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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../index.html">Go语言圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../preface.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> JSON</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html"><strong aria-hidd
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<li><em>KusonStack一站式可编程配置技术栈: <a href="https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion">https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion</a></em></li>
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<li><em>凹语言™: <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li>
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<h2 id="82-示例-并发的clock服务"><a class="header" href="#82-示例-并发的clock服务">8.2. 示例: 并发的Clock服务</a></h2>
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<p>网络编程是并发大显身手的一个领域，由于服务器是最典型的需要同时处理很多连接的程序，这些连接一般来自于彼此独立的客户端。在本小节中，我们会讲解go语言的net包，这个包提供编写一个网络客户端或者服务器程序的基本组件，无论两者间通信是使用TCP、UDP或者Unix domain sockets。在第一章中我们使用过的net/http包里的方法，也算是net包的一部分。</p>
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<p>我们的第一个例子是一个顺序执行的时钟服务器，它会每隔一秒钟将当前时间写到客户端：</p>
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<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch8/clock1</i></u></p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">// Clock1 is a TCP server that periodically writes the time.
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package main
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import (
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"io"
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"log"
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"net"
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"time"
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)
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func main() {
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listener, err := net.Listen("tcp", "localhost:8000")
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if err != nil {
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log.Fatal(err)
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}
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for {
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conn, err := listener.Accept()
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if err != nil {
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log.Print(err) // e.g., connection aborted
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continue
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}
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handleConn(conn) // handle one connection at a time
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}
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}
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func handleConn(c net.Conn) {
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defer c.Close()
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for {
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_, err := io.WriteString(c, time.Now().Format("15:04:05\n"))
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if err != nil {
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return // e.g., client disconnected
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}
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time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
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}
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>Listen函数创建了一个net.Listener的对象，这个对象会监听一个网络端口上到来的连接，在这个例子里我们用的是TCP的localhost:8000端口。listener对象的Accept方法会直接阻塞，直到一个新的连接被创建，然后会返回一个net.Conn对象来表示这个连接。</p>
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<p>handleConn函数会处理一个完整的客户端连接。在一个for死循环中，用time.Now()获取当前时刻，然后写到客户端。由于net.Conn实现了io.Writer接口，我们可以直接向其写入内容。这个死循环会一直执行，直到写入失败。最可能的原因是客户端主动断开连接。这种情况下handleConn函数会用defer调用关闭服务器侧的连接，然后返回到主函数，继续等待下一个连接请求。</p>
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<p>time.Time.Format方法提供了一种格式化日期和时间信息的方式。它的参数是一个格式化模板，标识如何来格式化时间，而这个格式化模板限定为Mon Jan 2 03:04:05PM 2006 UTC-0700。有8个部分（周几、月份、一个月的第几天……）。可以以任意的形式来组合前面这个模板；出现在模板中的部分会作为参考来对时间格式进行输出。在上面的例子中我们只用到了小时、分钟和秒。time包里定义了很多标准时间格式，比如time.RFC1123。在进行格式化的逆向操作time.Parse时，也会用到同样的策略。（译注：这是go语言和其它语言相比比较奇葩的一个地方。你需要记住格式化字符串是1月2日下午3点4分5秒零六年UTC-0700，而不像其它语言那样Y-m-d H:i:s一样，当然了这里可以用1234567的方式来记忆，倒是也不麻烦。）</p>
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<p>为了连接例子里的服务器，我们需要一个客户端程序，比如netcat这个工具（nc命令），这个工具可以用来执行网络连接操作。</p>
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<pre><code>$ go build gopl.io/ch8/clock1
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$ ./clock1 &
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$ nc localhost 8000
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13:58:54
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13:58:55
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13:58:56
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13:58:57
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^C
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</code></pre>
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<p>客户端将服务器发来的时间显示了出来，我们用Control+C来中断客户端的执行，在Unix系统上，你会看到^C这样的响应。如果你的系统没有装nc这个工具，你可以用telnet来实现同样的效果，或者也可以用我们下面的这个用go写的简单的telnet程序，用net.Dial就可以简单地创建一个TCP连接：</p>
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<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch8/netcat1</i></u></p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">// Netcat1 is a read-only TCP client.
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package main
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import (
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"io"
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"log"
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|||
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|
"net"
|
|||
|
|
"os"
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
func main() {
|
|||
|
|
conn, err := net.Dial("tcp", "localhost:8000")
|
|||
|
|
if err != nil {
|
|||
|
|
log.Fatal(err)
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
defer conn.Close()
|
|||
|
|
mustCopy(os.Stdout, conn)
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
func mustCopy(dst io.Writer, src io.Reader) {
|
|||
|
|
if _, err := io.Copy(dst, src); err != nil {
|
|||
|
|
log.Fatal(err)
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p>这个程序会从连接中读取数据，并将读到的内容写到标准输出中，直到遇到end of file的条件或者发生错误。mustCopy这个函数我们在本节的几个例子中都会用到。让我们同时运行两个客户端来进行一个测试，这里可以开两个终端窗口，下面左边的是其中的一个的输出，右边的是另一个的输出：</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code>$ go build gopl.io/ch8/netcat1
|
|||
|
|
$ ./netcat1
|
|||
|
|
13:58:54 $ ./netcat1
|
|||
|
|
13:58:55
|
|||
|
|
13:58:56
|
|||
|
|
^C
|
|||
|
|
13:58:57
|
|||
|
|
13:58:58
|
|||
|
|
13:58:59
|
|||
|
|
^C
|
|||
|
|
$ killall clock1
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p>killall命令是一个Unix命令行工具，可以用给定的进程名来杀掉所有名字匹配的进程。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>第二个客户端必须等待第一个客户端完成工作，这样服务端才能继续向后执行；因为我们这里的服务器程序同一时间只能处理一个客户端连接。我们这里对服务端程序做一点小改动，使其支持并发：在handleConn函数调用的地方增加go关键字，让每一次handleConn的调用都进入一个独立的goroutine。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch8/clock2</i></u></p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-go">for {
|
|||
|
|
conn, err := listener.Accept()
|
|||
|
|
if err != nil {
|
|||
|
|
log.Print(err) // e.g., connection aborted
|
|||
|
|
continue
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
go handleConn(conn) // handle connections concurrently
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p>现在多个客户端可以同时接收到时间了：</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code>$ go build gopl.io/ch8/clock2
|
|||
|
|
$ ./clock2 &
|
|||
|
|
$ go build gopl.io/ch8/netcat1
|
|||
|
|
$ ./netcat1
|
|||
|
|
14:02:54 $ ./netcat1
|
|||
|
|
14:02:55 14:02:55
|
|||
|
|
14:02:56 14:02:56
|
|||
|
|
14:02:57 ^C
|
|||
|
|
14:02:58
|
|||
|
|
14:02:59 $ ./netcat1
|
|||
|
|
14:03:00 14:03:00
|
|||
|
|
14:03:01 14:03:01
|
|||
|
|
^C 14:03:02
|
|||
|
|
^C
|
|||
|
|
$ killall clock2
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>练习 8.1：</strong> 修改clock2来支持传入参数作为端口号，然后写一个clockwall的程序，这个程序可以同时与多个clock服务器通信，从多个服务器中读取时间，并且在一个表格中一次显示所有服务器传回的结果，类似于你在某些办公室里看到的时钟墙。如果你有地理学上分布式的服务器可以用的话，让这些服务器跑在不同的机器上面；或者在同一台机器上跑多个不同的实例，这些实例监听不同的端口，假装自己在不同的时区。像下面这样：</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code>$ TZ=US/Eastern ./clock2 -port 8010 &
|
|||
|
|
$ TZ=Asia/Tokyo ./clock2 -port 8020 &
|
|||
|
|
$ TZ=Europe/London ./clock2 -port 8030 &
|
|||
|
|
$ clockwall NewYork=localhost:8010 Tokyo=localhost:8020 London=localhost:8030
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>练习 8.2：</strong> 实现一个并发FTP服务器。服务器应该解析客户端发来的一些命令，比如cd命令来切换目录，ls来列出目录内文件，get和send来传输文件，close来关闭连接。你可以用标准的ftp命令来作为客户端，或者也可以自己实现一个。</p>
|
|||
|
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|
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