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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../index.html">Go语言圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../preface.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> JSON</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html"><strong aria-hidd
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<li><em>KusonStack一站式可编程配置技术栈: <a href="https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion">https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion</a></em></li>
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<li><em>凹语言™: <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li>
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<h2 id="65-示例-bit数组"><a class="header" href="#65-示例-bit数组">6.5. 示例: Bit数组</a></h2>
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<p>Go语言里的集合一般会用map[T]bool这种形式来表示，T代表元素类型。集合用map类型来表示虽然非常灵活，但我们可以以一种更好的形式来表示它。例如在数据流分析领域，集合元素通常是一个非负整数，集合会包含很多元素，并且集合会经常进行并集、交集操作，这种情况下，bit数组会比map表现更加理想。（译注：这里再补充一个例子，比如我们执行一个http下载任务，把文件按照16kb一块划分为很多块，需要有一个全局变量来标识哪些块下载完成了，这种时候也需要用到bit数组。）</p>
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<p>一个bit数组通常会用一个无符号数或者称之为“字”的slice来表示，每一个元素的每一位都表示集合里的一个值。当集合的第i位被设置时，我们才说这个集合包含元素i。下面的这个程序展示了一个简单的bit数组类型，并且实现了三个函数来对这个bit数组来进行操作：</p>
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<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch6/intset</i></u></p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">// An IntSet is a set of small non-negative integers.
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// Its zero value represents the empty set.
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type IntSet struct {
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words []uint64
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}
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// Has reports whether the set contains the non-negative value x.
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func (s *IntSet) Has(x int) bool {
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word, bit := x/64, uint(x%64)
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return word < len(s.words) && s.words[word]&(1<<bit) != 0
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}
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// Add adds the non-negative value x to the set.
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func (s *IntSet) Add(x int) {
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word, bit := x/64, uint(x%64)
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for word >= len(s.words) {
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s.words = append(s.words, 0)
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}
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s.words[word] |= 1 << bit
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}
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// UnionWith sets s to the union of s and t.
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func (s *IntSet) UnionWith(t *IntSet) {
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for i, tword := range t.words {
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if i < len(s.words) {
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s.words[i] |= tword
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} else {
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s.words = append(s.words, tword)
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}
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}
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>因为每一个字都有64个二进制位，所以为了定位x的bit位，我们用了x/64的商作为字的下标，并且用x%64得到的值作为这个字内的bit的所在位置。UnionWith这个方法里用到了bit位的“或”逻辑操作符号|来一次完成64个元素的或计算。（在练习6.5中我们还会有程序用到这个64位字的例子。）</p>
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<p>当前这个实现还缺少了很多必要的特性，我们把其中一些作为练习题列在本小节之后。但是有一个方法如果缺失的话我们的bit数组可能会比较难混：将IntSet作为一个字符串来打印。这里我们来实现它，让我们来给上面的例子添加一个String方法，类似2.5节中做的那样：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">// String returns the set as a string of the form "{1 2 3}".
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func (s *IntSet) String() string {
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var buf bytes.Buffer
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buf.WriteByte('{')
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for i, word := range s.words {
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if word == 0 {
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continue
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}
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for j := 0; j < 64; j++ {
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if word&(1<<uint(j)) != 0 {
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if buf.Len() > len("{") {
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buf.WriteByte(' ')
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}
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fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "%d", 64*i+j)
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}
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}
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}
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buf.WriteByte('}')
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return buf.String()
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>这里留意一下String方法，是不是和3.5.4节中的intsToString方法很相似；bytes.Buffer在String方法里经常这么用。当你为一个复杂的类型定义了一个String方法时，fmt包就会特殊对待这种类型的值，这样可以让这些类型在打印的时候看起来更加友好，而不是直接打印其原始的值。fmt会直接调用用户定义的String方法。这种机制依赖于接口和类型断言，在第7章中我们会详细介绍。</p>
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<p>现在我们就可以在实战中直接用上面定义好的IntSet了：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">var x, y IntSet
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x.Add(1)
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x.Add(144)
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x.Add(9)
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fmt.Println(x.String()) // "{1 9 144}"
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y.Add(9)
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y.Add(42)
|
|||
|
|
fmt.Println(y.String()) // "{9 42}"
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
x.UnionWith(&y)
|
|||
|
|
fmt.Println(x.String()) // "{1 9 42 144}"
|
|||
|
|
fmt.Println(x.Has(9), x.Has(123)) // "true false"
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p>这里要注意：我们声明的String和Has两个方法都是以指针类型<code>*IntSet</code>来作为接收器的，但实际上对于这两个类型来说，把接收器声明为指针类型也没什么必要。不过另外两个函数就不是这样了，因为另外两个函数操作的是s.words对象，如果你不把接收器声明为指针对象，那么实际操作的是拷贝对象，而不是原来的那个对象。因此，因为我们的String方法定义在IntSet指针上，所以当我们的变量是IntSet类型而不是IntSet指针时，可能会有下面这样让人意外的情况：</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-go">fmt.Println(&x) // "{1 9 42 144}"
|
|||
|
|
fmt.Println(x.String()) // "{1 9 42 144}"
|
|||
|
|
fmt.Println(x) // "{[4398046511618 0 65536]}"
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p>在第一个Println中，我们打印一个<code>*IntSet</code>的指针，这个类型的指针确实有自定义的String方法。第二Println，我们直接调用了x变量的String()方法；这种情况下编译器会隐式地在x前插入&操作符，这样相当于我们还是调用的IntSet指针的String方法。在第三个Println中，因为IntSet类型没有String方法，所以Println方法会直接以原始的方式理解并打印。所以在这种情况下&符号是不能忘的。在我们这种场景下，你把String方法绑定到IntSet对象上，而不是IntSet指针上可能会更合适一些，不过这也需要具体问题具体分析。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>练习6.1:</strong> 为bit数组实现下面这些方法</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-go">func (*IntSet) Len() int // return the number of elements
|
|||
|
|
func (*IntSet) Remove(x int) // remove x from the set
|
|||
|
|
func (*IntSet) Clear() // remove all elements from the set
|
|||
|
|
func (*IntSet) Copy() *IntSet // return a copy of the set
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>练习 6.2：</strong> 定义一个变参方法(*IntSet).AddAll(...int)，这个方法可以添加一组IntSet，比如s.AddAll(1,2,3)。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>练习 6.3：</strong> (*IntSet).UnionWith会用<code>|</code>操作符计算两个集合的并集，我们再为IntSet实现另外的几个函数IntersectWith（交集：元素在A集合B集合均出现），DifferenceWith（差集：元素出现在A集合，未出现在B集合），SymmetricDifference（并差集：元素出现在A但没有出现在B，或者出现在B没有出现在A）。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>***练习6.4: ** 实现一个Elems方法，返回集合中的所有元素，用于做一些range之类的遍历操作。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>练习 6.5：</strong> 我们这章定义的IntSet里的每个字都是用的uint64类型，但是64位的数值可能在32位的平台上不高效。修改程序，使其使用uint类型，这种类型对于32位平台来说更合适。当然了，这里我们可以不用简单粗暴地除64，可以定义一个常量来决定是用32还是64，这里你可能会用到平台的自动判断的一个智能表达式：32 << (^uint(0) >> 63)</p>
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