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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../index.html">Go语言圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../preface-zh.html">译者序</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../preface.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.<
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deploy: f4a7cd48b47cf9fc8efd37402a01bbfc55ff01c7
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<li><em>凹语言(专为 WebAssembly 设计): <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li>
<li><em>KCL 配置语言(Rust): <a href="https://github.com/kcl-lang/kcl">https://github.com/kcl-lang/kcl</a></em></li>
</ul>
deploy: 06a1bdf7353d7ab131c932b22e155c41f763dde3
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<hr>
<h2 id="16-并发获取多个url"><a class="header" href="#16-并发获取多个url">1.6. 并发获取多个URL</a></h2>
<p>Go语言最有意思并且最新奇的特性就是对并发编程的支持。并发编程是一个大话题，在第八章和第九章中会专门讲到。这里我们只浅尝辄止地来体验一下Go语言里的goroutine和channel。</p>
<p>下面的例子fetchall，和前面小节的fetch程序所要做的工作基本一致，fetchall的特别之处在于它会同时去获取所有的URL，所以这个程序的总执行时间不会超过执行时间最长的那一个任务，前面的fetch程序执行时间则是所有任务执行时间之和。fetchall程序只会打印获取的内容大小和经过的时间，不会像之前那样打印获取的内容。</p>
<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch1/fetchall</i></u></p>
<pre><code class="language-go">// Fetchall fetches URLs in parallel and reports their times and sizes.
package main
import (
&quot;fmt&quot;
&quot;io&quot;
&quot;io/ioutil&quot;
&quot;net/http&quot;
&quot;os&quot;
&quot;time&quot;
)
func main() {
start := time.Now()
ch := make(chan string)
for _, url := range os.Args[1:] {
go fetch(url, ch) // start a goroutine
}
for range os.Args[1:] {
fmt.Println(&lt;-ch) // receive from channel ch
}
fmt.Printf(&quot;%.2fs elapsed\n&quot;, time.Since(start).Seconds())
}
func fetch(url string, ch chan&lt;- string) {
start := time.Now()
resp, err := http.Get(url)
if err != nil {
ch &lt;- fmt.Sprint(err) // send to channel ch
return
}
nbytes, err := io.Copy(ioutil.Discard, resp.Body)
resp.Body.Close() // don't leak resources
if err != nil {
ch &lt;- fmt.Sprintf(&quot;while reading %s: %v&quot;, url, err)
return
}
secs := time.Since(start).Seconds()
ch &lt;- fmt.Sprintf(&quot;%.2fs %7d %s&quot;, secs, nbytes, url)
}
</code></pre>
<p>下面使用fetchall来请求几个地址：</p>
<pre><code>$ go build gopl.io/ch1/fetchall
$ ./fetchall https://golang.org http://gopl.io https://godoc.org
0.14s 6852 https://godoc.org
0.16s 7261 https://golang.org
0.48s 2475 http://gopl.io
0.48s elapsed
</code></pre>
<p>goroutine是一种函数的并发执行方式，而channel是用来在goroutine之间进行参数传递。main函数本身也运行在一个goroutine中，而go function则表示创建一个新的goroutine，并在这个新的goroutine中执行这个函数。</p>
<p>main函数中用make函数创建了一个传递string类型参数的channel，对每一个命令行参数，我们都用go这个关键字来创建一个goroutine，并且让函数在这个goroutine异步执行http.Get方法。这个程序里的io.Copy会把响应的Body内容拷贝到ioutil.Discard输出流中（译注：可以把这个变量看作一个垃圾桶，可以向里面写一些不需要的数据），因为我们需要这个方法返回的字节数，但是又不想要其内容。每当请求返回内容时，fetch函数都会往ch这个channel里写入一个字符串，由main函数里的第二个for循环来处理并打印channel里的这个字符串。</p>
<p>当一个goroutine尝试在一个channel上做send或者receive操作时，这个goroutine会阻塞在调用处，直到另一个goroutine从这个channel里接收或者写入值，这样两个goroutine才会继续执行channel操作之后的逻辑。在这个例子中，每一个fetch函数在执行时都会往channel里发送一个值（ch &lt;- expression），主函数负责接收这些值（&lt;-ch）。这个程序中我们用main函数来完整地处理/接收所有fetch函数传回的字符串，可以避免因为有两个goroutine同时完成而使得其输出交错在一起的危险。</p>
<p><strong>练习 1.10：</strong> 找一个数据量比较大的网站，用本小节中的程序调研网站的缓存策略，对每个URL执行两遍请求，查看两次时间是否有较大的差别，并且每次获取到的响应内容是否一致，修改本节中的程序，将响应结果输出到文件，以便于进行对比。</p>
<p><strong>练习 1.11：</strong> 在fetchall中尝试使用长一些的参数列表，比如使用在alexa.com的上百万网站里排名靠前的。如果一个网站没有回应，程序将采取怎样的行为？（Section8.9 描述了在这种情况下的应对机制）。</p>
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