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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../index.html">Go语言圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../preface.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> JSON</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html"><strong aria-hidd
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<!-- 头部 -->
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<li><em>KusonStack一站式可编程配置技术栈: <a href="https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion">https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion</a></em></li>
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<li><em>凹语言™: <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li>
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<h2 id="83-示例-并发的echo服务"><a class="header" href="#83-示例-并发的echo服务">8.3. 示例: 并发的Echo服务</a></h2>
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<p>clock服务器每一个连接都会起一个goroutine。在本节中我们会创建一个echo服务器，这个服务在每个连接中会有多个goroutine。大多数echo服务仅仅会返回他们读取到的内容，就像下面这个简单的handleConn函数所做的一样：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">func handleConn(c net.Conn) {
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io.Copy(c, c) // NOTE: ignoring errors
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c.Close()
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>一个更有意思的echo服务应该模拟一个实际的echo的“回响”，并且一开始要用大写HELLO来表示“声音很大”，之后经过一小段延迟返回一个有所缓和的Hello，然后一个全小写字母的hello表示声音渐渐变小直至消失，像下面这个版本的handleConn(译注：笑看作者脑洞大开)：</p>
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<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch8/reverb1</i></u></p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">func echo(c net.Conn, shout string, delay time.Duration) {
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fmt.Fprintln(c, "\t", strings.ToUpper(shout))
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time.Sleep(delay)
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fmt.Fprintln(c, "\t", shout)
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time.Sleep(delay)
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fmt.Fprintln(c, "\t", strings.ToLower(shout))
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}
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func handleConn(c net.Conn) {
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input := bufio.NewScanner(c)
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for input.Scan() {
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echo(c, input.Text(), 1*time.Second)
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}
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// NOTE: ignoring potential errors from input.Err()
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c.Close()
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>我们需要升级我们的客户端程序，这样它就可以发送终端的输入到服务器，并把服务端的返回输出到终端上，这使我们有了使用并发的另一个好机会：</p>
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<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch8/netcat2</i></u></p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">func main() {
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conn, err := net.Dial("tcp", "localhost:8000")
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if err != nil {
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log.Fatal(err)
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}
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defer conn.Close()
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go mustCopy(os.Stdout, conn)
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mustCopy(conn, os.Stdin)
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>当main goroutine从标准输入流中读取内容并将其发送给服务器时，另一个goroutine会读取并打印服务端的响应。当main goroutine碰到输入终止时，例如，用户在终端中按了Control-D(^D)，在windows上是Control-Z，这时程序就会被终止，尽管其它goroutine中还有进行中的任务。（在8.4.1中引入了channels后我们会明白如何让程序等待两边都结束。）</p>
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<p>下面这个会话中，客户端的输入是左对齐的，服务端的响应会用缩进来区别显示。
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客户端会向服务器“喊三次话”：</p>
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<pre><code>$ go build gopl.io/ch8/reverb1
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$ ./reverb1 &
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$ go build gopl.io/ch8/netcat2
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$ ./netcat2
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Hello?
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HELLO?
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Hello?
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hello?
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Is there anybody there?
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IS THERE ANYBODY THERE?
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Yooo-hooo!
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Is there anybody there?
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is there anybody there?
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YOOO-HOOO!
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Yooo-hooo!
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yooo-hooo!
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^D
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$ killall reverb1
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</code></pre>
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<p>注意客户端的第三次shout在前一个shout处理完成之前一直没有被处理，这貌似看起来不是特别“现实”。真实世界里的回响应该是会由三次shout的回声组合而成的。为了模拟真实世界的回响，我们需要更多的goroutine来做这件事情。这样我们就再一次地需要go这个关键词了，这次我们用它来调用echo：</p>
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<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch8/reverb2</i></u></p>
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<pre><code class="language-go">func handleConn(c net.Conn) {
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input := bufio.NewScanner(c)
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for input.Scan() {
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go echo(c, input.Text(), 1*time.Second)
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}
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// NOTE: ignoring potential errors from input.Err()
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c.Close()
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>go后跟的函数的参数会在go语句自身执行时被求值；因此input.Text()会在main goroutine中被求值。
|
|||
|
|
现在回响是并发并且会按时间来覆盖掉其它响应了：</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code>$ go build gopl.io/ch8/reverb2
|
|||
|
|
$ ./reverb2 &
|
|||
|
|
$ ./netcat2
|
|||
|
|
Is there anybody there?
|
|||
|
|
IS THERE ANYBODY THERE?
|
|||
|
|
Yooo-hooo!
|
|||
|
|
Is there anybody there?
|
|||
|
|
YOOO-HOOO!
|
|||
|
|
is there anybody there?
|
|||
|
|
Yooo-hooo!
|
|||
|
|
yooo-hooo!
|
|||
|
|
^D
|
|||
|
|
$ killall reverb2
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p>让服务使用并发不只是处理多个客户端的请求，甚至在处理单个连接时也可能会用到，就像我们上面的两个go关键词的用法。然而在我们使用go关键词的同时，需要慎重地考虑net.Conn中的方法在并发地调用时是否安全，事实上对于大多数类型来说也确实不安全。我们会在下一章中详细地探讨并发安全性。</p>
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