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< ol class = "chapter" >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../index.html" > Go语言圣经< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../preface-zh.html" > 译者序< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../preface.html" > 前言< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch1/ch1.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.< / strong > 入门< / a >
< / li >
< ol class = "section" >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch1/ch1-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.1.< / strong > Hello, World< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch1/ch1-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.2.< / strong > 命令行参数< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch1/ch1-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.3.< / strong > 查找重复的行< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch1/ch1-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.4.< / strong > GIF动画< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch1/ch1-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.5.< / strong > 获取URL< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch1/ch1-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.6.< / strong > 并发获取多个URL< / a >
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< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch1/ch1-07.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.7.< / strong > Web服务< / a >
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< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch1/ch1-08.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 1.8.< / strong > 本章要点< / a >
< / li >
< / ol >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch2/ch2.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.< / strong > 程序结构< / a >
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< ol class = "section" >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch2/ch2-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.1.< / strong > 命名< / a >
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< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch2/ch2-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.2.< / strong > 声明< / a >
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< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch2/ch2-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.3.< / strong > 变量< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch2/ch2-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.4.< / strong > 赋值< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch2/ch2-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.5.< / strong > 类型< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch2/ch2-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.6.< / strong > 包和文件< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch2/ch2-07.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 2.7.< / strong > 作用域< / a >
< / li >
< / ol >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch3/ch3.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.< / strong > 基础数据类型< / a >
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< ol class = "section" >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch3/ch3-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.1.< / strong > 整型< / a >
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< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch3/ch3-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.2.< / strong > 浮点数< / a >
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< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch3/ch3-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.3.< / strong > 复数< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch3/ch3-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.4.< / strong > 布尔型< / a >
< / li >
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< a href = "../ch3/ch3-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.5.< / strong > 字符串< / a >
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< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch3/ch3-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 3.6.< / strong > 常量< / a >
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< / ol >
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< a href = "../ch4/ch4.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.< / strong > 复合数据类型< / a >
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< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch4/ch4-01.html" class = "active" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.1.< / strong > 数组< / a >
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< a href = "../ch4/ch4-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.2.< / strong > Slice< / a >
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< a href = "../ch4/ch4-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.3.< / strong > Map< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch4/ch4-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.4.< / strong > 结构体< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch4/ch4-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.5.< / strong > JSON< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch4/ch4-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 4.6.< / strong > 文本和HTML模板< / a >
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< / ol >
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< a href = "../ch5/ch5.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 5.< / strong > 函数< / a >
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< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch5/ch5-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 5.1.< / strong > 函数声明< / a >
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< a href = "../ch5/ch5-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 5.2.< / strong > 递归< / a >
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< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch5/ch5-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 5.3.< / strong > 多返回值< / a >
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< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch5/ch5-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 5.4.< / strong > 错误< / a >
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< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch5/ch5-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 5.5.< / strong > 函数值< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch5/ch5-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 5.6.< / strong > 匿名函数< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch5/ch5-07.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 5.7.< / strong > 可变参数< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch5/ch5-08.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 5.8.< / strong > Deferred函数< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch5/ch5-09.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 5.9.< / strong > Panic异常< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch5/ch5-10.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 5.10.< / strong > Recover捕获异常< / a >
< / li >
< / ol >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch6/ch6.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 6.< / strong > 方法< / a >
< / li >
< ol class = "section" >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch6/ch6-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 6.1.< / strong > 方法声明< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch6/ch6-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 6.2.< / strong > 基于指针对象的方法< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch6/ch6-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 6.3.< / strong > 通过嵌入结构体来扩展类型< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch6/ch6-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 6.4.< / strong > 方法值和方法表达式< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch6/ch6-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 6.5.< / strong > 示例: Bit数组< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch6/ch6-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 6.6.< / strong > 封装< / a >
< / li >
< / ol >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 7.< / strong > 接口< / a >
< / li >
< ol class = "section" >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 7.1.< / strong > 接口是合约< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 7.2.< / strong > 接口类型< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 7.3.< / strong > 实现接口的条件< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 7.4.< / strong > flag.Value接口< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 7.5.< / strong > 接口值< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 7.6.< / strong > sort.Interface接口< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-07.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 7.7.< / strong > http.Handler接口< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-08.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 7.8.< / strong > error接口< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-09.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 7.9.< / strong > 示例: 表达式求值< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-10.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 7.10.< / strong > 类型断言< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-11.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 7.11.< / strong > 基于类型断言识别错误类型< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-12.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 7.12.< / strong > 通过类型断言查询接口< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-13.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 7.13.< / strong > 类型分支< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-14.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 7.14.< / strong > 示例: 基于标记的XML解码< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch7/ch7-15.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 7.15.< / strong > 补充几点< / a >
< / li >
< / ol >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 8.< / strong > Goroutines和Channels< / a >
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< ol class = "section" >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 8.1.< / strong > Goroutines< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 8.2.< / strong > 示例: 并发的Clock服务< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 8.3.< / strong > 示例: 并发的Echo服务< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 8.4.< / strong > Channels< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 8.5.< / strong > 并发的循环< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 8.6.< / strong > 示例: 并发的Web爬虫< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-07.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 8.7.< / strong > 基于select的多路复用< / a >
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< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-08.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 8.8.< / strong > 示例: 并发的目录遍历< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-09.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 8.9.< / strong > 并发的退出< / a >
< / li >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch8/ch8-10.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 8.10.< / strong > 示例: 聊天服务< / a >
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< / ol >
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< a href = "../ch9/ch9.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 9.< / strong > 基于共享变量的并发< / a >
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< ol class = "section" >
< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 9.1.< / strong > 竞争条件< / a >
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< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 9.2.< / strong > sync.Mutex互斥锁< / a >
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< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 9.3.< / strong > sync.RWMutex读写锁< / a >
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< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 9.4.< / strong > 内存同步< / a >
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< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 9.5.< / strong > sync.Once惰性初始化< / a >
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< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch9/ch9-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 9.6.< / strong > 竞争条件检测< / a >
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< a href = "../ch9/ch9-07.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 9.7.< / strong > 示例: 并发的非阻塞缓存< / a >
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< a href = "../ch9/ch9-08.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 9.8.< / strong > Goroutines和线程< / a >
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< / ol >
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< a href = "../ch10/ch10.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 10.< / strong > 包和工具< / a >
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< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 10.1.< / strong > 包简介< / a >
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< a href = "../ch10/ch10-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 10.2.< / strong > 导入路径< / a >
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< li class = "chapter-item expanded " >
< a href = "../ch10/ch10-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 10.3.< / strong > 包声明< / a >
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< a href = "../ch10/ch10-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 10.4.< / strong > 导入声明< / a >
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< a href = "../ch10/ch10-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 10.5.< / strong > 包的匿名导入< / a >
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< a href = "../ch10/ch10-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 10.6.< / strong > 包和命名< / a >
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< a href = "../ch10/ch10-07.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 10.7.< / strong > 工具< / a >
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< a href = "../ch11/ch11.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 11.< / strong > 测试< / a >
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< a href = "../ch11/ch11-01.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 11.1.< / strong > go test< / a >
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< a href = "../ch11/ch11-02.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 11.2.< / strong > 测试函数< / a >
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< a href = "../ch11/ch11-03.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 11.3.< / strong > 测试覆盖率< / a >
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< a href = "../ch11/ch11-04.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 11.4.< / strong > 基准测试< / a >
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< a href = "../ch11/ch11-05.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 11.5.< / strong > 剖析< / a >
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< a href = "../ch11/ch11-06.html" > < strong aria-hidden = "true" > 11.6.< / strong > 示例函数< / a >
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< main >
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< ul dir = "auto" > < li > < em > 凹语言(Go实现, 面向WASM设计): < a href = "https://github.com/wa-lang/wa" > https://github.com/wa-lang/wa< / a > < / em > < / li > < li > < em > WaBook(Go语言实现的MD电子书构建工具): < a href = "https://github.com/wa-lang/wabook" > https://github.com/wa-lang/wabook< / a > < / em > < / li > < / ul > < hr >
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< h2 > 4.1. 数组< / h2 >
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< p > 数组是一个由固定长度的特定类型元素组成的序列， ， （ ） ， ， ， < / p >
< p > 数组的每个元素可以通过索引下标来访问， < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > var a [3]int // array of 3 integers
fmt.Println(a[0]) // print the first element
fmt.Println(a[len(a)-1]) // print the last element, a[2]
// Print the indices and elements.
for i, v := range a {
fmt.Printf(" %d %d\n" , i, v)
}
// Print the elements only.
for _, v := range a {
fmt.Printf(" %d\n" , v)
}
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< / code > < / pre >
< p > 默认情况下， ， ： < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > var q [3]int = [3]int{1, 2, 3}
var r [3]int = [3]int{1, 2}
fmt.Println(r[2]) // " 0"
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< / code > < / pre >
< p > 在数组字面值中，如果在数组的长度位置出现的是“...”省略号， ， < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > q := [...]int{1, 2, 3}
fmt.Printf(" %T\n" , q) // " [3]int"
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< / code > < / pre >
< p > 数组的长度是数组类型的一个组成部分，因此[3]int和[4]int是两种不同的数组类型。数组的长度必须是常量表达式， < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > q := [3]int{1, 2, 3}
q = [4]int{1, 2, 3, 4} // compile error: cannot assign [4]int to [3]int
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< / code > < / pre >
< p > 我们将会发现， ， ， ： < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > type Currency int
const (
USD Currency = iota // 美元
EUR // 欧元
GBP // 英镑
RMB // 人民币
)
symbol := [...]string{USD: " $" , EUR: " €" , GBP: " ￡" , RMB: " ￥" }
fmt.Println(RMB, symbol[RMB]) // " 3 ￥"
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< / code > < / pre >
< p > 在这种形式的数组字面值形式中，初始化索引的顺序是无关紧要的，而且没用到的索引可以省略，和前面提到的规则一样，未指定初始值的元素将用零值初始化。例如，< / p >
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< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > r := [...]int{99: -1}
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< / code > < / pre >
< p > 定义了一个含有100个元素的数组r， ， < / p >
< p > 如果一个数组的元素类型是可以相互比较的，那么数组类型也是可以相互比较的，这时候我们可以直接通过==比较运算符来比较两个数组，只有当两个数组的所有元素都是相等的时候数组才是相等的。不相等比较运算符!=遵循同样的规则。< / p >
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< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > a := [2]int{1, 2}
b := [...]int{1, 2}
c := [2]int{1, 3}
fmt.Println(a == b, a == c, b == c) // " true false false"
d := [3]int{1, 2}
fmt.Println(a == d) // compile error: cannot compare [2]int == [3]int
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< / code > < / pre >
< p > 作为一个真实的例子， ， ， （ ： ， ） ； ， ： < / p >
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< p > <!-- raw HTML omitted --> <!-- raw HTML omitted --> gopl.io/ch4/sha256<!-- raw HTML omitted --> <!-- raw HTML omitted --> < / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > import " crypto/sha256"
func main() {
c1 := sha256.Sum256([]byte(" x" ))
c2 := sha256.Sum256([]byte(" X" ))
fmt.Printf(" %x\n%x\n%t\n%T\n" , c1, c2, c1 == c2, c1)
// Output:
// 2d711642b726b04401627ca9fbac32f5c8530fb1903cc4db02258717921a4881
// 4b68ab3847feda7d6c62c1fbcbeebfa35eab7351ed5e78f4ddadea5df64b8015
// false
// [32]uint8
}
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< / code > < / pre >
< p > 上面例子中， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > 当调用一个函数的时候， ， ， ， ， ， ， < / p >
< p > 当然，我们可以显式地传入一个数组指针，那样的话函数通过指针对数组的任何修改都可以直接反馈到调用者。下面的函数用于给[32]byte类型的数组清零： < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > func zero(ptr *[32]byte) {
for i := range ptr {
ptr[i] = 0
}
}
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< / code > < / pre >
< p > 其实数组字面值[32]byte{}就可以生成一个32字节的数组。而且每个数组的元素都是零值初始化， ， ： < / p >
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< pre > < code class = "language-Go" > func zero(ptr *[32]byte) {
*ptr = [32]byte{}
}
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< / code > < / pre >
< p > 虽然通过指针来传递数组参数是高效的， ， ， ， ， ， ； ， < / p >
< p > < strong > 练习 4.1： < / strong > 编写一个函数， （ < / p >
< p > < strong > 练习 4.2： < / strong > 编写一个程序， ， ， < / p >
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