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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../index.html">Go语言圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../preface.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> JSON</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html"><s
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<!-- 头部 -->
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<ul dir="auto">
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<li><em>KusonStack一站式可编程配置技术栈: <a href="https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion">https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion</a></em></li>
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<li><em>凹语言™: <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li>
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</ul>
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<hr>
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<h2 id="15-获取url"><a class="header" href="#15-获取url">1.5. 获取URL</a></h2>
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<p>对于很多现代应用来说，访问互联网上的信息和访问本地文件系统一样重要。Go语言在net这个强大package的帮助下提供了一系列的package来做这件事情，使用这些包可以更简单地用网络收发信息，还可以建立更底层的网络连接，编写服务器程序。在这些情景下，Go语言原生的并发特性（在第八章中会介绍）显得尤其好用。</p>
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<p>为了最简单地展示基于HTTP获取信息的方式，下面给出一个示例程序fetch，这个程序将获取对应的url，并将其源文本打印出来；这个例子的灵感来源于curl工具（译注：unix下的一个用来发http请求的工具，具体可以man curl）。当然，curl提供的功能更为复杂丰富，这里只编写最简单的样例。这个样例之后还会多次被用到。</p>
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<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch1/fetch</i></u></p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">// Fetch prints the content found at a URL.
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package main
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import (
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"fmt"
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"io/ioutil"
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"net/http"
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"os"
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)
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func main() {
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for _, url := range os.Args[1:] {
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resp, err := http.Get(url)
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if err != nil {
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fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "fetch: %v\n", err)
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os.Exit(1)
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}
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b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(resp.Body)
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resp.Body.Close()
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if err != nil {
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fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "fetch: reading %s: %v\n", url, err)
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os.Exit(1)
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}
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fmt.Printf("%s", b)
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}
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>这个程序从两个package中导入了函数，net/http和io/ioutil包，http.Get函数是创建HTTP请求的函数，如果获取过程没有出错，那么会在resp这个结构体中得到访问的请求结果。resp的Body字段包括一个可读的服务器响应流。ioutil.ReadAll函数从response中读取到全部内容；将其结果保存在变量b中。resp.Body.Close关闭resp的Body流，防止资源泄露，Printf函数会将结果b写出到标准输出流中。</p>
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<pre><code>$ go build gopl.io/ch1/fetch
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$ ./fetch http://gopl.io
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<html>
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<head>
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<title>The Go Programming Language</title>title>
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...
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</code></pre>
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<p>HTTP请求如果失败了的话，会得到下面这样的结果：</p>
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<pre><code>$ ./fetch http://bad.gopl.io
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fetch: Get http://bad.gopl.io: dial tcp: lookup bad.gopl.io: no such host
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</code></pre>
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<p>译注：在大天朝的网络环境下很容易重现这种错误，下面是Windows下运行得到的错误信息：</p>
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<pre><code>$ go run main.go http://gopl.io
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fetch: Get http://gopl.io: dial tcp: lookup gopl.io: getaddrinfow: No such host is known.
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</code></pre>
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<p>无论哪种失败原因，我们的程序都用了os.Exit函数来终止进程，并且返回一个status错误码，其值为1。</p>
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<p><strong>练习 1.7：</strong> 函数调用io.Copy(dst, src)会从src中读取内容，并将读到的结果写入到dst中，使用这个函数替代掉例子中的ioutil.ReadAll来拷贝响应结构体到os.Stdout，避免申请一个缓冲区（例子中的b）来存储。记得处理io.Copy返回结果中的错误。</p>
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<p><strong>练习 1.8：</strong> 修改fetch这个范例，如果输入的url参数没有 <code>http://</code> 前缀的话，为这个url加上该前缀。你可能会用到strings.HasPrefix这个函数。</p>
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<p><strong>练习 1.9：</strong> 修改fetch打印出HTTP协议的状态码，可以从resp.Status变量得到该状态码。</p>
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