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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../index.html">Go语言圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../preface.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> JSON</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html"><s
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<!-- 头部 -->
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<li><em>KusonStack一站式可编程配置技术栈: <a href="https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion">https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion</a></em></li>
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<li><em>凹语言™: <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li>
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<h2 id="25-类型"><a class="header" href="#25-类型">2.5. 类型</a></h2>
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<p>变量或表达式的类型定义了对应存储值的属性特征，例如数值在内存的存储大小（或者是元素的bit个数），它们在内部是如何表达的，是否支持一些操作符，以及它们自己关联的方法集等。</p>
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<p>在任何程序中都会存在一些变量有着相同的内部结构，但是却表示完全不同的概念。例如，一个int类型的变量可以用来表示一个循环的迭代索引、或者一个时间戳、或者一个文件描述符、或者一个月份；一个float64类型的变量可以用来表示每秒移动几米的速度、或者是不同温度单位下的温度；一个字符串可以用来表示一个密码或者一个颜色的名称。</p>
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<p>一个类型声明语句创建了一个新的类型名称，和现有类型具有相同的底层结构。新命名的类型提供了一个方法，用来分隔不同概念的类型，这样即使它们底层类型相同也是不兼容的。</p>
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<pre><code class="language-Go">type 类型名字 底层类型
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</code></pre>
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<p>类型声明语句一般出现在包一级，因此如果新创建的类型名字的首字符大写，则在包外部也可以使用。</p>
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<p>译注：对于中文汉字，Unicode标志都作为小写字母处理，因此中文的命名默认不能导出；不过国内的用户针对该问题提出了不同的看法，根据RobPike的回复，在Go2中有可能会将中日韩等字符当作大写字母处理。下面是RobPik在 <a href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues/5763">Issue763</a> 的回复：</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>A solution that's been kicking around for a while:</p>
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<p>For Go 2 (can't do it before then): Change the definition to “lower case letters and _ are package-local; all else is exported”. Then with non-cased languages, such as Japanese, we can write 日本语 for an exported name and _日本语 for a local name. This rule has no effect, relative to the Go 1 rule, with cased languages. They behave exactly the same.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>为了说明类型声明，我们将不同温度单位分别定义为不同的类型：</p>
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<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch2/tempconv0</i></u></p>
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<pre><code class="language-Go">// Package tempconv performs Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature computations.
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package tempconv
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import "fmt"
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type Celsius float64 // 摄氏温度
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type Fahrenheit float64 // 华氏温度
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const (
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AbsoluteZeroC Celsius = -273.15 // 绝对零度
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FreezingC Celsius = 0 // 结冰点温度
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BoilingC Celsius = 100 // 沸水温度
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)
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func CToF(c Celsius) Fahrenheit { return Fahrenheit(c*9/5 + 32) }
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func FToC(f Fahrenheit) Celsius { return Celsius((f - 32) * 5 / 9) }
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</code></pre>
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<p>我们在这个包声明了两种类型：Celsius和Fahrenheit分别对应不同的温度单位。它们虽然有着相同的底层类型float64，但是它们是不同的数据类型，因此它们不可以被相互比较或混在一个表达式运算。刻意区分类型，可以避免一些像无意中使用不同单位的温度混合计算导致的错误；因此需要一个类似Celsius(t)或Fahrenheit(t)形式的显式转型操作才能将float64转为对应的类型。Celsius(t)和Fahrenheit(t)是类型转换操作，它们并不是函数调用。类型转换不会改变值本身，但是会使它们的语义发生变化。另一方面，CToF和FToC两个函数则是对不同温度单位下的温度进行换算，它们会返回不同的值。</p>
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<p>对于每一个类型T，都有一个对应的类型转换操作T(x)，用于将x转为T类型（译注：如果T是指针类型，可能会需要用小括弧包装T，比如<code>(*int)(0)</code>）。只有当两个类型的底层基础类型相同时，才允许这种转型操作，或者是两者都是指向相同底层结构的指针类型，这些转换只改变类型而不会影响值本身。如果x是可以赋值给T类型的值，那么x必然也可以被转为T类型，但是一般没有这个必要。</p>
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<p>数值类型之间的转型也是允许的，并且在字符串和一些特定类型的slice之间也是可以转换的，在下一章我们会看到这样的例子。这类转换可能改变值的表现。例如，将一个浮点数转为整数将丢弃小数部分，将一个字符串转为<code>[]byte</code>类型的slice将拷贝一个字符串数据的副本。在任何情况下，运行时不会发生转换失败的错误（译注: 错误只会发生在编译阶段）。</p>
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<p>底层数据类型决定了内部结构和表达方式，也决定是否可以像底层类型一样对内置运算符的支持。这意味着，Celsius和Fahrenheit类型的算术运算行为和底层的float64类型是一样的，正如我们所期望的那样。</p>
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<pre><code class="language-Go">fmt.Printf("%g\n", BoilingC-FreezingC) // "100" °C
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boilingF := CToF(BoilingC)
|
|||
|
|
fmt.Printf("%g\n", boilingF-CToF(FreezingC)) // "180" °F
|
|||
|
|
fmt.Printf("%g\n", boilingF-FreezingC) // compile error: type mismatch
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p>比较运算符<code>==</code>和<code><</code>也可以用来比较一个命名类型的变量和另一个有相同类型的变量，或有着相同底层类型的未命名类型的值之间做比较。但是如果两个值有着不同的类型，则不能直接进行比较：</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-Go">var c Celsius
|
|||
|
|
var f Fahrenheit
|
|||
|
|
fmt.Println(c == 0) // "true"
|
|||
|
|
fmt.Println(f >= 0) // "true"
|
|||
|
|
fmt.Println(c == f) // compile error: type mismatch
|
|||
|
|
fmt.Println(c == Celsius(f)) // "true"!
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p>注意最后那个语句。尽管看起来像函数调用，但是Celsius(f)是类型转换操作，它并不会改变值，仅仅是改变值的类型而已。测试为真的原因是因为c和f都是零值。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>一个命名的类型可以提供书写方便，特别是可以避免一遍又一遍地书写复杂类型（译注：例如用匿名的结构体定义变量）。虽然对于像float64这种简单的底层类型没有简洁很多，但是如果是复杂的类型将会简洁很多，特别是我们即将讨论的结构体类型。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>命名类型还可以为该类型的值定义新的行为。这些行为表示为一组关联到该类型的函数集合，我们称为类型的方法集。我们将在第六章中讨论方法的细节，这里只说些简单用法。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>下面的声明语句，Celsius类型的参数c出现在了函数名的前面，表示声明的是Celsius类型的一个名叫String的方法，该方法返回该类型对象c带着°C温度单位的字符串：</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-Go">func (c Celsius) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("%g°C", c) }
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p>许多类型都会定义一个String方法，因为当使用fmt包的打印方法时，将会优先使用该类型对应的String方法返回的结果打印，我们将在7.1节讲述。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-Go">c := FToC(212.0)
|
|||
|
|
fmt.Println(c.String()) // "100°C"
|
|||
|
|
fmt.Printf("%v\n", c) // "100°C"; no need to call String explicitly
|
|||
|
|
fmt.Printf("%s\n", c) // "100°C"
|
|||
|
|
fmt.Println(c) // "100°C"
|
|||
|
|
fmt.Printf("%g\n", c) // "100"; does not call String
|
|||
|
|
fmt.Println(float64(c)) // "100"; does not call String
|
|||
|
|
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