2015-12-18 06:49:31 +00:00
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## 8.8. 示例: 併發的字典遍歷
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2015-12-09 07:45:11 +00:00
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2015-12-18 06:49:31 +00:00
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在本小節中,我們會創建一個程序來生成指定目録的硬盤使用情況報告,這個程序和Unix里的du工具比較相似。大多數工作用下面這個walkDir函數來完成,這個函數使用dirents函數來枚舉一個目録下的所有入口。
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2015-12-11 07:02:03 +00:00
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```go
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gopl.io/ch8/du1
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// walkDir recursively walks the file tree rooted at dir
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// and sends the size of each found file on fileSizes.
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func walkDir(dir string, fileSizes chan<- int64) {
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for _, entry := range dirents(dir) {
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if entry.IsDir() {
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subdir := filepath.Join(dir, entry.Name())
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walkDir(subdir, fileSizes)
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} else {
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fileSizes <- entry.Size()
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}
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}
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}
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// dirents returns the entries of directory dir.
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func dirents(dir string) []os.FileInfo {
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entries, err := ioutil.ReadDir(dir)
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if err != nil {
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fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "du1: %v\n", err)
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return nil
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}
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return entries
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}
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```
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2015-12-18 06:49:31 +00:00
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ioutil.ReadDir函數會返迴一個os.FileInfo類型的slice,os.FileInfo類型也是os.Stat這個函數的返迴值。對每一個子目録而言,walkDir會遞歸地調用其自身,併且會對每一個文件也遞歸調用。walkDir函數會向fileSizes這個channel發送一條消息。這條消息包含了文件的字節大小。
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2015-12-11 07:02:03 +00:00
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2015-12-27 07:13:12 +00:00
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下面的主函數,用了兩個goroutine。後台的goroutine調用walkDir來遍歷命令行給出的每一個路徑併最終關閉fileSizes這個channel。主goroutine會對其從channel中接收到的文件大小進行纍加,併輸出其和。
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2015-12-11 07:02:03 +00:00
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```go
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package main
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import (
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"flag"
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"fmt"
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"io/ioutil"
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"os"
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"path/filepath"
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)
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func main() {
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// Determine the initial directories.
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flag.Parse()
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roots := flag.Args()
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if len(roots) == 0 {
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roots = []string{"."}
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}
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// Traverse the file tree.
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fileSizes := make(chan int64)
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go func() {
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for _, root := range roots {
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walkDir(root, fileSizes)
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}
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close(fileSizes)
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}()
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// Print the results.
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var nfiles, nbytes int64
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for size := range fileSizes {
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nfiles++
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nbytes += size
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}
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printDiskUsage(nfiles, nbytes)
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}
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func printDiskUsage(nfiles, nbytes int64) {
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fmt.Printf("%d files %.1f GB\n", nfiles, float64(nbytes)/1e9)
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}
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```
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2016-01-02 13:17:21 +00:00
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2015-12-11 09:19:15 +00:00
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這個程序會在打印其結果之前卡住很長時間。
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2016-01-02 13:17:21 +00:00
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2015-12-11 07:02:03 +00:00
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```
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$ go build gopl.io/ch8/du1
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$ ./du1 $HOME /usr /bin /etc
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213201 files 62.7 GB
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```
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2015-12-26 12:05:30 +00:00
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如果在運行的時候能夠讓我們知道處理進度的話想必更好。但是,如果簡單地把printDiskUsage函數調用移動到循環里會導致其打印出成百上韆的輸出。
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2015-12-11 07:48:07 +00:00
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2015-12-27 07:13:12 +00:00
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下面這個du的變種會間歇打印內容,不過隻有在調用時提供了-v的flag才會顯示程序進度信息。在roots目録上循環的後台goroutine在這里保持不變。主goroutine現在使用了計時器來每500ms生成事件,然後用select語句來等待文件大小的消息來更新總大小數據,或者一個計時器的事件來打印當前的總大小數據。如果-v的flag在運行時沒有傳入的話,tick這個channel會保持爲nil,這樣在select里的case也就相當於被禁用了。
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2015-12-11 07:02:03 +00:00
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```go
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gopl.io/ch8/du2
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var verbose = flag.Bool("v", false, "show verbose progress messages")
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func main() {
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// ...start background goroutine...
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// Print the results periodically.
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var tick <-chan time.Time
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if *verbose {
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tick = time.Tick(500 * time.Millisecond)
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}
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var nfiles, nbytes int64
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loop:
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for {
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select {
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case size, ok := <-fileSizes:
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if !ok {
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break loop // fileSizes was closed
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}
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nfiles++
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nbytes += size
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case <-tick:
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printDiskUsage(nfiles, nbytes)
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}
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}
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printDiskUsage(nfiles, nbytes) // final totals
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}
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```
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2015-12-26 12:05:30 +00:00
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由於我們的程序不再使用range循環,第一個select的case必鬚顯式地判斷fileSizes的channel是不是已經被關閉了,這里可以用到channel接收的二值形式。如果channel已經被關閉了的話,程序會直接退出循環。這里的break語句用到了標籤break,這樣可以同時終結select和for兩個循環;如果沒有用標籤就break的話隻會退出內層的select循環,而外層的for循環會使之進入下一輪select循環。
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2015-12-11 07:02:03 +00:00
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2015-12-11 09:19:15 +00:00
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現在程序會悠閒地爲我們打印更新流:
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2015-12-11 07:02:03 +00:00
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2015-12-11 07:48:07 +00:00
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```
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2015-12-11 07:02:03 +00:00
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$ go build gopl.io/ch8/du2
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$ ./du2 -v $HOME /usr /bin /etc
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28608 files 8.3 GB
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54147 files 10.3 GB
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93591 files 15.1 GB
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127169 files 52.9 GB
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175931 files 62.2 GB
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213201 files 62.7 GB
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2015-12-11 07:48:07 +00:00
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```
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2015-12-11 07:02:03 +00:00
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2015-12-26 12:05:30 +00:00
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然而這個程序還是會花上很長時間才會結束。無法對walkDir做併行化處理沒什麽别的原因,無非是因爲磁盤繫統併行限製。下面這個第三個版本的du,會對每一個walkDir的調用創建一個新的goroutine。它使用sync.WaitGroup (§8.5)來對仍舊活躍的walkDir調用進行計數,另一個goroutine會在計數器減爲零的時候將fileSizes這個channel關閉。
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2015-12-11 07:02:03 +00:00
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```go
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gopl.io/ch8/du3
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func main() {
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// ...determine roots...
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// Traverse each root of the file tree in parallel.
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fileSizes := make(chan int64)
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var n sync.WaitGroup
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for _, root := range roots {
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n.Add(1)
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go walkDir(root, &n, fileSizes)
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}
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go func() {
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n.Wait()
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close(fileSizes)
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}()
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// ...select loop...
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}
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func walkDir(dir string, n *sync.WaitGroup, fileSizes chan<- int64) {
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defer n.Done()
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for _, entry := range dirents(dir) {
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if entry.IsDir() {
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n.Add(1)
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subdir := filepath.Join(dir, entry.Name())
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go walkDir(subdir, n, fileSizes)
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} else {
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fileSizes <- entry.Size()
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}
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}
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}
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```
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2015-12-18 06:49:31 +00:00
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由於這個程序在高峯期會創建成百上韆的goroutine,我們需要脩改dirents函數,用計數信號量來阻止他同時打開太多的文件,就像我們在8.7節中的併發爬蟲一樣:
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2015-12-11 07:02:03 +00:00
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```go
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// sema is a counting semaphore for limiting concurrency in dirents.
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var sema = make(chan struct{}, 20)
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// dirents returns the entries of directory dir.
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func dirents(dir string) []os.FileInfo {
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sema <- struct{}{} // acquire token
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defer func() { <-sema }() // release token
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// ...
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```
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2015-12-18 06:49:31 +00:00
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這個版本比之前那個快了好幾倍,盡管其具體效率還是和你的運行環境,機器配置相關。
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2015-12-11 07:02:03 +00:00
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2016-01-18 03:14:19 +00:00
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**練習 8.9:** 編寫一個du工具,每隔一段時間將root目録下的目録大小計算併顯示出來。
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