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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../index.html">Go语言圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../preface.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> JSON</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html"><strong aria-hidd
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<!-- 头部 -->
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<ul dir="auto">
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<li><em>KusonStack一站式可编程配置技术栈: <a href="https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion">https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion</a></em></li>
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<li><em>凹语言™: <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li>
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<h2 id="714-示例-基于标记的xml解码"><a class="header" href="#714-示例-基于标记的xml解码">7.14. 示例: 基于标记的XML解码</a></h2>
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<p>第4.5章节展示了如何使用encoding/json包中的Marshal和Unmarshal函数来将JSON文档转换成Go语言的数据结构。encoding/xml包提供了一个相似的API。当我们想构造一个文档树的表示时使用encoding/xml包会很方便，但是对于很多程序并不是必须的。encoding/xml包也提供了一个更低层的基于标记的API用于XML解码。在基于标记的样式中，解析器消费输入并产生一个标记流；四个主要的标记类型－StartElement，EndElement，CharData，和Comment－每一个都是encoding/xml包中的具体类型。每一个对(*xml.Decoder).Token的调用都返回一个标记。</p>
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<p>这里显示的是和这个API相关的部分：</p>
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<p><u><i>encoding/xml</i></u></p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">package xml
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type Name struct {
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Local string // e.g., "Title" or "id"
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}
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type Attr struct { // e.g., name="value"
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Name Name
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Value string
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}
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// A Token includes StartElement, EndElement, CharData,
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// and Comment, plus a few esoteric types (not shown).
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type Token interface{}
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type StartElement struct { // e.g., <name>
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Name Name
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Attr []Attr
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}
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type EndElement struct { Name Name } // e.g., </name>
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type CharData []byte // e.g., <p>CharData</p>
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type Comment []byte // e.g., <!-- Comment -->
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type Decoder struct{ /* ... */ }
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func NewDecoder(io.Reader) *Decoder
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func (*Decoder) Token() (Token, error) // returns next Token in sequence
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</code></pre>
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<p>这个没有方法的Token接口也是一个可识别联合的例子。传统的接口如io.Reader的目的是隐藏满足它的具体类型的细节，这样就可以创造出新的实现：在这个实现中每个具体类型都被统一地对待。相反，满足可识别联合的具体类型的集合被设计为确定和暴露，而不是隐藏。可识别联合的类型几乎没有方法，操作它们的函数使用一个类型分支的case集合来进行表述，这个case集合中每一个case都有不同的逻辑。</p>
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<p>下面的xmlselect程序获取和打印在一个XML文档树中确定的元素下找到的文本。使用上面的API，它可以在输入上一次完成它的工作而从来不要实例化这个文档树。</p>
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<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch7/xmlselect</i></u></p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">// Xmlselect prints the text of selected elements of an XML document.
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package main
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import (
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"encoding/xml"
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"fmt"
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"io"
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"os"
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"strings"
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)
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func main() {
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dec := xml.NewDecoder(os.Stdin)
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var stack []string // stack of element names
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for {
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tok, err := dec.Token()
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if err == io.EOF {
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break
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} else if err != nil {
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fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "xmlselect: %v\n", err)
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os.Exit(1)
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}
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switch tok := tok.(type) {
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case xml.StartElement:
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stack = append(stack, tok.Name.Local) // push
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case xml.EndElement:
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stack = stack[:len(stack)-1] // pop
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case xml.CharData:
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if containsAll(stack, os.Args[1:]) {
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fmt.Printf("%s: %s\n", strings.Join(stack, " "), tok)
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}
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}
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}
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}
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// containsAll reports whether x contains the elements of y, in order.
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func containsAll(x, y []string) bool {
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for len(y) <= len(x) {
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if len(y) == 0 {
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return true
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}
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if x[0] == y[0] {
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y = y[1:]
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}
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x = x[1:]
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}
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return false
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>main函数中的循环每遇到一个StartElement时，它把这个元素的名称压到一个栈里，并且每次遇到EndElement时，它将名称从这个栈中推出。这个API保证了StartElement和EndElement的序列可以被完全的匹配，甚至在一个糟糕的文档格式中。注释会被忽略。当xmlselect遇到一个CharData时，只有当栈中有序地包含所有通过命令行参数传入的元素名称时，它才会输出相应的文本。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>下面的命令打印出任意出现在两层div元素下的h2元素的文本。它的输入是XML的说明文档，并且它自己就是XML文档格式的。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code>$ go build gopl.io/ch1/fetch
|
|||
|
|
$ ./fetch http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816 |
|
|||
|
|
./xmlselect div div h2
|
|||
|
|
html body div div h2: 1 Introduction
|
|||
|
|
html body div div h2: 2 Documents
|
|||
|
|
html body div div h2: 3 Logical Structures
|
|||
|
|
html body div div h2: 4 Physical Structures
|
|||
|
|
html body div div h2: 5 Conformance
|
|||
|
|
html body div div h2: 6 Notation
|
|||
|
|
html body div div h2: A References
|
|||
|
|
html body div div h2: B Definitions for Character Normalization
|
|||
|
|
...
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>练习 7.17：</strong> 扩展xmlselect程序以便让元素不仅可以通过名称选择，也可以通过它们CSS风格的属性进行选择。例如一个像这样</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-html"><div id="page" class="wide">
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p>的元素可以通过匹配id或者class，同时还有它的名称来进行选择。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>练习 7.18：</strong> 使用基于标记的解码API，编写一个可以读取任意XML文档并构造这个文档所代表的通用节点树的程序。节点有两种类型：CharData节点表示文本字符串，和 Element节点表示被命名的元素和它们的属性。每一个元素节点有一个子节点的切片。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>你可能发现下面的定义会对你有帮助。</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-go">import "encoding/xml"
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
type Node interface{} // CharData or *Element
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
type CharData string
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
type Element struct {
|
|||
|
|
Type xml.Name
|
|||
|
|
Attr []xml.Attr
|
|||
|
|
Children []Node
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
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<td>
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