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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../index.html">Go语言圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../preface.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> JSON</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html"><strong aria-hidd
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<li><em>KusonStack一站式可编程配置技术栈: <a href="https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion">https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion</a></em></li>
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<li><em>凹语言™: <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li>
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<h2 id="710-类型断言"><a class="header" href="#710-类型断言">7.10. 类型断言</a></h2>
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<p>类型断言是一个使用在接口值上的操作。语法上它看起来像x.(T)被称为断言类型，这里x表示一个接口的类型和T表示一个类型。一个类型断言检查它操作对象的动态类型是否和断言的类型匹配。</p>
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<p>这里有两种可能。第一种，如果断言的类型T是一个具体类型，然后类型断言检查x的动态类型是否和T相同。如果这个检查成功了，类型断言的结果是x的动态值，当然它的类型是T。换句话说，具体类型的类型断言从它的操作对象中获得具体的值。如果检查失败，接下来这个操作会抛出panic。例如：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">var w io.Writer
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w = os.Stdout
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f := w.(*os.File) // success: f == os.Stdout
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c := w.(*bytes.Buffer) // panic: interface holds *os.File, not *bytes.Buffer
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</code></pre>
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<p>第二种，如果相反地断言的类型T是一个接口类型，然后类型断言检查是否x的动态类型满足T。如果这个检查成功了，动态值没有获取到；这个结果仍然是一个有相同动态类型和值部分的接口值，但是结果为类型T。换句话说，对一个接口类型的类型断言改变了类型的表述方式，改变了可以获取的方法集合（通常更大），但是它保留了接口值内部的动态类型和值的部分。</p>
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<p>在下面的第一个类型断言后，w和rw都持有os.Stdout，因此它们都有一个动态类型<code>*os.File</code>，但是变量w是一个io.Writer类型，只对外公开了文件的Write方法，而rw变量还公开了它的Read方法。</p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">var w io.Writer
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w = os.Stdout
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rw := w.(io.ReadWriter) // success: *os.File has both Read and Write
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w = new(ByteCounter)
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rw = w.(io.ReadWriter) // panic: *ByteCounter has no Read method
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</code></pre>
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<p>如果断言操作的对象是一个nil接口值，那么不论被断言的类型是什么这个类型断言都会失败。我们几乎不需要对一个更少限制性的接口类型（更少的方法集合）做断言，因为它表现的就像是赋值操作一样，除了对于nil接口值的情况。</p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">w = rw // io.ReadWriter is assignable to io.Writer
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w = rw.(io.Writer) // fails only if rw == nil
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</code></pre>
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<p>经常地，对一个接口值的动态类型我们是不确定的，并且我们更愿意去检验它是否是一些特定的类型。如果类型断言出现在一个预期有两个结果的赋值操作中，例如如下的定义，这个操作不会在失败的时候发生panic，但是替代地返回一个额外的第二个结果，这个结果是一个标识成功与否的布尔值：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">var w io.Writer = os.Stdout
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f, ok := w.(*os.File) // success: ok, f == os.Stdout
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b, ok := w.(*bytes.Buffer) // failure: !ok, b == nil
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</code></pre>
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<p>第二个结果通常赋值给一个命名为ok的变量。如果这个操作失败了，那么ok就是false值，第一个结果等于被断言类型的零值，在这个例子中就是一个nil的<code>*bytes.Buffer</code>类型。</p>
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<p>这个ok结果经常立即用于决定程序下面做什么。if语句的扩展格式让这个变的很简洁：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">if f, ok := w.(*os.File); ok {
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// ...use f...
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>当类型断言的操作对象是一个变量，你有时会看见原来的变量名重用而不是声明一个新的本地变量名，这个重用的变量原来的值会被覆盖（理解：其实是声明了一个同名的新的本地变量，外层原来的w不会被改变），如下面这样：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">if w, ok := w.(*os.File); ok {
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// ...use w...
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}
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</code></pre>
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