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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../index.html">Go语言圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../preface.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> JSON</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html"><strong aria-hidd
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<!-- 头部 -->
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<ul dir="auto">
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<li><em>KusonStack一站式可编程配置技术栈: <a href="https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion">https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion</a></em></li>
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<li><em>凹语言™: <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li>
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</ul>
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<hr>
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<h2 id="53-多返回值"><a class="header" href="#53-多返回值">5.3. 多返回值</a></h2>
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<p>在Go中，一个函数可以返回多个值。我们已经在之前例子中看到，许多标准库中的函数返回2个值，一个是期望得到的返回值，另一个是函数出错时的错误信息。下面的例子会展示如何编写多返回值的函数。</p>
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<p>下面的程序是findlinks的改进版本。修改后的findlinks可以自己发起HTTP请求，这样我们就不必再运行fetch。因为HTTP请求和解析操作可能会失败，因此findlinks声明了2个返回值：链接列表和错误信息。一般而言，HTML的解析器可以处理HTML页面的错误结点，构造出HTML页面结构，所以解析HTML很少失败。这意味着如果findlinks函数失败了，很可能是由于I/O的错误导致的。</p>
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<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch5/findlinks2</i></u></p>
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<pre><code class="language-Go">func main() {
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for _, url := range os.Args[1:] {
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links, err := findLinks(url)
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if err != nil {
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fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "findlinks2: %v\n", err)
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continue
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}
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for _, link := range links {
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fmt.Println(link)
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}
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}
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}
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// findLinks performs an HTTP GET request for url, parses the
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// response as HTML, and extracts and returns the links.
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func findLinks(url string) ([]string, error) {
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resp, err := http.Get(url)
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if err != nil {
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return nil, err
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}
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if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
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resp.Body.Close()
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return nil, fmt.Errorf("getting %s: %s", url, resp.Status)
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}
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doc, err := html.Parse(resp.Body)
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resp.Body.Close()
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if err != nil {
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return nil, fmt.Errorf("parsing %s as HTML: %v", url, err)
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}
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return visit(nil, doc), nil
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>在findlinks中，有4处return语句，每一处return都返回了一组值。前三处return，将http和html包中的错误信息传递给findlinks的调用者。第一处return直接返回错误信息，其他两处通过fmt.Errorf（§7.8）输出详细的错误信息。如果findlinks成功结束，最后的return语句将一组解析获得的连接返回给用户。</p>
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<p>在findlinks中，我们必须确保resp.Body被关闭，释放网络资源。虽然Go的垃圾回收机制会回收不被使用的内存，但是这不包括操作系统层面的资源，比如打开的文件、网络连接。因此我们必须显式的释放这些资源。</p>
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<p>调用多返回值函数时，返回给调用者的是一组值，调用者必须显式的将这些值分配给变量:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-Go">links, err := findLinks(url)
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</code></pre>
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<p>如果某个值不被使用，可以将其分配给blank identifier:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-Go">links, _ := findLinks(url) // errors ignored
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</code></pre>
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<p>一个函数内部可以将另一个有多返回值的函数调用作为返回值，下面的例子展示了与findLinks有相同功能的函数，两者的区别在于下面的例子先输出参数：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-Go">func findLinksLog(url string) ([]string, error) {
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log.Printf("findLinks %s", url)
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return findLinks(url)
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>当你调用接受多参数的函数时，可以将一个返回多参数的函数调用作为该函数的参数。虽然这很少出现在实际生产代码中，但这个特性在debug时很方便，我们只需要一条语句就可以输出所有的返回值。下面的代码是等价的：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-Go">log.Println(findLinks(url))
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links, err := findLinks(url)
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log.Println(links, err)
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</code></pre>
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<p>准确的变量名可以传达函数返回值的含义。尤其在返回值的类型都相同时，就像下面这样：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-Go">func Size(rect image.Rectangle) (width, height int)
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func Split(path string) (dir, file string)
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func HourMinSec(t time.Time) (hour, minute, second int)
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</code></pre>
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<p>虽然良好的命名很重要，但你也不必为每一个返回值都取一个适当的名字。比如，按照惯例，函数的最后一个bool类型的返回值表示函数是否运行成功，error类型的返回值代表函数的错误信息，对于这些类似的惯例，我们不必思考合适的命名，它们都无需解释。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>如果一个函数所有的返回值都有显式的变量名，那么该函数的return语句可以省略操作数。这称之为bare return。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-Go">// CountWordsAndImages does an HTTP GET request for the HTML
|
|||
|
|
// document url and returns the number of words and images in it.
|
|||
|
|
func CountWordsAndImages(url string) (words, images int, err error) {
|
|||
|
|
resp, err := http.Get(url)
|
|||
|
|
if err != nil {
|
|||
|
|
return
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
doc, err := html.Parse(resp.Body)
|
|||
|
|
resp.Body.Close()
|
|||
|
|
if err != nil {
|
|||
|
|
err = fmt.Errorf("parsing HTML: %s", err)
|
|||
|
|
return
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
words, images = countWordsAndImages(doc)
|
|||
|
|
return
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
func countWordsAndImages(n *html.Node) (words, images int) { /* ... */ }
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p>按照返回值列表的次序，返回所有的返回值，在上面的例子中，每一个return语句等价于：</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-Go">return words, images, err
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p>当一个函数有多处return语句以及许多返回值时，bare return 可以减少代码的重复，但是使得代码难以被理解。举个例子，如果你没有仔细的审查代码，很难发现前2处return等价于 return 0,0,err（Go会将返回值 words和images在函数体的开始处，根据它们的类型，将其初始化为0），最后一处return等价于 return words, image, nil。基于以上原因，不宜过度使用bare return。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>练习 5.5：</strong> 实现countWordsAndImages。（参考练习4.9如何分词）</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>练习 5.6：</strong> 修改gopl.io/ch3/surface（§3.2）中的corner函数，将返回值命名，并使用bare return。</p>
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