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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../index.html">Go语言圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../preface.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> JSON</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html"><strong aria-hidd
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<li><em>KusonStack一站式可编程配置技术栈: <a href="https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion">https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion</a></em></li>
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<li><em>凹语言™: <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li>
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<h2 id="78-error接口"><a class="header" href="#78-error接口">7.8. error接口</a></h2>
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<p>从本书的开始，我们就已经创建和使用过神秘的预定义error类型，而且没有解释它究竟是什么。实际上它就是interface类型，这个类型有一个返回错误信息的单一方法：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">type error interface {
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Error() string
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>创建一个error最简单的方法就是调用errors.New函数，它会根据传入的错误信息返回一个新的error。整个errors包仅只有4行：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">package errors
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func New(text string) error { return &errorString{text} }
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type errorString struct { text string }
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func (e *errorString) Error() string { return e.text }
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</code></pre>
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<p>承载errorString的类型是一个结构体而非一个字符串，这是为了保护它表示的错误避免粗心（或有意）的更新。并且因为是指针类型<code>*errorString</code>满足error接口而非errorString类型，所以每个New函数的调用都分配了一个独特的和其他错误不相同的实例。我们也不想要重要的error例如io.EOF和一个刚好有相同错误消息的error比较后相等。</p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">fmt.Println(errors.New("EOF") == errors.New("EOF")) // "false"
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</code></pre>
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<p>调用errors.New函数是非常稀少的，因为有一个方便的封装函数fmt.Errorf，它还会处理字符串格式化。我们曾多次在第5章中用到它。</p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">package fmt
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import "errors"
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func Errorf(format string, args ...interface{}) error {
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return errors.New(Sprintf(format, args...))
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>虽然<code>*errorString</code>可能是最简单的错误类型，但远非只有它一个。例如，syscall包提供了Go语言底层系统调用API。在多个平台上，它定义一个实现error接口的数字类型Errno，并且在Unix平台上，Errno的Error方法会从一个字符串表中查找错误消息，如下面展示的这样：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">package syscall
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type Errno uintptr // operating system error code
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var errors = [...]string{
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1: "operation not permitted", // EPERM
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2: "no such file or directory", // ENOENT
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3: "no such process", // ESRCH
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// ...
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}
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func (e Errno) Error() string {
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if 0 <= int(e) && int(e) < len(errors) {
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return errors[e]
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}
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return fmt.Sprintf("errno %d", e)
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>下面的语句创建了一个持有Errno值为2的接口值，表示POSIX ENOENT状况：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">var err error = syscall.Errno(2)
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fmt.Println(err.Error()) // "no such file or directory"
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fmt.Println(err) // "no such file or directory"
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</code></pre>
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<p>err的值图形化的呈现在图7.6中。</p>
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<p><img src="../images/ch7-06.png" alt="" /></p>
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<p>Errno是一个系统调用错误的高效表示方式，它通过一个有限的集合进行描述，并且它满足标准的错误接口。我们会在第7.11节了解到其它满足这个接口的类型。</p>
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<span>© 2015-2016 | <a href="https://github.com/gopl-zh"> Go语言圣经中文版</a>, 仅学习交流使用</span>
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