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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../index.html">Go语言圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../preface.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> JSON</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html"><strong aria-hidd
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<main>
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<!-- 头部 -->
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<ul dir="auto">
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<li><em>KusonStack一站式可编程配置技术栈: <a href="https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion">https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion</a></em></li>
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<li><em>凹语言™: <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li>
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</ul>
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<hr>
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<h2 id="52-递归"><a class="header" href="#52-递归">5.2. 递归</a></h2>
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<p>函数可以是递归的，这意味着函数可以直接或间接的调用自身。对许多问题而言，递归是一种强有力的技术，例如处理递归的数据结构。在4.4节，我们通过遍历二叉树来实现简单的插入排序，在本章节，我们再次使用它来处理HTML文件。</p>
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<p>下文的示例代码使用了非标准包 golang.org/x/net/html ，解析HTML。golang.org/x/... 目录下存储了一些由Go团队设计、维护，对网络编程、国际化文件处理、移动平台、图像处理、加密解密、开发者工具提供支持的扩展包。未将这些扩展包加入到标准库原因有二，一是部分包仍在开发中，二是对大多数Go语言的开发者而言，扩展包提供的功能很少被使用。</p>
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<p>例子中调用golang.org/x/net/html的部分api如下所示。html.Parse函数读入一组bytes解析后，返回html.Node类型的HTML页面树状结构根节点。HTML拥有很多类型的结点如text（文本）、commnets（注释）类型，在下面的例子中，我们 只关注< name key='value' >形式的结点。</p>
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<p><u><i>golang.org/x/net/html</i></u></p>
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<pre><code class="language-Go">package html
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type Node struct {
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Type NodeType
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Data string
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Attr []Attribute
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FirstChild, NextSibling *Node
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}
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type NodeType int32
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const (
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ErrorNode NodeType = iota
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TextNode
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DocumentNode
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ElementNode
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CommentNode
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DoctypeNode
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)
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type Attribute struct {
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Key, Val string
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}
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func Parse(r io.Reader) (*Node, error)
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</code></pre>
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<p>main函数解析HTML标准输入，通过递归函数visit获得links（链接），并打印出这些links：</p>
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<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch5/findlinks1</i></u></p>
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<pre><code class="language-Go">// Findlinks1 prints the links in an HTML document read from standard input.
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package main
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import (
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"fmt"
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"os"
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"golang.org/x/net/html"
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)
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func main() {
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doc, err := html.Parse(os.Stdin)
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if err != nil {
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fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "findlinks1: %v\n", err)
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os.Exit(1)
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}
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for _, link := range visit(nil, doc) {
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fmt.Println(link)
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}
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>visit函数遍历HTML的节点树，从每一个anchor元素的href属性获得link,将这些links存入字符串数组中，并返回这个字符串数组。</p>
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<pre><code class="language-Go">// visit appends to links each link found in n and returns the result.
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func visit(links []string, n *html.Node) []string {
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if n.Type == html.ElementNode && n.Data == "a" {
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for _, a := range n.Attr {
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if a.Key == "href" {
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links = append(links, a.Val)
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}
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}
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}
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for c := n.FirstChild; c != nil; c = c.NextSibling {
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links = visit(links, c)
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}
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return links
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>为了遍历结点n的所有后代结点，每次遇到n的孩子结点时，visit递归的调用自身。这些孩子结点存放在FirstChild链表中。</p>
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<p>让我们以Go的主页（golang.org）作为目标，运行findlinks。我们以fetch（1.5章）的输出作为findlinks的输入。下面的输出做了简化处理。</p>
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<pre><code>$ go build gopl.io/ch1/fetch
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$ go build gopl.io/ch5/findlinks1
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$ ./fetch https://golang.org | ./findlinks1
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#
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/doc/
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/pkg/
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/help/
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/blog/
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http://play.golang.org/
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//tour.golang.org/
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|
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https://golang.org/dl/
|
|||
|
|
//blog.golang.org/
|
|||
|
|
/LICENSE
|
|||
|
|
/doc/tos.html
|
|||
|
|
http://www.google.com/intl/en/policies/privacy/
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p>注意在页面中出现的链接格式，在之后我们会介绍如何将这些链接，根据根路径（ https://golang.org ）生成可以直接访问的url。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>在函数outline中，我们通过递归的方式遍历整个HTML结点树，并输出树的结构。在outline内部，每遇到一个HTML元素标签，就将其入栈，并输出。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch5/outline</i></u></p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-Go">func main() {
|
|||
|
|
doc, err := html.Parse(os.Stdin)
|
|||
|
|
if err != nil {
|
|||
|
|
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "outline: %v\n", err)
|
|||
|
|
os.Exit(1)
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
outline(nil, doc)
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
func outline(stack []string, n *html.Node) {
|
|||
|
|
if n.Type == html.ElementNode {
|
|||
|
|
stack = append(stack, n.Data) // push tag
|
|||
|
|
fmt.Println(stack)
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
for c := n.FirstChild; c != nil; c = c.NextSibling {
|
|||
|
|
outline(stack, c)
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p>有一点值得注意：outline有入栈操作，但没有相对应的出栈操作。当outline调用自身时，被调用者接收的是stack的拷贝。被调用者对stack的元素追加操作，修改的是stack的拷贝，其可能会修改slice底层的数组甚至是申请一块新的内存空间进行扩容；但这个过程并不会修改调用方的stack。因此当函数返回时，调用方的stack与其调用自身之前完全一致。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>下面是 https://golang.org 页面的简要结构:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code>$ go build gopl.io/ch5/outline
|
|||
|
|
$ ./fetch https://golang.org | ./outline
|
|||
|
|
[html]
|
|||
|
|
[html head]
|
|||
|
|
[html head meta]
|
|||
|
|
[html head title]
|
|||
|
|
[html head link]
|
|||
|
|
[html body]
|
|||
|
|
[html body div]
|
|||
|
|
[html body div]
|
|||
|
|
[html body div div]
|
|||
|
|
[html body div div form]
|
|||
|
|
[html body div div form div]
|
|||
|
|
[html body div div form div a]
|
|||
|
|
...
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p>正如你在上面实验中所见，大部分HTML页面只需几层递归就能被处理，但仍然有些页面需要深层次的递归。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>大部分编程语言使用固定大小的函数调用栈，常见的大小从64KB到2MB不等。固定大小栈会限制递归的深度，当你用递归处理大量数据时，需要避免栈溢出；除此之外，还会导致安全性问题。与此相反，Go语言使用可变栈，栈的大小按需增加（初始时很小）。这使得我们使用递归时不必考虑溢出和安全问题。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>练习 5.1：</strong> 修改findlinks代码中遍历n.FirstChild链表的部分，将循环调用visit，改成递归调用。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>练习 5.2：</strong> 编写函数，记录在HTML树中出现的同名元素的次数。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>练习 5.3：</strong> 编写函数输出所有text结点的内容。注意不要访问<code><script></code>和<code><style></code>元素，因为这些元素对浏览者是不可见的。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>练习 5.4：</strong> 扩展visit函数，使其能够处理其他类型的结点，如images、scripts和style sheets。</p>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<!-- 公众号 -->
|
|||
|
|
<hr>
|
|||
|
|
<table>
|
|||
|
|
<tr>
|
|||
|
|
<td>
|
|||
|
|
<img width="222px" src="https://chai2010.cn/advanced-go-programming-book/css.png">
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
<td>
|
|||
|
|
<img width="222px" src="https://chai2010.cn/advanced-go-programming-book/cch.png">
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
</table>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<div id="giscus-container"></div>
|
|||
|
|
<footer class="page-footer">
|
|||
|
|
<span>© 2015-2016 | <a href="https://github.com/gopl-zh"> Go语言圣经中文版</a>, 仅学习交流使用</span>
|
|||
|
|
</footer>
|
|||
|
|
</main>
|
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|
|
|||
|
|
<nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
|
|||
|
|
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|
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|
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<a rel="prev" href="../ch5/ch5-01.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
|
</nav>
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<nav class="nav-wide-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
|
|
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|
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
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|
window.playground_copyable = true;
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<script src="../book.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8">
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|
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