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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../index.html">Go语言圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../preface.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> JSON</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html"><s
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<main>
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<!-- 头部 -->
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<ul dir="auto">
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<li><em>KusonStack一站式可编程配置技术栈: <a href="https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion">https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion</a></em></li>
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<li><em>凹语言™: <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="16-并发获取多个url"><a class="header" href="#16-并发获取多个url">1.6. 并发获取多个URL</a></h2>
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<p>Go语言最有意思并且最新奇的特性就是对并发编程的支持。并发编程是一个大话题，在第八章和第九章中会专门讲到。这里我们只浅尝辄止地来体验一下Go语言里的goroutine和channel。</p>
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<p>下面的例子fetchall，和前面小节的fetch程序所要做的工作基本一致，fetchall的特别之处在于它会同时去获取所有的URL，所以这个程序的总执行时间不会超过执行时间最长的那一个任务，前面的fetch程序执行时间则是所有任务执行时间之和。fetchall程序只会打印获取的内容大小和经过的时间，不会像之前那样打印获取的内容。</p>
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<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch1/fetchall</i></u></p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">// Fetchall fetches URLs in parallel and reports their times and sizes.
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package main
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import (
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"fmt"
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"io"
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"io/ioutil"
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"net/http"
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"os"
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"time"
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)
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func main() {
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start := time.Now()
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ch := make(chan string)
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for _, url := range os.Args[1:] {
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go fetch(url, ch) // start a goroutine
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}
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for range os.Args[1:] {
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fmt.Println(<-ch) // receive from channel ch
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}
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fmt.Printf("%.2fs elapsed\n", time.Since(start).Seconds())
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}
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func fetch(url string, ch chan<- string) {
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start := time.Now()
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resp, err := http.Get(url)
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if err != nil {
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ch <- fmt.Sprint(err) // send to channel ch
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return
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}
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nbytes, err := io.Copy(ioutil.Discard, resp.Body)
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resp.Body.Close() // don't leak resources
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if err != nil {
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ch <- fmt.Sprintf("while reading %s: %v", url, err)
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return
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}
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secs := time.Since(start).Seconds()
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ch <- fmt.Sprintf("%.2fs %7d %s", secs, nbytes, url)
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>下面使用fetchall来请求几个地址：</p>
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<pre><code>$ go build gopl.io/ch1/fetchall
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$ ./fetchall https://golang.org http://gopl.io https://godoc.org
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0.14s 6852 https://godoc.org
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0.16s 7261 https://golang.org
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0.48s 2475 http://gopl.io
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0.48s elapsed
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</code></pre>
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<p>goroutine是一种函数的并发执行方式，而channel是用来在goroutine之间进行参数传递。main函数本身也运行在一个goroutine中，而go function则表示创建一个新的goroutine，并在这个新的goroutine中执行这个函数。</p>
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<p>main函数中用make函数创建了一个传递string类型参数的channel，对每一个命令行参数，我们都用go这个关键字来创建一个goroutine，并且让函数在这个goroutine异步执行http.Get方法。这个程序里的io.Copy会把响应的Body内容拷贝到ioutil.Discard输出流中（译注：可以把这个变量看作一个垃圾桶，可以向里面写一些不需要的数据），因为我们需要这个方法返回的字节数，但是又不想要其内容。每当请求返回内容时，fetch函数都会往ch这个channel里写入一个字符串，由main函数里的第二个for循环来处理并打印channel里的这个字符串。</p>
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<p>当一个goroutine尝试在一个channel上做send或者receive操作时，这个goroutine会阻塞在调用处，直到另一个goroutine从这个channel里接收或者写入值，这样两个goroutine才会继续执行channel操作之后的逻辑。在这个例子中，每一个fetch函数在执行时都会往channel里发送一个值（ch <- expression），主函数负责接收这些值（<-ch）。这个程序中我们用main函数来完整地处理/接收所有fetch函数传回的字符串，可以避免因为有两个goroutine同时完成而使得其输出交错在一起的危险。</p>
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<p><strong>练习 1.10：</strong> 找一个数据量比较大的网站，用本小节中的程序调研网站的缓存策略，对每个URL执行两遍请求，查看两次时间是否有较大的差别，并且每次获取到的响应内容是否一致，修改本节中的程序，将响应结果输出到文件，以便于进行对比。</p>
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<p><strong>练习 1.11：</strong> 在fetchall中尝试使用长一些的参数列表，比如使用在alexa.com的上百万网站里排名靠前的。如果一个网站没有回应，程序将采取怎样的行为？（Section8.9 描述了在这种情况下的应对机制）。</p>
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