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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../index.html">Go语言圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../preface.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> JSON</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html"><s
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<!-- 头部 -->
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<li><em>KusonStack一站式可编程配置技术栈: <a href="https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion">https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion</a></em></li>
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<li><em>凹语言™: <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li>
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</ul>
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<hr>
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<h2 id="11-hello-world"><a class="header" href="#11-hello-world">1.1. Hello, World</a></h2>
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<p>我们以现已成为传统的“hello world”案例来开始吧，这个例子首次出现于1978年出版的C语言圣经<a href="http://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/belllabs-microsite-dritchie/cbook/index.html">《The C Programming Language》</a>（译注：本书作者之一Brian W. Kernighan也是《The C Programming Language》一书的作者）。C语言是直接影响Go语言设计的语言之一。这个例子体现了Go语言一些核心理念。</p>
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<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch1/helloworld</i></u></p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">package main
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import "fmt"
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func main() {
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fmt.Println("Hello, 世界")
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>Go是一门编译型语言，Go语言的工具链将源代码及其依赖转换成计算机的机器指令（译注：静态编译）。Go语言提供的工具都通过一个单独的命令<code>go</code>调用，<code>go</code>命令有一系列子命令。最简单的一个子命令就是run。这个命令编译一个或多个以.go结尾的源文件，链接库文件，并运行最终生成的可执行文件。（本书使用$表示命令行提示符。）</p>
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<pre><code>$ go run helloworld.go
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</code></pre>
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<p>毫无意外，这个命令会输出：</p>
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<pre><code>Hello, 世界
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</code></pre>
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<p>Go语言原生支持Unicode，它可以处理全世界任何语言的文本。</p>
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<p>如果不只是一次性实验，你肯定希望能够编译这个程序，保存编译结果以备将来之用。可以用build子命令：</p>
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<pre><code>$ go build helloworld.go
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</code></pre>
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<p>这个命令生成一个名为helloworld的可执行的二进制文件（译注：Windows系统下生成的可执行文件是helloworld.exe，增加了.exe后缀名），之后你可以随时运行它（译注：在Windows系统下在命令行直接输入helloworld.exe命令运行），不需任何处理（译注：因为静态编译，所以不用担心在系统库更新的时候冲突，幸福感满满）。</p>
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<pre><code>$ ./helloworld
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Hello, 世界
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</code></pre>
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<p>本书中所有示例代码上都有一行标记，利用这些标记可以从<a href="http://gopl.io">gopl.io</a>网站上本书源码仓库里获取代码：</p>
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<pre><code>gopl.io/ch1/helloworld
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</code></pre>
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<p>执行 <code>go get gopl.io/ch1/helloworld</code> 命令，就会从网上获取代码，并放到对应目录中（需要先安装Git或Hg之类的版本管理工具，并将对应的命令添加到PATH环境变量中。序言已经提及，需要先设置好GOPATH环境变量，下载的代码会放在<code>$GOPATH/src/gopl.io/ch1/helloworld</code>目录）。2.6和10.7节有这方面更详细的介绍。</p>
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<p>来讨论下程序本身。Go语言的代码通过<strong>包</strong>（package）组织，包类似于其它语言里的库（libraries）或者模块（modules）。一个包由位于单个目录下的一个或多个.go源代码文件组成，目录定义包的作用。每个源文件都以一条<code>package</code>声明语句开始，这个例子里就是<code>package main</code>，表示该文件属于哪个包，紧跟着一系列导入（import）的包，之后是存储在这个文件里的程序语句。</p>
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<p>Go的标准库提供了100多个包，以支持常见功能，如输入、输出、排序以及文本处理。比如<code>fmt</code>包，就含有格式化输出、接收输入的函数。<code>Println</code>是其中一个基础函数，可以打印以空格间隔的一个或多个值，并在最后添加一个换行符，从而输出一整行。</p>
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<p><code>main</code>包比较特殊。它定义了一个独立可执行的程序，而不是一个库。在<code>main</code>里的<code>main</code> <em>函数</em> 也很特殊，它是整个程序执行时的入口（译注：C系语言差不多都这样）。<code>main</code>函数所做的事情就是程序做的。当然了，<code>main</code>函数一般调用其它包里的函数完成很多工作（如：<code>fmt.Println</code>）。</p>
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<p>必须告诉编译器源文件需要哪些包，这就是跟随在<code>package</code>声明后面的<code>import</code>声明扮演的角色。hello world例子只用到了一个包，大多数程序需要导入多个包。</p>
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<p>必须恰当导入需要的包，缺少了必要的包或者导入了不需要的包，程序都无法编译通过。这项严格要求避免了程序开发过程中引入未使用的包（译注：Go语言编译过程没有警告信息，争议特性之一）。</p>
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<p><code>import</code>声明必须跟在文件的<code>package</code>声明之后。随后，则是组成程序的函数、变量、常量、类型的声明语句（分别由关键字<code>func</code>、<code>var</code>、<code>const</code>、<code>type</code>定义）。这些内容的声明顺序并不重要（译注：最好还是定一下规范）。这个例子的程序已经尽可能短了，只声明了一个函数，其中只调用了一个其他函数。为了节省篇幅，有些时候示例程序会省略<code>package</code>和<code>import</code>声明，但是，这些声明在源代码里有，并且必须得有才能编译。</p>
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<p>一个函数的声明由<code>func</code>关键字、函数名、参数列表、返回值列表（这个例子里的<code>main</code>函数参数列表和返回值都是空的）以及包含在大括号里的函数体组成。第五章进一步考察函数。</p>
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<p>Go语言不需要在语句或者声明的末尾添加分号，除非一行上有多条语句。实际上，编译器会主动把特定符号后的换行符转换为分号，因此换行符添加的位置会影响Go代码的正确解析（译注：比如行末是标识符、整数、浮点数、虚数、字符或字符串文字、关键字<code>break</code>、<code>continue</code>、<code>fallthrough</code>或<code>return</code>中的一个、运算符和分隔符<code>++</code>、<code>--</code>、<code>)</code>、<code>]</code>或<code>}</code>中的一个）。举个例子，函数的左括号<code>{</code>必须和<code>func</code>函数声明在同一行上，且位于末尾，不能独占一行，而在表达式<code>x + y</code>中，可在<code>+</code>后换行，不能在<code>+</code>前换行（译注：以+结尾的话不会被插入分号分隔符，但是以x结尾的话则会被分号分隔符，从而导致编译错误）。</p>
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<p>Go语言在代码格式上采取了很强硬的态度。<code>gofmt</code>工具把代码格式化为标准格式（译注：这个格式化工具没有任何可以调整代码格式的参数，Go语言就是这么任性），并且<code>go</code>工具中的<code>fmt</code>子命令会对指定包，否则默认为当前目录中所有.go源文件应用<code>gofmt</code>命令。本书中的所有代码都被gofmt过。你也应该养成格式化自己的代码的习惯。以法令方式规定标准的代码格式可以避免无尽的无意义的琐碎争执（译注：也导致了Go语言的TIOBE排名较低，因为缺少撕逼的话题）。更重要的是，这样可以做多种自动源码转换，如果放任Go语言代码格式，这些转换就不大可能了。</p>
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<p>很多文本编辑器都可以配置为保存文件时自动执行<code>gofmt</code>，这样你的源代码总会被恰当地格式化。还有个相关的工具，<code>goimports</code>，可以根据代码需要，自动地添加或删除<code>import</code>声明。这个工具并没有包含在标准的分发包中，可以用下面的命令安装：</p>
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<pre><code>$ go get golang.org/x/tools/cmd/goimports
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</code></pre>
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<p>对于大多数用户来说，下载、编译包、运行测试用例、察看Go语言的文档等等常用功能都可以用go的工具完成。10.7节详细介绍这些知识。</p>
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