模 闆 字 符 串 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Go" > gopl.io/ch4/issuesreport
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > const< / span > templ = < span class = "hljs-string" > `{{.TotalCount}} issues:
{{range .Items}}----------------------------------------
Number: {{.Number}}
User: {{.User.Login}}
Title: {{.Title | printf " %.64s" }}
Age: {{.CreatedAt | daysAgo}} days
{{end}}`< / span >
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 這 個 模 闆 先 打 印 匹 配 到 的 issue總 數 ， 然 後 打 印 每 個 issue的 編 號 、 創 建 用 戶 、 標 題 還 有 存 在 的 時 間 。 每 一 個 action， 都 有 一 個 當 前 值 的 概 念 ， 對 應 點 操 作 符 ， 寫 作 “ .” 。 當 前 值 “ .” 最 初 被 初 始 化 爲 調 用 模 闆 是 的 參 數 ， 在 當 前 例 子 中 對 應 github.IssuesSearchResult類 型 的 變 量 。 模 闆 中 < code > {{.TotalCount}}< / code > 對 應 action將 展 開 爲 結 構 體 中 TotalCount成 員 以 默 認 的 方 式 打 印 的 值 。 模 闆 中 < code > {{range .Items}}< / code > 和 < code > {{end}}< / code > 對 應 一 個 循 環 action， 因 此 它 們 直 接 的 內 容 可 能 會 被 展 開 多 次 ， 循 環 每 次 迭 代 的 當 前 值 對 應 當 前 的 Items元 素 的 值 。 < / p >
< p > 在 一 個 action中 ， < code > |< / code > 操 作 符 表 示 將 前 一 個 表 達 式 的 結 果 作 爲 後 一 個 函 數 的 輸 入 ， 類 似 於 UNIX中 管 道 的 概 念 。 在 Title這 一 行 的 action中 ， 第 二 個 操 作 是 一 個 printf函 數 ， 是 一 個 基 於 fmt.Sprintf實 現 的 內 置 函 數 ， 所 有 模 闆 都 可 以 直 接 使 用 。 對 於 Age部 分 ， 第 二 個 動 作 是 一 個 叫 daysAgo的 函 數 ， 通 過 time.Since函 數 將 CreatedAt成 員 轉 換 爲 過 去 的 時 間 長 度 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Go" > < span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > daysAgo(t time.Time) < span class = "hljs-typename" > int< / span > {
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > return< / span > < span class = "hljs-typename" > int< / span > (time.Since(t).Hours() / < span class = "hljs-number" > 24< / span > )
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 需 要 註 意 的 是 CreatedAt的 參 數 類 型 是 time.Time， 併 不 是 字 符 串 。 以 同 樣 的 方 式 ， 我 們 可 以 通 過 定 義 一 些 方 法 來 控 製 字 符 串 的 格 式 化 （ § 2.5） ， 一 個 類 型 同 樣 可 以 定 製 自 己 的 JSON編 碼 和 解 碼 行 爲 。 time.Time類 型 對 應 的 JSON值 是 一 個 標 準 時 間 格 式 的 字 符 串 。 < / p >
< p > 生 成 模 闆 的 輸 出 需 要 兩 個 處 理 步 驟 。 第 一 步 是 要 分 析 模 闆 併 轉 爲 內 部 表 示 ， 然 後 基 於 指 定 的 輸 入 執 行 模 闆 。 分 析 模 闆 部 分 一 般 隻 需 要 執 行 一 次 。 下 面 的 代 碼 創 建 併 分 析 上 面 定 義 的 模 闆 templ。 註 意 方 法 調 用 鏈 的 順 序 ： template.New先 創 建 併 返 迴 一 個 模 闆 ； Funcs方 法 將 daysAgo等 自 定 義 函 數 註 冊 到 模 闆 中 ， 併 返 迴 模 闆 ； 最 後 調 用 Parse函 數 分 析 模 闆 。 < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Go" > report, err := template.New(< span class = "hljs-string" > " report" < / span > ).
Funcs(template.FuncMap{< span class = "hljs-string" > " daysAgo" < / span > : daysAgo}).
Parse(templ)
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > err != < span class = "hljs-constant" > nil< / span > {
log.Fatal(err)
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 因 爲 模 闆 通 常 在 編 譯 時 就 測 試 好 了 ， 如 果 模 闆 解 析 失 敗 將 是 一 個 致 命 的 錯 誤 。 template.Must輔 助 函 數 可 以 簡 化 這 個 致 命 錯 誤 的 處 理 ： 它 接 受 一 個 模 闆 和 一 個 error類 型 的 參 數 ， 檢 測 error是 否 爲 nil（ 如 果 不 是 則 發 出 panic異 常 ） ， 然 後 返 迴 傳 入 的 模 闆 。 我 們 將 在 5.9節 再 討 論 這 個 話 題 。 < / p >
< p > 一 旦 模 闆 已 經 創 建 、 註 冊 了 daysAgo函 數 、 併 通 過 分 析 和 檢 測 ， 我 們 就 可 以 使 用 github.IssuesSearchResult作 爲 輸 入 源 、 os.Stdout作 爲 輸 出 源 來 執 行 模 闆 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Go" > < span class = "hljs-keyword" > var< / span > report = template.Must(template.New(< span class = "hljs-string" > " issuelist" < / span > ).
Funcs(template.FuncMap{< span class = "hljs-string" > " daysAgo" < / span > : daysAgo}).
Parse(templ))
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > main() {
result, err := github.SearchIssues(os.Args[< span class = "hljs-number" > 1< / span > :])
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > err != < span class = "hljs-constant" > nil< / span > {
log.Fatal(err)
}
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > err := report.Execute(os.Stdout, result); err != < span class = "hljs-constant" > nil< / span > {
log.Fatal(err)
}
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 程 序 輸 出 一 個 純 文 本 報 告 ： < / p >
< pre > < code > $ go build gopl.io/ch4/issuesreport
$ ./issuesreport repo:golang/go is:open json decoder
13 issues:
----------------------------------------
Number: 5680
User: eaigner
Title: encoding/json: set key converter on en/decoder
Age: 750 days
----------------------------------------
Number: 6050
User: gopherbot
Title: encoding/json: provide tokenizer
Age: 695 days
----------------------------------------
...
< / code > < / pre > < p > 現 在 讓 我 們 轉 到 html/template模 闆 包 。 它 使 用 和 text/template包 相 同 的 API和 模 闆 語 言 ， 但 是 增 加 了 一 個 將 字 符 串 自 動 轉 義 ， 以 避 免 輸 入 字 符 串 和 HTML、 JavaScript、 CSS或 URL語 法 産 生 衝 突 的 問 題 。 這 個 特 性 可 以 避 免 一 些 長 期 存 在 的 安 全 問 題 ， 比 如 通 過 生 成 HTML註 入 攻 擊 ， 通 過 構 造 一 個 含 有 惡 意 代 碼 的 問 題 標 題 ， 這 些 都 可 能 讓 模 闆 輸 出 錯 誤 的 輸 出 ， 從 而 讓 他 們 控 製 頁 面 。 < / p >
< p > 下 面 的 模 闆 以 HTML格 式 輸 出 issue列 表 。 註 意 import語 句 的 不 同 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Go" > gopl.io/ch4/issueshtml
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > import< / span > < span class = "hljs-string" > " html/template" < / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > var< / span > issueList = template.Must(template.New(< span class = "hljs-string" > " issuelist" < / span > ).Parse(< span class = "hljs-string" > `
< h1> {{.TotalCount}} issues< /h1>
< table>
< tr style=' text-align: left' >
< th> #< /th>
< th> State< /th>
< th> User< /th>
< th> Title< /th>
< /tr>
{{range .Items}}
< tr>
< td> < a href=' {{.HTMLURL}}' > {{.Number}}< /td>
< td> {{.State}}< /td>
< td> < a href=' {{.User.HTMLURL}}' > {{.User.Login}}< /a> < /td>
< td> < a href=' {{.HTMLURL}}' > {{.Title}}< /a> < /td>
< /tr>
{{end}}
< /table>
`< / span > ))
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 下 面 的 命 令 將 在 新 的 模 闆 上 執 行 一 個 稍 微 不 同 的 査 詢 ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Go" > $ < span class = "hljs-keyword" > go< / span > build gopl.io/ch4/issueshtml
$ ./issueshtml repo:golang/< span class = "hljs-keyword" > go< / span > commenter:gopherbot json encoder > issues.html
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 圖 4.4顯 示 了 在 web瀏 覽 器 中 的 效 果 圖 。 每 個 issue包 含 到 Github對 應 頁 面 的 鏈 接 。 < / p >
< p > < img src = "../images/ch4-04.png" alt = "" > < / p >
< p > 圖 4.4中 的 沒 有 問 題 會 對 HTML格 式 産 生 衝 突 ， 但 是 我 們 馬 上 將 看 到 標 題 中 含 有 < code > & < / code > 和 < code > < < / code > 字 符 的 issue。 下 面 的 命 令 選 擇 了 兩 個 這 樣 的 issue： < / p >
< pre > < code > $ ./issueshtml repo:golang/go 3133 10535 > issues2.html
< / code > < / pre > < p > 圖 4.5顯 示 了 該 査 詢 的 結 果 。 註 意 ， html/template包 已 經 自 動 將 特 殊 字 符 轉 義 ， 我 們 依 然 可 以 看 到 正 確 的 字 面 值 。 如 果 我 們 使 用 text/template包 的 話 ， 這 2個 issue將 會 産 生 錯 誤 ， 其 中 “ < ” 四 個 字 符 將 會 被 當 作 小 於 字 符 “ < ” 處 理 ， 同 時 “ < link > ” 字 符 串 將 會 被 當 作 一 個 鏈 接 元 素 處 理 ， 它 們 都 會 導 致 HTML文 檔 結 構 的 改 變 ， 從 而 導 致 有 未 知 的 風 險 。 < / p >
< p > 我 們 也 可 以 通 過 對 信 任 的 HTML字 符 串 使 用 template.HTML類 型 來 抑 製 這 種 自 動 轉 義 的 行 爲 。 還 有 很 多 采 用 類 型 命 名 的 字 符 串 類 型 對 應 信 任 的 JavaScript、 CSS和 URL。 下 面 的 程 序 演 示 了 兩 個 使 用 不 同 類 型 的 相 同 字 符 串 産 生 的 不 同 結 果 ： A是 一 個 普 通 字 符 串 ， B是 一 個 信 任 的 template.HTML字 符 串 類 型 。 < / p >
< p > < img src = "../images/ch4-05.png" alt = "" > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "lang-Go" > gopl.io/ch4/autoescape
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > func< / span > main() {
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > const< / span > templ = < span class = "hljs-string" > `< p> A: {{.A}}< /p> < p> B: {{.B}}< /p> `< / span >
t := template.Must(template.New(< span class = "hljs-string" > " escape" < / span > ).Parse(templ))
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > var< / span > data < span class = "hljs-keyword" > struct< / span > {
A < span class = "hljs-typename" > string< / span > < span class = "hljs-comment" > // untrusted plain text< / span >
B template.HTML < span class = "hljs-comment" > // trusted HTML< / span >
}
data.A = < span class = "hljs-string" > " < b> Hello!< /b> " < / span >
data.B = < span class = "hljs-string" > " < b> Hello!< /b> " < / span >
< span class = "hljs-keyword" > if< / span > err := t.Execute(os.Stdout, data); err != < span class = "hljs-constant" > nil< / span > {
log.Fatal(err)
}
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 圖 4.6顯 示 了 出 現 在 瀏 覽 器 中 的 模 闆 輸 出 。 我 們 看 到 A的 黑 體 標 記 被 轉 義 失 效 了 ， 但 是 B沒 有 。 < / p >
< p > < img src = "../images/ch4-06.png" alt = "" > < / p >
< p > 我 們 這 里 隻 講 述 了 模 闆 繫 統 中 最 基 本 的 特 性 。 一 如 旣 往 ， 如 果 想 了 解 更 多 的 信 息 ， 請 自 己 査 看 包 文 檔 ： < / p >
< pre > < code > $ go doc text/template
$ go doc html/template
< / code > < / pre > < p > < strong > 練 習 4.14： < / strong > 創 建 一 個 web服 務 器 ， 査 詢 一 次 GitHub， 然 後 生 成 BUG報 告 、 里 程 碑 和 對 應 的 用 戶 信 息 。 < / p >
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< / section >
< / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< a href = "../ch4/ch4-05.html" class = "navigation navigation-prev " aria-label = "Previous page: JSON" > < i class = "fa fa-angle-left" > < / i > < / a >
< a href = "../ch5/ch5.html" class = "navigation navigation-next " aria-label = "Next page: 函數" > < i class = "fa fa-angle-right" > < / i > < / a >
< / div >
< / div >
< script src = "../gitbook/app.js" > < / script >
< script src = "../gitbook/plugins/gitbook-plugin-sharing/buttons.js" > < / script >
< script src = "../gitbook/plugins/gitbook-plugin-fontsettings/buttons.js" > < / script >
< script >
require(["gitbook"], function(gitbook) {
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var config = {"katex":{},"highlight":{},"sharing":{"facebook":true,"twitter":true,"google":false,"weibo":false,"instapaper":false,"vk":false,"all":["facebook","google","twitter","weibo","instapaper"]},"fontsettings":{"theme":"white","family":"sans","size":2}};
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gitbook.start(config);
});
< / script >
< / body >
< / html >
