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2023-06-26 17:30:52 +00:00
< ol class = "chapter" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded affix " > < a href = "../index.html" > Go语言圣经< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded affix " > < a href = "../preface-zh.html" > 译者序< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded affix " > < a href = "../preface.html" > 前言< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.< / strong > 入门< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.1.< / strong > Hello, World< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.2.< / strong > 命令行参数< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.3.< / strong > 查找重复的行< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.4.< / strong > GIF动画< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.5.< / strong > 获取URL< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.6.< / strong > 并发获取多个URL< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-07.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.7.< / strong > Web服务< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch1/ch1-08.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.8.< / strong > 本章要点< / a > < / li > < / ol > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.< / strong > 程序结构< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.1.< / strong > 命名< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.2.< / strong > 声明< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.3.< / strong > 变量< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.4.< / strong > 赋值< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.5.< / strong > 类型< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.6.< / strong > 包和文件< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch2/ch2-07.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.7.< / strong > 作用域< / a > < / li > < / ol > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.< / strong > 基础数据类型< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.1.< / strong > 整型< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.2.< / strong > 浮点数< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.3.< / strong > 复数< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.4.< / strong > 布尔型< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.5.< / strong > 字符串< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch3/ch3-06.html" class = "active" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.6.< / strong > 常量< / a > < / li > < / ol > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.< / strong > 复合数据类型< / a > < / li > < li > < ol class = "section" > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.1.< / strong > 数组< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.2.< / strong > Slice< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.3.< / strong > Map< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.4.< / strong > 结构体< / a > < / li > < li class = "chapter-item expanded " > < a href = "../ch4/ch4-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.5.<
2022-08-04 06:59:33 +00:00
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2023-06-26 17:46:27 +00:00
< li > < em > 凹语言(专为 WebAssembly 设计): < a href = "https://github.com/wa-lang/wa" > https://github.com/wa-lang/wa< / a > < / em > < / li >
< li > < em > KCL 配置语言(Rust): < a href = "https://github.com/kcl-lang/kcl" > https://github.com/kcl-lang/kcl< / a > < / em > < / li >
< / ul >
2022-08-04 06:59:33 +00:00
< hr >
< h2 id = "36-常量" > < a class = "header" href = "#36-常量" > 3.6. 常量< / a > < / h2 >
< p > 常量表达式的值在编译期计算， ： < / p >
< p > 一个常量的声明语句定义了常量的名字，和变量的声明语法类似，常量的值不可修改，这样可以防止在运行期被意外或恶意的修改。例如，常量比变量更适合用于表达像π之类的数学常数，因为它们的值不会发生变化：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > const pi = 3.14159 // approximately; math.Pi is a better approximation
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 和变量声明一样，可以批量声明多个常量；这比较适合声明一组相关的常量：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > const (
e = 2.71828182845904523536028747135266249775724709369995957496696763
pi = 3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510582097494459
)
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 所有常量的运算都可以在编译期完成，这样可以减少运行时的工作，也方便其他编译优化。当操作数是常量时，一些运行时的错误也可以在编译时被发现，例如整数除零、字符串索引越界、任何导致无效浮点数的操作等。< / p >
< p > 常量间的所有算术运算、逻辑运算和比较运算的结果也是常量， ： （ < / p >
< p > 因为它们的值是在编译期就确定的，因此常量可以是构成类型的一部分，例如用于指定数组类型的长度：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > const IPv4Len = 4
// parseIPv4 parses an IPv4 address (d.d.d.d).
func parseIPv4(s string) IP {
var p [IPv4Len]byte
// ...
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 一个常量的声明也可以包含一个类型和一个值， ， ， ， ， ， ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > const noDelay time.Duration = 0
const timeout = 5 * time.Minute
fmt.Printf(" %T %[1]v\n" , noDelay) // " time.Duration 0"
fmt.Printf(" %T %[1]v\n" , timeout) // " time.Duration 5m0s"
fmt.Printf(" %T %[1]v\n" , time.Minute) // " time.Duration 1m0s"
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 如果是批量声明的常量，除了第一个外其它的常量右边的初始化表达式都可以省略，如果省略初始化表达式则表示使用前面常量的初始化表达式写法，对应的常量类型也一样的。例如：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > const (
a = 1
b
c = 2
d
)
fmt.Println(a, b, c, d) // " 1 1 2 2"
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 如果只是简单地复制右边的常量表达式， ， < / p >
< h3 id = "361-iota-常量生成器" > < a class = "header" href = "#361-iota-常量生成器" > 3.6.1. iota 常量生成器< / a > < / h3 >
< p > 常量声明可以使用iota常量生成器初始化， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > 下面是来自time包的例子， ， ， ， < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > type Weekday int
const (
Sunday Weekday = iota
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
)
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 周日将对应0， ， < / p >
< p > 我们也可以在复杂的常量表达式中使用iota， ， ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > type Flags uint
const (
FlagUp Flags = 1 < < iota // is up
FlagBroadcast // supports broadcast access capability
FlagLoopback // is a loopback interface
FlagPointToPoint // belongs to a point-to-point link
FlagMulticast // supports multicast access capability
)
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 随着iota的递增， < < iota， ， ： < / p >
< p > < u > < i > gopl.io/ch3/netflag< / i > < / u > < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > func IsUp(v Flags) bool { return v& FlagUp == FlagUp }
func TurnDown(v *Flags) { *v & ^= FlagUp }
func SetBroadcast(v *Flags) { *v |= FlagBroadcast }
func IsCast(v Flags) bool { return v& (FlagBroadcast|FlagMulticast) != 0 }
func main() {
var v Flags = FlagMulticast | FlagUp
fmt.Printf(" %b %t\n" , v, IsUp(v)) // " 10001 true"
TurnDown(& v)
fmt.Printf(" %b %t\n" , v, IsUp(v)) // " 10000 false"
SetBroadcast(& v)
fmt.Printf(" %b %t\n" , v, IsUp(v)) // " 10010 false"
fmt.Printf(" %b %t\n" , v, IsCast(v)) // " 10010 true"
}
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 下面是一个更复杂的例子， ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > const (
_ = 1 < < (10 * iota)
KiB // 1024
MiB // 1048576
GiB // 1073741824
TiB // 1099511627776 (exceeds 1 < < 32)
PiB // 1125899906842624
EiB // 1152921504606846976
ZiB // 1180591620717411303424 (exceeds 1 < < 64)
YiB // 1208925819614629174706176
)
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 不过iota常量生成规则也有其局限性。例如， （ ） ， < / p >
< p > < strong > 练习 3.13： < / strong > 编写KB、MB的常量声明， < / p >
< h3 id = "362-无类型常量" > < a class = "header" href = "#362-无类型常量" > 3.6.2. 无类型常量< / a > < / h3 >
< p > Go语言的常量有个不同寻常之处。虽然一个常量可以有任意一个确定的基础类型， ， ， ； ， < / p >
< p > 通过延迟明确常量的具体类型， ， ， ， ， （ ： ， ， ） ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > fmt.Println(YiB/ZiB) // " 1024"
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 另一个例子， ， ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > var x float32 = math.Pi
var y float64 = math.Pi
var z complex128 = math.Pi
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 如果math.Pi被确定为特定类型， ， ， ： < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > const Pi64 float64 = math.Pi
var x float32 = float32(Pi64)
var y float64 = Pi64
var z complex128 = complex128(Pi64)
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 对于常量面值， < code > \u0000< / code > 虽然有着相同的常量值， ， ， < / p >
< p > 前面说过除法运算符/会根据操作数的类型生成对应类型的结果。因此，不同写法的常量除法表达式可能对应不同的结果：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > var f float64 = 212
fmt.Println((f - 32) * 5 / 9) // " 100" ; (f - 32) * 5 is a float64
fmt.Println(5 / 9 * (f - 32)) // " 0" ; 5/9 is an untyped integer, 0
fmt.Println(5.0 / 9.0 * (f - 32)) // " 100" ; 5.0/9.0 is an untyped float
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 只有常量可以是无类型的。当一个无类型的常量被赋值给一个变量的时候，就像下面的第一行语句，或者出现在有明确类型的变量声明的右边，如下面的其余三行语句，无类型的常量将会被隐式转换为对应的类型，如果转换合法的话。< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > var f float64 = 3 + 0i // untyped complex -> float64
f = 2 // untyped integer -> float64
f = 1e123 // untyped floating-point -> float64
f = 'a' // untyped rune -> float64
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 上面的语句相当于:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > var f float64 = float64(3 + 0i)
f = float64(2)
f = float64(1e123)
f = float64('a')
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 无论是隐式或显式转换，将一种类型转换为另一种类型都要求目标可以表示原始值。对于浮点数和复数，可能会有舍入处理：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > const (
deadbeef = 0xdeadbeef // untyped int with value 3735928559
a = uint32(deadbeef) // uint32 with value 3735928559
b = float32(deadbeef) // float32 with value 3735928576 (rounded up)
c = float64(deadbeef) // float64 with value 3735928559 (exact)
d = int32(deadbeef) // compile error: constant overflows int32
e = float64(1e309) // compile error: constant overflows float64
f = uint(-1) // compile error: constant underflows uint
)
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 对于一个没有显式类型的变量声明（包括简短变量声明），常量的形式将隐式决定变量的默认类型，就像下面的例子：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > i := 0 // untyped integer; implicit int(0)
r := '\000' // untyped rune; implicit rune('\000')
f := 0.0 // untyped floating-point; implicit float64(0.0)
c := 0i // untyped complex; implicit complex128(0i)
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 注意有一点不同： ， ，
如果不知道浮点数类型的内存大小是很难写出正确的数值算法的， < / p >
< p > 如果要给变量一个不同的类型，我们必须显式地将无类型的常量转化为所需的类型，或给声明的变量指定明确的类型，像下面例子这样：< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > var i = int8(0)
var i int8 = 0
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 当尝试将这些无类型的常量转为一个接口值时（ ） ， ， < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > fmt.Printf(" %T\n" , 0) // " int"
fmt.Printf(" %T\n" , 0.0) // " float64"
fmt.Printf(" %T\n" , 0i) // " complex128"
fmt.Printf(" %T\n" , '\000') // " int32" (rune)
< / code > < / pre >
< p > 现在我们已经讲述了Go语言中全部的基础数据类型。下一步将演示如何用基础数据类型组合成数组或结构体等复杂数据类型， ， < / p >
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