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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../index.html">Go语言圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../preface.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> JSON</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html"><strong aria-hidd
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<li><em>KusonStack一站式可编程配置技术栈: <a href="https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion">https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion</a></em></li>
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<li><em>凹语言™: <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li>
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<h2 id="81-goroutines"><a class="header" href="#81-goroutines">8.1. Goroutines</a></h2>
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<p>在Go语言中，每一个并发的执行单元叫作一个goroutine。设想这里的一个程序有两个函数，一个函数做计算，另一个输出结果，假设两个函数没有相互之间的调用关系。一个线性的程序会先调用其中的一个函数，然后再调用另一个。如果程序中包含多个goroutine，对两个函数的调用则可能发生在同一时刻。马上就会看到这样的一个程序。</p>
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<p>如果你使用过操作系统或者其它语言提供的线程，那么你可以简单地把goroutine类比作一个线程，这样你就可以写出一些正确的程序了。goroutine和线程的本质区别会在9.8节中讲。</p>
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<p>当一个程序启动时，其主函数即在一个单独的goroutine中运行，我们叫它main goroutine。新的goroutine会用go语句来创建。在语法上，go语句是一个普通的函数或方法调用前加上关键字go。go语句会使其语句中的函数在一个新创建的goroutine中运行。而go语句本身会迅速地完成。</p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">f() // call f(); wait for it to return
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go f() // create a new goroutine that calls f(); don't wait
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</code></pre>
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<p>下面的例子，main goroutine将计算菲波那契数列的第45个元素值。由于计算函数使用低效的递归，所以会运行相当长时间，在此期间我们想让用户看到一个可见的标识来表明程序依然在正常运行，所以来做一个动画的小图标：</p>
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<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch8/spinner</i></u></p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">func main() {
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go spinner(100 * time.Millisecond)
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const n = 45
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fibN := fib(n) // slow
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fmt.Printf("\rFibonacci(%d) = %d\n", n, fibN)
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}
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func spinner(delay time.Duration) {
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for {
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for _, r := range `-\|/` {
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fmt.Printf("\r%c", r)
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time.Sleep(delay)
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}
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}
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}
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func fib(x int) int {
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if x < 2 {
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return x
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}
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return fib(x-1) + fib(x-2)
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>动画显示了几秒之后，fib(45)的调用成功地返回，并且打印结果：</p>
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<pre><code>Fibonacci(45) = 1134903170
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</code></pre>
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<p>然后主函数返回。主函数返回时，所有的goroutine都会被直接打断，程序退出。除了从主函数退出或者直接终止程序之外，没有其它的编程方法能够让一个goroutine来打断另一个的执行，但是之后可以看到一种方式来实现这个目的，通过goroutine之间的通信来让一个goroutine请求其它的goroutine，并让被请求的goroutine自行结束执行。</p>
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<p>留意一下这里的两个独立的单元是如何进行组合的，spinning和菲波那契的计算。分别在独立的函数中，但两个函数会同时执行。</p>
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