mirror of
https://github.com/gopl-zh/gopl-zh.github.com.git
synced 2024-11-14 02:13:51 +00:00
370 lines
35 KiB
HTML
370 lines
35 KiB
HTML
|
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
|
|||
|
<html lang="zh" class="sidebar-visible no-js light">
|
|||
|
<head>
|
|||
|
<!-- Book generated using mdBook -->
|
|||
|
<meta charset="UTF-8">
|
|||
|
<title>示例: 并发的Clock服务 - Go语言圣经</title>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<!-- Custom HTML head -->
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
|
|||
|
<meta name="description" content="<The Go Programming Language>中文版">
|
|||
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
|
|||
|
<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" />
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<link rel="icon" href="../favicon.svg">
|
|||
|
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../favicon.png">
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/variables.css">
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/general.css">
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/chrome.css">
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/print.css" media="print">
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<!-- Fonts -->
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../FontAwesome/css/font-awesome.css">
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../fonts/fonts.css">
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<!-- Highlight.js Stylesheets -->
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../highlight.css">
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../tomorrow-night.css">
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../ayu-highlight.css">
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<!-- Custom theme stylesheets -->
|
|||
|
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css">
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
</head>
|
|||
|
<body>
|
|||
|
<!-- Provide site root to javascript -->
|
|||
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|||
|
var path_to_root = "../";
|
|||
|
var default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? "navy" : "light";
|
|||
|
</script>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<!-- Work around some values being stored in localStorage wrapped in quotes -->
|
|||
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|||
|
try {
|
|||
|
var theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme');
|
|||
|
var sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar');
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
if (theme.startsWith('"') && theme.endsWith('"')) {
|
|||
|
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme.slice(1, theme.length - 1));
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
if (sidebar.startsWith('"') && sidebar.endsWith('"')) {
|
|||
|
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', sidebar.slice(1, sidebar.length - 1));
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
} catch (e) { }
|
|||
|
</script>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<!-- Set the theme before any content is loaded, prevents flash -->
|
|||
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|||
|
var theme;
|
|||
|
try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { }
|
|||
|
if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; }
|
|||
|
var html = document.querySelector('html');
|
|||
|
html.classList.remove('no-js')
|
|||
|
html.classList.remove('light')
|
|||
|
html.classList.add(theme);
|
|||
|
html.classList.add('js');
|
|||
|
</script>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<!-- Hide / unhide sidebar before it is displayed -->
|
|||
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|||
|
var html = document.querySelector('html');
|
|||
|
var sidebar = 'hidden';
|
|||
|
if (document.body.clientWidth >= 1080) {
|
|||
|
try { sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); } catch(e) { }
|
|||
|
sidebar = sidebar || 'visible';
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible');
|
|||
|
html.classList.add("sidebar-" + sidebar);
|
|||
|
</script>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
|
|||
|
<div class="sidebar-scrollbox">
|
|||
|
<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../index.html">Go语言圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../preface.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> JSON</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html"><strong aria-hidd
|
|||
|
<div id="sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle"></div>
|
|||
|
</nav>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<div class="page">
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<div id="menu-bar-hover-placeholder"></div>
|
|||
|
<div id="menu-bar" class="menu-bar sticky bordered">
|
|||
|
<div class="left-buttons">
|
|||
|
<button id="sidebar-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-label="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-controls="sidebar">
|
|||
|
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
|
|||
|
</button>
|
|||
|
<button id="theme-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Change theme" aria-label="Change theme" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="theme-list">
|
|||
|
<i class="fa fa-paint-brush"></i>
|
|||
|
</button>
|
|||
|
<ul id="theme-list" class="theme-popup" aria-label="Themes" role="menu">
|
|||
|
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="light">Light (default)</button></li>
|
|||
|
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="rust">Rust</button></li>
|
|||
|
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="coal">Coal</button></li>
|
|||
|
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="navy">Navy</button></li>
|
|||
|
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="ayu">Ayu</button></li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<button id="search-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Search. (Shortkey: s)" aria-label="Toggle Searchbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-keyshortcuts="S" aria-controls="searchbar">
|
|||
|
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
|
|||
|
</button>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<h1 class="menu-title">Go语言圣经</h1>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<div class="right-buttons">
|
|||
|
<a href="../print.html" title="Print this book" aria-label="Print this book">
|
|||
|
<i id="print-button" class="fa fa-print"></i>
|
|||
|
</a>
|
|||
|
<a href="https://github.com/gopl-zh/gopl-zh.github.com" title="Git repository" aria-label="Git repository">
|
|||
|
<i id="git-repository-button" class="fa fa-github"></i>
|
|||
|
</a>
|
|||
|
<a href="https://github.com/gopl-zh/gopl-zh.github.com/edit/master/./ch8/ch8-02.md" title="Suggest an edit" aria-label="Suggest an edit">
|
|||
|
<i id="git-edit-button" class="fa fa-edit"></i>
|
|||
|
</a>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<div id="search-wrapper" class="hidden">
|
|||
|
<form id="searchbar-outer" class="searchbar-outer">
|
|||
|
<input type="search" id="searchbar" name="searchbar" placeholder="Search this book ..." aria-controls="searchresults-outer" aria-describedby="searchresults-header">
|
|||
|
</form>
|
|||
|
<div id="searchresults-outer" class="searchresults-outer hidden">
|
|||
|
<div id="searchresults-header" class="searchresults-header"></div>
|
|||
|
<ul id="searchresults">
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<!-- Apply ARIA attributes after the sidebar and the sidebar toggle button are added to the DOM -->
|
|||
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|||
|
document.getElementById('sidebar-toggle').setAttribute('aria-expanded', sidebar === 'visible');
|
|||
|
document.getElementById('sidebar').setAttribute('aria-hidden', sidebar !== 'visible');
|
|||
|
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a')).forEach(function(link) {
|
|||
|
link.setAttribute('tabIndex', sidebar === 'visible' ? 0 : -1);
|
|||
|
});
|
|||
|
</script>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<div id="content" class="content">
|
|||
|
<!-- Page table of contents -->
|
|||
|
<div class="sidetoc"><nav class="pagetoc"></nav></div>
|
|||
|
<main>
|
|||
|
<!-- 头部 -->
|
|||
|
<ul dir="auto">
|
|||
|
<li><em>KusonStack一站式可编程配置技术栈: <a href="https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion">https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion</a></em></li>
|
|||
|
<li><em>凹语言™: <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li>
|
|||
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
<hr>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<h2 id="82-示例-并发的clock服务"><a class="header" href="#82-示例-并发的clock服务">8.2. 示例: 并发的Clock服务</a></h2>
|
|||
|
<p>网络编程是并发大显身手的一个领域,由于服务器是最典型的需要同时处理很多连接的程序,这些连接一般来自于彼此独立的客户端。在本小节中,我们会讲解go语言的net包,这个包提供编写一个网络客户端或者服务器程序的基本组件,无论两者间通信是使用TCP、UDP或者Unix domain sockets。在第一章中我们使用过的net/http包里的方法,也算是net包的一部分。</p>
|
|||
|
<p>我们的第一个例子是一个顺序执行的时钟服务器,它会每隔一秒钟将当前时间写到客户端:</p>
|
|||
|
<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch8/clock1</i></u></p>
|
|||
|
<pre><code class="language-go">// Clock1 is a TCP server that periodically writes the time.
|
|||
|
package main
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
import (
|
|||
|
"io"
|
|||
|
"log"
|
|||
|
"net"
|
|||
|
"time"
|
|||
|
)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
func main() {
|
|||
|
listener, err := net.Listen("tcp", "localhost:8000")
|
|||
|
if err != nil {
|
|||
|
log.Fatal(err)
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
for {
|
|||
|
conn, err := listener.Accept()
|
|||
|
if err != nil {
|
|||
|
log.Print(err) // e.g., connection aborted
|
|||
|
continue
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
handleConn(conn) // handle one connection at a time
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
func handleConn(c net.Conn) {
|
|||
|
defer c.Close()
|
|||
|
for {
|
|||
|
_, err := io.WriteString(c, time.Now().Format("15:04:05\n"))
|
|||
|
if err != nil {
|
|||
|
return // e.g., client disconnected
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
<p>Listen函数创建了一个net.Listener的对象,这个对象会监听一个网络端口上到来的连接,在这个例子里我们用的是TCP的localhost:8000端口。listener对象的Accept方法会直接阻塞,直到一个新的连接被创建,然后会返回一个net.Conn对象来表示这个连接。</p>
|
|||
|
<p>handleConn函数会处理一个完整的客户端连接。在一个for死循环中,用time.Now()获取当前时刻,然后写到客户端。由于net.Conn实现了io.Writer接口,我们可以直接向其写入内容。这个死循环会一直执行,直到写入失败。最可能的原因是客户端主动断开连接。这种情况下handleConn函数会用defer调用关闭服务器侧的连接,然后返回到主函数,继续等待下一个连接请求。</p>
|
|||
|
<p>time.Time.Format方法提供了一种格式化日期和时间信息的方式。它的参数是一个格式化模板,标识如何来格式化时间,而这个格式化模板限定为Mon Jan 2 03:04:05PM 2006 UTC-0700。有8个部分(周几、月份、一个月的第几天……)。可以以任意的形式来组合前面这个模板;出现在模板中的部分会作为参考来对时间格式进行输出。在上面的例子中我们只用到了小时、分钟和秒。time包里定义了很多标准时间格式,比如time.RFC1123。在进行格式化的逆向操作time.Parse时,也会用到同样的策略。(译注:这是go语言和其它语言相比比较奇葩的一个地方。你需要记住格式化字符串是1月2日下午3点4分5秒零六年UTC-0700,而不像其它语言那样Y-m-d H:i:s一样,当然了这里可以用1234567的方式来记忆,倒是也不麻烦。)</p>
|
|||
|
<p>为了连接例子里的服务器,我们需要一个客户端程序,比如netcat这个工具(nc命令),这个工具可以用来执行网络连接操作。</p>
|
|||
|
<pre><code>$ go build gopl.io/ch8/clock1
|
|||
|
$ ./clock1 &
|
|||
|
$ nc localhost 8000
|
|||
|
13:58:54
|
|||
|
13:58:55
|
|||
|
13:58:56
|
|||
|
13:58:57
|
|||
|
^C
|
|||
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
<p>客户端将服务器发来的时间显示了出来,我们用Control+C来中断客户端的执行,在Unix系统上,你会看到^C这样的响应。如果你的系统没有装nc这个工具,你可以用telnet来实现同样的效果,或者也可以用我们下面的这个用go写的简单的telnet程序,用net.Dial就可以简单地创建一个TCP连接:</p>
|
|||
|
<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch8/netcat1</i></u></p>
|
|||
|
<pre><code class="language-go">// Netcat1 is a read-only TCP client.
|
|||
|
package main
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
import (
|
|||
|
"io"
|
|||
|
"log"
|
|||
|
"net"
|
|||
|
"os"
|
|||
|
)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
func main() {
|
|||
|
conn, err := net.Dial("tcp", "localhost:8000")
|
|||
|
if err != nil {
|
|||
|
log.Fatal(err)
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
defer conn.Close()
|
|||
|
mustCopy(os.Stdout, conn)
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
func mustCopy(dst io.Writer, src io.Reader) {
|
|||
|
if _, err := io.Copy(dst, src); err != nil {
|
|||
|
log.Fatal(err)
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
<p>这个程序会从连接中读取数据,并将读到的内容写到标准输出中,直到遇到end of file的条件或者发生错误。mustCopy这个函数我们在本节的几个例子中都会用到。让我们同时运行两个客户端来进行一个测试,这里可以开两个终端窗口,下面左边的是其中的一个的输出,右边的是另一个的输出:</p>
|
|||
|
<pre><code>$ go build gopl.io/ch8/netcat1
|
|||
|
$ ./netcat1
|
|||
|
13:58:54 $ ./netcat1
|
|||
|
13:58:55
|
|||
|
13:58:56
|
|||
|
^C
|
|||
|
13:58:57
|
|||
|
13:58:58
|
|||
|
13:58:59
|
|||
|
^C
|
|||
|
$ killall clock1
|
|||
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
<p>killall命令是一个Unix命令行工具,可以用给定的进程名来杀掉所有名字匹配的进程。</p>
|
|||
|
<p>第二个客户端必须等待第一个客户端完成工作,这样服务端才能继续向后执行;因为我们这里的服务器程序同一时间只能处理一个客户端连接。我们这里对服务端程序做一点小改动,使其支持并发:在handleConn函数调用的地方增加go关键字,让每一次handleConn的调用都进入一个独立的goroutine。</p>
|
|||
|
<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch8/clock2</i></u></p>
|
|||
|
<pre><code class="language-go">for {
|
|||
|
conn, err := listener.Accept()
|
|||
|
if err != nil {
|
|||
|
log.Print(err) // e.g., connection aborted
|
|||
|
continue
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
go handleConn(conn) // handle connections concurrently
|
|||
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
<p>现在多个客户端可以同时接收到时间了:</p>
|
|||
|
<pre><code>$ go build gopl.io/ch8/clock2
|
|||
|
$ ./clock2 &
|
|||
|
$ go build gopl.io/ch8/netcat1
|
|||
|
$ ./netcat1
|
|||
|
14:02:54 $ ./netcat1
|
|||
|
14:02:55 14:02:55
|
|||
|
14:02:56 14:02:56
|
|||
|
14:02:57 ^C
|
|||
|
14:02:58
|
|||
|
14:02:59 $ ./netcat1
|
|||
|
14:03:00 14:03:00
|
|||
|
14:03:01 14:03:01
|
|||
|
^C 14:03:02
|
|||
|
^C
|
|||
|
$ killall clock2
|
|||
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
<p><strong>练习 8.1:</strong> 修改clock2来支持传入参数作为端口号,然后写一个clockwall的程序,这个程序可以同时与多个clock服务器通信,从多个服务器中读取时间,并且在一个表格中一次显示所有服务器传回的结果,类似于你在某些办公室里看到的时钟墙。如果你有地理学上分布式的服务器可以用的话,让这些服务器跑在不同的机器上面;或者在同一台机器上跑多个不同的实例,这些实例监听不同的端口,假装自己在不同的时区。像下面这样:</p>
|
|||
|
<pre><code>$ TZ=US/Eastern ./clock2 -port 8010 &
|
|||
|
$ TZ=Asia/Tokyo ./clock2 -port 8020 &
|
|||
|
$ TZ=Europe/London ./clock2 -port 8030 &
|
|||
|
$ clockwall NewYork=localhost:8010 Tokyo=localhost:8020 London=localhost:8030
|
|||
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
<p><strong>练习 8.2:</strong> 实现一个并发FTP服务器。服务器应该解析客户端发来的一些命令,比如cd命令来切换目录,ls来列出目录内文件,get和send来传输文件,close来关闭连接。你可以用标准的ftp命令来作为客户端,或者也可以自己实现一个。</p>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<!-- 公众号 -->
|
|||
|
<hr>
|
|||
|
<table>
|
|||
|
<tr>
|
|||
|
<td>
|
|||
|
<img width="222px" src="https://chai2010.cn/advanced-go-programming-book/css.png">
|
|||
|
</td>
|
|||
|
<td>
|
|||
|
<img width="222px" src="https://chai2010.cn/advanced-go-programming-book/cch.png">
|
|||
|
</td>
|
|||
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
</table>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<div id="giscus-container"></div>
|
|||
|
<footer class="page-footer">
|
|||
|
<span>© 2015-2016 | <a href="https://github.com/gopl-zh"> Go语言圣经中文版</a>, 仅学习交流使用</span>
|
|||
|
</footer>
|
|||
|
</main>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
|
|||
|
<!-- Mobile navigation buttons -->
|
|||
|
<a rel="prev" href="../ch8/ch8-01.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
|
|||
|
<i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
|
|||
|
</a>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<a rel="next" href="../ch8/ch8-03.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
|
|||
|
<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
|
|||
|
</a>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<div style="clear: both"></div>
|
|||
|
</nav>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<nav class="nav-wide-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
|
|||
|
<a rel="prev" href="../ch8/ch8-01.html" class="nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
|
|||
|
<i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
|
|||
|
</a>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<a rel="next" href="../ch8/ch8-03.html" class="nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
|
|||
|
<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
|
|||
|
</a>
|
|||
|
</nav>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|||
|
window.playground_copyable = true;
|
|||
|
</script>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<script src="../elasticlunr.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
|||
|
<script src="../mark.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
|||
|
<script src="../searcher.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<script src="../clipboard.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
|||
|
<script src="../highlight.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
|||
|
<script src="../book.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
|||
|
<script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8">
|
|||
|
var pagePath = "ch8/ch8-02.md"
|
|||
|
</script>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<!-- Custom JS scripts -->
|
|||
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="../js/custom.js"></script>
|
|||
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="../js/bigPicture.js"></script>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
</body>
|
|||
|
</html>
|