From 796c2eea518711478dd395865a8e9b911b8fdb72 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chai2010 Date: Sat, 2 Jan 2016 16:04:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH] rebuild --- CONTRIBUTORS.html | 16 +- ch0/ch0-01.html | 10 +- ch0/ch0-02.html | 10 +- ch0/ch0-03.html | 10 +- ch0/ch0-04.html | 10 +- ch0/ch0-05.html | 10 +- ch1/ch1-01.html | 10 +- ch1/ch1-02.html | 10 +- ch1/ch1-03.html | 10 +- ch1/ch1-04.html | 10 +- ch1/ch1-05.html | 10 +- ch1/ch1-06.html | 10 +- ch1/ch1-07.html | 10 +- ch1/ch1-08.html | 10 +- ch1/ch1.html | 10 +- ch10/ch10-01.html | 10 +- ch10/ch10-02.html | 10 +- ch10/ch10-03.html | 10 +- ch10/ch10-04.html | 10 +- ch10/ch10-05.html | 10 +- ch10/ch10-06.html | 10 +- ch10/ch10-07.html | 10 +- ch10/ch10.html | 10 +- ch11/ch11-01.html | 10 +- ch11/ch11-02.html | 10 +- ch11/ch11-03.html | 10 +- ch11/ch11-04.html | 10 +- ch11/ch11-05.html | 10 +- ch11/ch11-06.html | 10 +- ch11/ch11.html | 10 +- ch12/ch12-01.html | 10 +- ch12/ch12-02.html | 10 +- ch12/ch12-03.html | 186 ++- ch12/ch12-04.html | 133 +- ch12/ch12-05.html | 77 +- ch12/ch12-06.html | 145 +- ch12/ch12-07.html | 127 +- ch12/ch12-08.html | 45 +- ch12/ch12-09.html | 20 +- ch12/ch12.html | 10 +- ch13/ch13-01.html | 10 +- ch13/ch13-02.html | 10 +- ch13/ch13-03.html | 10 +- ch13/ch13-04.html | 10 +- ch13/ch13-05.html | 10 +- ch13/ch13.html | 10 +- ch2/ch2-01.html | 10 +- ch2/ch2-02.html | 10 +- ch2/ch2-03.html | 10 +- ch2/ch2-04.html | 10 +- ch2/ch2-05.html | 10 +- ch2/ch2-06.html | 10 +- ch2/ch2-07.html | 10 +- ch2/ch2.html | 10 +- ch3/ch3-01.html | 10 +- ch3/ch3-02.html | 10 +- ch3/ch3-03.html | 10 +- ch3/ch3-04.html | 10 +- ch3/ch3-05.html | 10 +- ch3/ch3-06.html | 10 +- ch3/ch3.html | 10 +- ch4/ch4-01.html | 10 +- ch4/ch4-02.html | 10 +- ch4/ch4-03.html | 10 +- ch4/ch4-04.html | 10 +- ch4/ch4-05.html | 10 +- ch4/ch4-06.html | 10 +- ch4/ch4.html | 10 +- ch5/ch5-01.html | 49 +- ch5/ch5-02.html | 10 +- ch5/ch5-03.html | 10 +- ch5/ch5-04.html | 10 +- ch5/ch5-05.html | 10 +- ch5/ch5-06.html | 10 +- ch5/ch5-07.html | 10 +- ch5/ch5-08.html | 10 +- ch5/ch5-09.html | 10 +- ch5/ch5-10.html | 10 +- ch5/ch5.html | 13 +- ch6/ch6-01.html | 10 +- ch6/ch6-02.html | 10 +- ch6/ch6-03.html | 10 +- ch6/ch6-04.html | 10 +- ch6/ch6-05.html | 10 +- ch6/ch6-06.html | 10 +- ch6/ch6.html | 10 +- ch7/ch7-01.html | 10 +- ch7/ch7-02.html | 10 +- ch7/ch7-03.html | 10 +- ch7/ch7-04.html | 10 +- ch7/ch7-05.html | 10 +- ch7/ch7-06.html | 10 +- ch7/ch7-07.html | 10 +- ch7/ch7-08.html | 10 +- ch7/ch7-09.html | 10 +- ch7/ch7-10.html | 10 +- ch7/ch7-11.html | 10 +- ch7/ch7-12.html | 10 +- ch7/ch7-13.html | 10 +- ch7/ch7-14.html | 10 +- ch7/ch7-15.html | 10 +- ch7/ch7.html | 10 +- ch8/ch8-01.html | 10 +- ch8/ch8-02.html | 10 +- ch8/ch8-03.html | 10 +- ch8/ch8-04.html | 10 +- ch8/ch8-05.html | 10 +- ch8/ch8-06.html | 10 +- ch8/ch8-07.html | 10 +- ch8/ch8-08.html | 10 +- ch8/ch8-09.html | 10 +- ch8/ch8-10.html | 10 +- ch8/ch8.html | 10 +- ch9/ch9-01.html | 10 +- ch9/ch9-02.html | 10 +- ch9/ch9-03.html | 25 +- ch9/ch9-04.html | 10 +- ch9/ch9-05.html | 10 +- ch9/ch9-06.html | 10 +- ch9/ch9-07.html | 10 +- ch9/ch9-08.html | 10 +- ch9/ch9.html | 13 +- gitbook/app.js | 3529 +++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------- gitbook/style.css | 4 +- index.html | 10 +- progress.md | 24 +- 126 files changed, 3484 insertions(+), 2032 deletions(-) diff --git a/CONTRIBUTORS.html b/CONTRIBUTORS.html index e47f49a..65bb27f 100644 --- a/CONTRIBUTORS.html +++ b/CONTRIBUTORS.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 附録 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -46,7 +46,13 @@ -
+
@@ -2044,15 +2050,15 @@ CrazySssst -第三章(0節) +第三章(0節)/第五章 foreversmart <njutree@gmail.com> -第七章(0節和1節) +第七章(0節/1節/2節) Xargin <cao1988228@163.com> -第一章/第六章/第八章 +第一章/第六章/第八章/第九章 diff --git a/ch0/ch0-01.html b/ch0/ch0-01.html index bbe49d1..d21d4a2 100644 --- a/ch0/ch0-01.html +++ b/ch0/ch0-01.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Go語言起源 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch0/ch0-02.html b/ch0/ch0-02.html index c25984c..c78a3ce 100644 --- a/ch0/ch0-02.html +++ b/ch0/ch0-02.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Go語言項目 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch0/ch0-03.html b/ch0/ch0-03.html index 6fd6825..3c32b09 100644 --- a/ch0/ch0-03.html +++ b/ch0/ch0-03.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 本書的組織 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch0/ch0-04.html b/ch0/ch0-04.html index b81e885..6bb6bae 100644 --- a/ch0/ch0-04.html +++ b/ch0/ch0-04.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 更多的信息 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch0/ch0-05.html b/ch0/ch0-05.html index 0c88b29..46b37b2 100644 --- a/ch0/ch0-05.html +++ b/ch0/ch0-05.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 致謝 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch1/ch1-01.html b/ch1/ch1-01.html index be4b235..f5e2f22 100644 --- a/ch1/ch1-01.html +++ b/ch1/ch1-01.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Hello, World | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch1/ch1-02.html b/ch1/ch1-02.html index 0689ca4..a9f707c 100644 --- a/ch1/ch1-02.html +++ b/ch1/ch1-02.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 命令行參數 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch1/ch1-03.html b/ch1/ch1-03.html index fede755..ead7834 100644 --- a/ch1/ch1-03.html +++ b/ch1/ch1-03.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 査找重複的行 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch1/ch1-04.html b/ch1/ch1-04.html index 20abc86..83d6e11 100644 --- a/ch1/ch1-04.html +++ b/ch1/ch1-04.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ GIF動畵 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch1/ch1-05.html b/ch1/ch1-05.html index a3a94f6..5c74854 100644 --- a/ch1/ch1-05.html +++ b/ch1/ch1-05.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 獲取URL | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch1/ch1-06.html b/ch1/ch1-06.html index a534ea5..5ef9d67 100644 --- a/ch1/ch1-06.html +++ b/ch1/ch1-06.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 併發獲取多個URL | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch1/ch1-07.html b/ch1/ch1-07.html index 1fa5aca..48ca8dc 100644 --- a/ch1/ch1-07.html +++ b/ch1/ch1-07.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Web服務 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch1/ch1-08.html b/ch1/ch1-08.html index 7bb4b23..66b0aa6 100644 --- a/ch1/ch1-08.html +++ b/ch1/ch1-08.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 本章要點 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch1/ch1.html b/ch1/ch1.html index dde6ced..387d6a5 100644 --- a/ch1/ch1.html +++ b/ch1/ch1.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 入門 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch10/ch10-01.html b/ch10/ch10-01.html index 081e0d4..6cd7d2a 100644 --- a/ch10/ch10-01.html +++ b/ch10/ch10-01.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 簡介 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch10/ch10-02.html b/ch10/ch10-02.html index 4be6cf0..205ace1 100644 --- a/ch10/ch10-02.html +++ b/ch10/ch10-02.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 導入路徑 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch10/ch10-03.html b/ch10/ch10-03.html index 4134b06..296bcff 100644 --- a/ch10/ch10-03.html +++ b/ch10/ch10-03.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 包聲明 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch10/ch10-04.html b/ch10/ch10-04.html index a9b5934..71cfc7b 100644 --- a/ch10/ch10-04.html +++ b/ch10/ch10-04.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 導入聲明 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch10/ch10-05.html b/ch10/ch10-05.html index e5a32c2..9bfe42b 100644 --- a/ch10/ch10-05.html +++ b/ch10/ch10-05.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 匿名導入 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch10/ch10-06.html b/ch10/ch10-06.html index a34be03..d01f359 100644 --- a/ch10/ch10-06.html +++ b/ch10/ch10-06.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 包和命名 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch10/ch10-07.html b/ch10/ch10-07.html index a000ab6..9b08d3c 100644 --- a/ch10/ch10-07.html +++ b/ch10/ch10-07.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 工具 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch10/ch10.html b/ch10/ch10.html index 6aaf6d9..ec42f24 100644 --- a/ch10/ch10.html +++ b/ch10/ch10.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 包和工具 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch11/ch11-01.html b/ch11/ch11-01.html index cce5e5b..f9a78ac 100644 --- a/ch11/ch11-01.html +++ b/ch11/ch11-01.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ go test | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch11/ch11-02.html b/ch11/ch11-02.html index 868cc41..8fa148b 100644 --- a/ch11/ch11-02.html +++ b/ch11/ch11-02.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 測試函數 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch11/ch11-03.html b/ch11/ch11-03.html index 22647fd..0837e53 100644 --- a/ch11/ch11-03.html +++ b/ch11/ch11-03.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 測試覆蓋率 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch11/ch11-04.html b/ch11/ch11-04.html index fe76ddd..b99a824 100644 --- a/ch11/ch11-04.html +++ b/ch11/ch11-04.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 基準測試 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch11/ch11-05.html b/ch11/ch11-05.html index fb93f55..153a442 100644 --- a/ch11/ch11-05.html +++ b/ch11/ch11-05.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 剖析 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch11/ch11-06.html b/ch11/ch11-06.html index 408f36d..81db1c7 100644 --- a/ch11/ch11-06.html +++ b/ch11/ch11-06.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 示例函數 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch11/ch11.html b/ch11/ch11.html index c3cca12..41b0caf 100644 --- a/ch11/ch11.html +++ b/ch11/ch11.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 測試 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch12/ch12-01.html b/ch12/ch12-01.html index 8c13e7a..fb199d4 100644 --- a/ch12/ch12-01.html +++ b/ch12/ch12-01.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 爲何需要反射? | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch12/ch12-02.html b/ch12/ch12-02.html index fc5203b..a107d1e 100644 --- a/ch12/ch12-02.html +++ b/ch12/ch12-02.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ reflect.Type和reflect.Value | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch12/ch12-03.html b/ch12/ch12-03.html index 4845fc5..fbe4270 100644 --- a/ch12/ch12-03.html +++ b/ch12/ch12-03.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Display遞歸打印 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
@@ -2024,7 +2030,181 @@

12.3. Display遞歸打印

-

TODO

+

接下來，讓我們看看如何改善聚合數據類型的顯示。我們併不想完全剋隆一個fmt.Sprint函數，我們隻是像構建一個用於調式用的Display函數，給定一個聚合類型x，打印這個值對應的完整的結構，同時記録每個發現的每個元素的路徑。讓我們從一個例子開始。

+
e, _ := eval.Parse("sqrt(A / pi)")
+Display("e", e)
+
+

在上面的調用中，傳入Display函數的參數是在7.9節一個表達式求值函數返迴的語法樹。Display函數的輸出如下：

+
Display e (eval.call):
+e.fn = "sqrt"
+e.args[0].type = eval.binary
+e.args[0].value.op = 47
+e.args[0].value.x.type = eval.Var
+e.args[0].value.x.value = "A"
+e.args[0].value.y.type = eval.Var
+e.args[0].value.y.value = "pi"
+
+

在可能的情況下，你應該避免在一個包中暴露和反射相關的接口。我們將定義一個未導出的display函數用於遞歸處理工作，導出的是Display函數，它隻是display函數簡單的包裝以接受interface{}類型的參數：

+
gopl.io/ch12/display
+
+func Display(name string, x interface{}) {
+    fmt.Printf("Display %s (%T):\n", name, x)
+    display(name, reflect.ValueOf(x))
+}
+
+

在display函數中，我們使用了前面定義的打印基礎類型——基本類型、函數和chan等——元素值的formatAtom函數，但是我們會使用reflect.Value的方法來遞歸顯示聚合類型的每一個成員或元素。在遞歸下降過程中，path字符串，從最開始傳入的起始值（這里是“e”），將逐步增長以表示如何達到當前值（例如“e.args[0].value”）。

+

因爲我們不再模擬fmt.Sprint函數，我們將直接使用fmt包來簡化我們的例子實現。

+
func display(path string, v reflect.Value) {
+    switch v.Kind() {
+    case reflect.Invalid:
+        fmt.Printf("%s = invalid\n", path)
+    case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:
+        for i := 0; i < v.Len(); i++ {
+            display(fmt.Sprintf("%s[%d]", path, i), v.Index(i))
+        }
+    case reflect.Struct:
+        for i := 0; i < v.NumField(); i++ {
+            fieldPath := fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", path, v.Type().Field(i).Name)
+            display(fieldPath, v.Field(i))
+        }
+    case reflect.Map:
+        for _, key := range v.MapKeys() {
+            display(fmt.Sprintf("%s[%s]", path,
+                formatAtom(key)), v.MapIndex(key))
+        }
+    case reflect.Ptr:
+        if v.IsNil() {
+            fmt.Printf("%s = nil\n", path)
+        } else {
+            display(fmt.Sprintf("(*%s)", path), v.Elem())
+        }
+    case reflect.Interface:
+        if v.IsNil() {
+            fmt.Printf("%s = nil\n", path)
+        } else {
+            fmt.Printf("%s.type = %s\n", path, v.Elem().Type())
+            display(path+".value", v.Elem())
+        }
+    default: // basic types, channels, funcs
+        fmt.Printf("%s = %s\n", path, formatAtom(v))
+    }
+}
+
+

讓我們針對不同類型分别討論。

+

Slice和數組： 兩種的處理邏輯是一樣的。Len方法返迴slice或數組值中的元素個數，Index(i)活動索引i對應的元素，返迴的也是一個reflect.Value類型的值；如果索引i超出范圍的話將導致panic異常，這些行爲和數組或slice類型內建的len(a)和a[i]等操作類似。display針對序列中的每個元素遞歸調用自身處理，我們通過在遞歸處理時向path附加“[i]”來表示訪問路徑。

+

雖然reflect.Value類型帶有很多方法，但是隻有少數的方法對任意值都是可以安全調用的。例如，Index方法隻能對Slice、數組或字符串類型的值調用，其它類型如果調用將導致panic異常。

+

結構體： NumField方法報告結構體中成員的數量，Field(i)以reflect.Value類型返迴第i個成員的值。成員列表包含了匿名成員在內的全部成員。通過在path添加“.f”來表示成員路徑，我們必鬚獲得結構體對應的reflect.Type類型信息，包含結構體類型和第i個成員的名字。

+

Maps: MapKeys方法返迴一個reflect.Value類型的slice，每一個都對應map的可以。和往常一樣，遍歷map時順序是隨機的。MapIndex(key)返迴map中key對應的value。我們向path添加“[key]”來表示訪問路徑。（我們這里有一個未完成的工作。其實map的key的類型併不局限於formatAtom能完美處理的類型；數組、結構體和接口都可以作爲map的key。針對這種類型，完善key的顯示信息是練習12.1的任務。）

+

指針： Elem方法返迴指針指向的變量，還是reflect.Value類型。技術指針是nil，這個操作也是安全的，在這種情況下指針是Invalid無效類型，但是我們可以用IsNil方法來顯式地測試一個空指針，這樣我們可以打印更合適的信息。我們在path前面添加“*”，併用括弧包含以避免歧義。

+

接口： 再一次，我們使用IsNil方法來測試接口是否是nil，如果不是，我們可以調用v.Elem()來獲取接口對應的動態值，併且打印對應的類型和值。

+

現在我們的Display函數總算完工了，讓我們看看它的表現吧。下面的Movie類型是在4.5節的電影類型上演變來的：

+
type Movie struct {
+    Title, Subtitle string
+    Year            int
+    Color           bool
+    Actor           map[string]string
+    Oscars          []string
+    Sequel          *string
+}
+
+

讓我們聲明一個該類型的變量，然後看看Display函數如何顯示它：

+
strangelove := Movie{
+    Title:    "Dr. Strangelove",
+    Subtitle: "How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb",
+    Year:     1964,
+    Color:    false,
+    Actor: map[string]string{
+        "Dr. Strangelove":            "Peter Sellers",
+        "Grp. Capt. Lionel Mandrake": "Peter Sellers",
+        "Pres. Merkin Muffley":       "Peter Sellers",
+        "Gen. Buck Turgidson":        "George C. Scott",
+        "Brig. Gen. Jack D. Ripper":  "Sterling Hayden",
+        `Maj. T.J. "King" Kong`:      "Slim Pickens",
+    },
+
+    Oscars: []string{
+        "Best Actor (Nomin.)",
+        "Best Adapted Screenplay (Nomin.)",
+        "Best Director (Nomin.)",
+        "Best Picture (Nomin.)",
+    },
+}
+
+

Display("strangelove", strangelove)調用將顯示（strangelove電影對應的中文名是《奇愛博士》）：

+
Display strangelove (display.Movie):
+strangelove.Title = "Dr. Strangelove"
+strangelove.Subtitle = "How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb"
+strangelove.Year = 1964
+strangelove.Color = false
+strangelove.Actor["Gen. Buck Turgidson"] = "George C. Scott"
+strangelove.Actor["Brig. Gen. Jack D. Ripper"] = "Sterling Hayden"
+strangelove.Actor["Maj. T.J. \"King\" Kong"] = "Slim Pickens"
+strangelove.Actor["Dr. Strangelove"] = "Peter Sellers"
+strangelove.Actor["Grp. Capt. Lionel Mandrake"] = "Peter Sellers"
+strangelove.Actor["Pres. Merkin Muffley"] = "Peter Sellers"
+strangelove.Oscars[0] = "Best Actor (Nomin.)"
+strangelove.Oscars[1] = "Best Adapted Screenplay (Nomin.)"
+strangelove.Oscars[2] = "Best Director (Nomin.)"
+strangelove.Oscars[3] = "Best Picture (Nomin.)"
+strangelove.Sequel = nil
+
+

我們也可以使用Display函數來顯示標準庫中類型的內部結構，例如*os.File類型：

+
Display("os.Stderr", os.Stderr)
+// Output:
+// Display os.Stderr (*os.File):
+// (*(*os.Stderr).file).fd = 2
+// (*(*os.Stderr).file).name = "/dev/stderr"
+// (*(*os.Stderr).file).nepipe = 0
+
+

要註意的是，結構體中未導出的成員對反射也是可見的。需要當心的是這個例子的輸出在不同操作繫統上可能是不同的，併且隨着標準庫的發展也可能導致結果不同。（這也是將這些成員定義爲私有成員的原因之一！）我們深圳可以用Display函數來顯示reflect.Value，來査看*os.File類型的內部表示方式。Display("rV", reflect.ValueOf(os.Stderr))調用的輸出如下，當然不同環境得到的結果可能有差異：

+
Display rV (reflect.Value):
+(*rV.typ).size = 8
+(*rV.typ).hash = 871609668
+(*rV.typ).align = 8
+(*rV.typ).fieldAlign = 8
+(*rV.typ).kind = 22
+(*(*rV.typ).string) = "*os.File"
+
+(*(*(*rV.typ).uncommonType).methods[0].name) = "Chdir"
+(*(*(*(*rV.typ).uncommonType).methods[0].mtyp).string) = "func() error"
+(*(*(*(*rV.typ).uncommonType).methods[0].typ).string) = "func(*os.File) error"
+...
+
+

觀察下面兩個例子的區别：

+
var i interface{} = 3
+
+Display("i", i)
+// Output:
+// Display i (int):
+// i = 3
+
+Display("&i", &i)
+// Output:
+// Display &i (*interface {}):
+// (*&i).type = int
+// (*&i).value = 3
+
+

在第一個例子中，Display函數將調用reflect.ValueOf(i)，它返迴一個Int類型的值。正如我們在12.2節中提到的，reflect.ValueOf總是返迴一個值的具體類型，因爲它是從一個接口值提取的內容。

+

在第二個例子中，Display函數調用的是reflect.ValueOf(&i)，它返迴一個指向i的指針，對應Ptr類型。在switch的Ptr分支中，通過調用Elem來返迴這個值，返迴一個Value來表示i，對應Interface類型。一個間接獲得的Value，就像這一個，可能代表任意類型的值，包括接口類型。內部的display函數遞歸調用自身，這次它將打印接口的動態類型和值。

+

目前的實現，Display如果顯示一個帶環的數據結構將會陷入死循環，例如首位項鏈的鏈表：

+
// a struct that points to itself
+type Cycle struct{ Value int; Tail *Cycle }
+var c Cycle
+c = Cycle{42, &c}
+Display("c", c)
+
+

Display會永遠不停地進行深度遞歸打印：

+
Display c (display.Cycle):
+c.Value = 42
+(*c.Tail).Value = 42
+(*(*c.Tail).Tail).Value = 42
+(*(*(*c.Tail).Tail).Tail).Value = 42
+...ad infinitum...
+
+

許多Go語言程序都包含了一些循環的數據結果。Display支持這類帶環的數據結構是比較棘手的，需要增加一個額外的記録訪問的路徑；代價是昂貴的。一般的解決方案是采用不安全的語言特性，我們將在13.3節看到具體的解決方案。

+

帶環的數據結構很少會對fmt.Sprint函數造成問題，因爲它很少嚐試打印完整的數據結構。例如，當它遇到一個指針的時候，它隻是簡單第打印指針的數值。雖然，在打印包含自身的slice或map時可能遇到睏難，但是不保證處理這種是罕見情況卻可以避免額外的麻煩。

+

練習 12.1： 擴展Displayhans，以便它可以顯示包含以結構體或數組作爲map的key類型的值。

+

練習 12.2： 增強display函數的穩健性，通過記録邊界的步數來確保在超出一定限製前放棄遞歸。（在13.3節，我們會看到另一種探測數據結構是否存在環的技術。）

diff --git a/ch12/ch12-04.html b/ch12/ch12-04.html index 8504cdc..5bfcdc2 100644 --- a/ch12/ch12-04.html +++ b/ch12/ch12-04.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 示例: 編碼S表達式 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
@@ -2024,7 +2030,128 @@

12.4. 示例: 編碼S表達式

-

TODO

+

Display是一個用於顯示結構化數據的調試工具，但是它併不能將任意的Go語言對象編碼爲通用消息然後用於進程間通信。

+

正如我們在4.5節中中看到的，Go語言的標準庫支持了包括JSON、XML和ASN.1等多種編碼格式。還有另一種依然被廣泛使用的格式是S表達式格式，采用類似Lisp語言的語法。但是和其他編碼格式不同的是，Go語言自帶的標準庫併不支持S表達式，主要是因爲它沒有一個公認的標準規范。

+

在本節中，我們將定義一個包用於將Go語言的對象編碼爲S表達式格式，它支持以下結構：

+
42          integer
+"hello"     string (with Go-style quotation)
+foo         symbol (an unquoted name)
+(1 2 3)     list   (zero or more items enclosed in parentheses)
+

布爾型習慣上使用t符號表示true，空列表或nil符號表示false，但是爲了簡單起見，我們暫時忽略布爾類型。同時忽略的還有chan管道和函數，因爲通過反射併無法知道它們的確切狀態。我們忽略的還浮點數、複數和interface。支持它們是練習12.3的任務。

+

我們將Go語言的類型編碼爲S表達式的方法如下。整數和字符串以自然的方式編碼。Nil值編碼爲nil符號。數組和slice被編碼爲一個列表。

+

結構體被編碼爲成員對象的列表，每個成員對象對應一個個僅有兩個元素的子列表，其中子列表的第一個元素是成員的名字，子列表的第二個元素是成員的值。Map被編碼爲鍵值對的列表。傳統上，S表達式使用點狀符號列表(key . value)結構來表示key/value對，而不是用一個含雙元素的列表，不過爲了簡單我們忽略了點狀符號列表。

+

編碼是由一個encode遞歸函數完成，如下所示。它的結構本質上和前面的Display函數類似：

+
gopl.io/ch12/sexpr
+
+func encode(buf *bytes.Buffer, v reflect.Value) error {
+    switch v.Kind() {
+    case reflect.Invalid:
+        buf.WriteString("nil")
+
+    case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16,
+        reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
+        fmt.Fprintf(buf, "%d", v.Int())
+
+    case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16,
+        reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64, reflect.Uintptr:
+        fmt.Fprintf(buf, "%d", v.Uint())
+
+    case reflect.String:
+        fmt.Fprintf(buf, "%q", v.String())
+
+    case reflect.Ptr:
+        return encode(buf, v.Elem())
+
+    case reflect.Array, reflect.Slice: // (value ...)
+        buf.WriteByte('(')
+        for i := 0; i < v.Len(); i++ {
+            if i > 0 {
+                buf.WriteByte(' ')
+            }
+            if err := encode(buf, v.Index(i)); err != nil {
+                return err
+            }
+        }
+        buf.WriteByte(')')
+
+    case reflect.Struct: // ((name value) ...)
+        buf.WriteByte('(')
+        for i := 0; i < v.NumField(); i++ {
+            if i > 0 {
+                buf.WriteByte(' ')
+            }
+            fmt.Fprintf(buf, "(%s ", v.Type().Field(i).Name)
+            if err := encode(buf, v.Field(i)); err != nil {
+                return err
+            }
+            buf.WriteByte(')')
+        }
+        buf.WriteByte(')')
+
+    case reflect.Map: // ((key value) ...)
+        buf.WriteByte('(')
+        for i, key := range v.MapKeys() {
+            if i > 0 {
+                buf.WriteByte(' ')
+            }
+            buf.WriteByte('(')
+            if err := encode(buf, key); err != nil {
+                return err
+            }
+            buf.WriteByte(' ')
+            if err := encode(buf, v.MapIndex(key)); err != nil {
+                return err
+            }
+            buf.WriteByte(')')
+        }
+        buf.WriteByte(')')
+
+    default: // float, complex, bool, chan, func, interface
+        return fmt.Errorf("unsupported type: %s", v.Type())
+    }
+    return nil
+}
+
+

Marshal函數是對encode的保證，以保持和encoding/...下其它包有着相似的API：

+
// Marshal encodes a Go value in S-expression form.
+func Marshal(v interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
+    var buf bytes.Buffer
+    if err := encode(&buf, reflect.ValueOf(v)); err != nil {
+        return nil, err
+    }
+    return buf.Bytes(), nil
+}
+
+

下面是Marshal對12.3節的strangelove變量編碼後的結果：

+
((Title "Dr. Strangelove") (Subtitle "How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Lo
+ve the Bomb") (Year 1964) (Actor (("Grp. Capt. Lionel Mandrake" "Peter Sell
+ers") ("Pres. Merkin Muffley" "Peter Sellers") ("Gen. Buck Turgidson" "Geor
+ge C. Scott") ("Brig. Gen. Jack D. Ripper" "Sterling Hayden") ("Maj. T.J. \
+"King\" Kong" "Slim Pickens") ("Dr. Strangelove" "Peter Sellers"))) (Oscars
+("Best Actor (Nomin.)" "Best Adapted Screenplay (Nomin.)" "Best Director (N
+omin.)" "Best Picture (Nomin.)")) (Sequel nil))
+

整個輸出編碼爲一行中以減少輸出的大小，但是也很難閲讀。這里有一個對S表達式格式化的約定。編寫一個S表達式的格式化函數將作爲一個具有挑戰性的練習任務；不過 http://gopl.io 也提供了一個簡單的版本。

+
((Title "Dr. Strangelove")
+ (Subtitle "How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb")
+ (Year 1964)
+ (Actor (("Grp. Capt. Lionel Mandrake" "Peter Sellers")
+         ("Pres. Merkin Muffley" "Peter Sellers")
+         ("Gen. Buck Turgidson" "George C. Scott")
+         ("Brig. Gen. Jack D. Ripper" "Sterling Hayden")
+         ("Maj. T.J. \"King\" Kong" "Slim Pickens")
+         ("Dr. Strangelove" "Peter Sellers")))
+ (Oscars ("Best Actor (Nomin.)"
+          "Best Adapted Screenplay (Nomin.)"
+          "Best Director (Nomin.)"
+          "Best Picture (Nomin.)"))
+ (Sequel nil))
+

和fmt.Print、json.Marshal、Display函數類似，sexpr.Marshal函數處理帶環的數據結構也會陷入死循環。

+

在12.6節中，我們將給出S表達式解碼器的實現步驟，但是在那之前，我們還需要先了解如果通過反射技術來更新程序的變量。

+

練習 12.3： 實現encode函數缺少的分支。將布爾類型編碼爲t和nil，浮點數編碼爲Go語言的格式，複數1+2i編碼爲#C(1.0 2.0)格式。接口編碼爲類型名和值對，例如("[]int" (1 2 3))，但是這個形式可能會造成歧義：reflect.Type.String方法對於不同的類型可能返迴相同的結果。

+

練習 12.4： 脩改encode函數，以上面的格式化形式輸出S表達式。

+

練習 12.5： 脩改encode函數，用JSON格式代替S表達式格式。然後使用標準庫提供的json.Unmarshal解碼器來驗證函數是正確的。

+

練習 12.6： 脩改encode，作爲一個優化，忽略對是零值對象的編碼。

+

練習 12.7： 創建一個基於流式的API，用於S表達式的解碼，和json.Decoder(§4.5)函數功能類似。

diff --git a/ch12/ch12-05.html b/ch12/ch12-05.html index c415762..a20695f 100644 --- a/ch12/ch12-05.html +++ b/ch12/ch12-05.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 通過reflect.Value脩改值 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
@@ -2024,7 +2030,72 @@

12.5. 通過reflect.Value脩改值

-

TODO

+

到目前爲止，反射還隻是程序中變量的另一種訪問方式。然而，在本節中我們將重點討論如果通過反射機製來脩改變量。

+

迴想一下，Go語言中類似x、x.f[1]和*p形式的表達式都可以表示變量，但是其它如x + 1和f(2)則不是變量。一個變量就是一個可尋址的內存空間，里面存儲了一個值，併且存儲的值可以通過內存地址來更新。

+

對於reflect.Values也有類似的區别。有一些reflect.Values是可取地址的；其它一些則不可以。考慮以下的聲明語句：

+
x := 2                   // value   type    variable?
+a := reflect.ValueOf(2)  // 2       int     no
+b := reflect.ValueOf(x)  // 2       int     no
+c := reflect.ValueOf(&x) // &x      *int    no
+d := c.Elem()            // 2       int     yes (x)
+
+

其中a對應的變量則不可取地址。因爲a中的值僅僅是整數2的拷貝副本。b中的值也同樣不可取地址。c中的值還是不可取地址，它隻是一個指針&x的拷貝。實際上，所有通過reflect.ValueOf(x)返迴的reflect.Value都是不可取地址的。但是對於d，它是c的解引用方式生成的，指向另一個變量，因此是可取地址的。我們可以通過調用reflect.ValueOf(&x).Elem()，來獲取任意變量x對應的可取地址的Value。

+

我們可以通過調用reflect.Value的CanAddr方法來判斷其是否可以被取地址：

+
fmt.Println(a.CanAddr()) // "false"
+fmt.Println(b.CanAddr()) // "false"
+fmt.Println(c.CanAddr()) // "false"
+fmt.Println(d.CanAddr()) // "true"
+
+

每當我們通過指針間接地獲取的reflect.Value都是可取地址的，卽使開始的是一個不可取地址的Value。在反射機製中，所有關於是否支持取地址的規則都是類似的。例如，slice的索引表達式e[i]將隱式地包含一個指針，它就是可取地址的，卽使開始的e表達式不支持也沒有關繫。以此類推，reflect.ValueOf(e).Index(i)對於的值也是可取地址的，卽使原始的reflect.ValueOf(e)不支持也沒有關繫。

+

要從變量對應的可取地址的reflect.Value來訪問變量需要三個步驟。第一步是調用Addr()方法，它返迴一個Value，里面保存了指向變量的指針。然後是在Value上調用Interface()方法，也就是返迴一個interface{}，里面通用包含指向變量的指針。最後，如果我們知道變量的類型，我們可以使用類型的斷言機製將得到的interface{}類型的接口強製環爲普通的類型指針。這樣我們就可以通過這個普通指針來更新變量了：

+
x := 2
+d := reflect.ValueOf(&x).Elem()   // d refers to the variable x
+px := d.Addr().Interface().(*int) // px := &x
+*px = 3                           // x = 3
+fmt.Println(x)                    // "3"
+
+

或者，不使用指針，而是通過調用可取地址的reflect.Value的reflect.Value.Set方法來更新對於的值：

+
d.Set(reflect.ValueOf(4))
+fmt.Println(x) // "4"
+
+

Set方法將在運行時執行和編譯時類似的可賦值性約束的檢査。以上代碼，變量和值都是int類型，但是如果變量是int64類型，那麽程序將拋出一個panic異常，所以關鍵問題是要確保改類型的變量可以接受對應的值：

+
d.Set(reflect.ValueOf(int64(5))) // panic: int64 is not assignable to int
+
+

通用對一個不可取地址的reflect.Value調用Set方法也會導致panic異常：

+
x := 2
+b := reflect.ValueOf(x)
+b.Set(reflect.ValueOf(3)) // panic: Set using unaddressable value
+
+

這里有很多用於基本數據類型的Set方法：SetInt、SetUint、SetString和SetFloat等。

+
d := reflect.ValueOf(&x).Elem()
+d.SetInt(3)
+fmt.Println(x) // "3"
+
+

從某種程度上説，這些Set方法總是盡可能地完成任務。以SetInt爲例，隻要變量是某種類型的有符號整數就可以工作，卽使是一些命名的類型，隻要底層數據類型是有符號整數就可以，而且如果對於變量類型值太大的話會被自動截斷。但需要謹慎的是：對於一個引用interface{}類型的reflect.Value調用SetInt會導致panic異常，卽使那個interface{}變量對於整數類型也不行。

+
x := 1
+rx := reflect.ValueOf(&x).Elem()
+rx.SetInt(2)                     // OK, x = 2
+rx.Set(reflect.ValueOf(3))       // OK, x = 3
+rx.SetString("hello")            // panic: string is not assignable to int
+rx.Set(reflect.ValueOf("hello")) // panic: string is not assignable to int
+
+var y interface{}
+ry := reflect.ValueOf(&y).Elem()
+ry.SetInt(2)                     // panic: SetInt called on interface Value
+ry.Set(reflect.ValueOf(3))       // OK, y = int(3)
+ry.SetString("hello")            // panic: SetString called on interface Value
+ry.Set(reflect.ValueOf("hello")) // OK, y = "hello"
+
+

當我們用Display顯示os.Stdout結構時，我們發現反射可以越過Go語言的導出規則的限製讀取結構體中未導出的成員，比如在類Unix繫統上os.File結構體中的fd int成員。然而，利用反射機製併不能脩改這些未導出的成員：

+
stdout := reflect.ValueOf(os.Stdout).Elem() // *os.Stdout, an os.File var
+fmt.Println(stdout.Type())                  // "os.File"
+fd := stdout.FieldByName("fd")
+fmt.Println(fd.Int()) // "1"
+fd.SetInt(2)          // panic: unexported field
+
+

一個可取地址的reflect.Value會記録一個結構體成員是否是未導出成員，如果是的話則拒絶脩改操作。因此，CanAddr方法併不能正確反映一個變量是否是可以被脩改的。另一個相關的方法CanSet是用於檢査對應的reflect.Value是否是可取地址併可被脩改的：

+
fmt.Println(fd.CanAddr(), fd.CanSet()) // "true false"
+
diff --git a/ch12/ch12-06.html b/ch12/ch12-06.html index 18b6d07..b0d6208 100644 --- a/ch12/ch12-06.html +++ b/ch12/ch12-06.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 示例: 解碼S表達式 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
@@ -2024,7 +2030,140 @@

12.6. 示例: 解碼S表達式

-

TODO

+

標準庫中encoding/...下每個包中提供的Marshal編碼函數都有一個對應的Unmarshal函數用於解碼。例如，我們在4.5節中看到的，要將包含JSON編碼格式的字節slice數據解碼爲我們自己的Movie類型（§12.3），我們可以這樣做：

+
data := []byte{/* ... */}
+var movie Movie
+err := json.Unmarshal(data, &movie)
+
+

Unmarshal函數使用了反射機製類脩改movie變量的每個成員，根據輸入的內容爲Movie成員創建對應的map、結構體和slice。

+

現在讓我們爲S表達式編碼實現一個簡易的Unmarshal，類似於前面的json.Unmarshal標準庫函數，對應我們之前實現的sexpr.Marshal函數的逆操作。我們必鬚提醒一下，一個健壯的和通用的實現通常需要比例子更多的代碼，爲了便於演示我們采用了精簡的實現。我們隻支持S表達式有限的子集，同時處理錯誤的方式也比較粗暴，代碼的目的是爲了演示反射的用法，而不是構造一個實用的S表達式的解碼器。

+

詞法分析器lexer使用了標準庫中的text/scanner包將輸入流的字節數據解析爲一個個類似註釋、標識符、字符串面值和數字面值之類的標記。輸入掃描器scanner的Scan方法將提前掃描和返迴下一個記號，對於rune類型。大多數記號，比如“(”，對應一個單一rune可表示的Unicode字符，但是text/scanner也可以用小的負數表示記號標識符、字符串等由多個字符組成的記號。調用Scan方法將返迴這些記號的類型，接着調用TokenText方法將返迴記號對應的文本內容。

+

因爲每個解析器可能需要多次使用當前的記號，但是Scan會一直向前掃描，所有我們包裝了一個lexer掃描器輔助類型，用於跟蹤最近由Scan方法返迴的記號。

+
gopl.io/ch12/sexpr
+
+type lexer struct {
+    scan  scanner.Scanner
+    token rune // the current token
+}
+
+func (lex *lexer) next()        { lex.token = lex.scan.Scan() }
+func (lex *lexer) text() string { return lex.scan.TokenText() }
+
+func (lex *lexer) consume(want rune) {
+    if lex.token != want { // NOTE: Not an example of good error handling.
+        panic(fmt.Sprintf("got %q, want %q", lex.text(), want))
+    }
+    lex.next()
+}
+
+

現在讓我們轉到語法解析器。它主要包含兩個功能。第一個是read函數，用於讀取S表達式的當前標記，然後根據S表達式的當前標記更新可取地址的reflect.Value對應的變量v。

+
func read(lex *lexer, v reflect.Value) {
+    switch lex.token {
+    case scanner.Ident:
+        // The only valid identifiers are
+        // "nil" and struct field names.
+        if lex.text() == "nil" {
+            v.Set(reflect.Zero(v.Type()))
+            lex.next()
+            return
+        }
+    case scanner.String:
+        s, _ := strconv.Unquote(lex.text()) // NOTE: ignoring errors
+        v.SetString(s)
+        lex.next()
+        return
+    case scanner.Int:
+        i, _ := strconv.Atoi(lex.text()) // NOTE: ignoring errors
+        v.SetInt(int64(i))
+        lex.next()
+        return
+    case '(':
+        lex.next()
+        readList(lex, v)
+        lex.next() // consume ')'
+        return
+    }
+    panic(fmt.Sprintf("unexpected token %q", lex.text()))
+}
+
+

我們的S表達式使用標識符區分兩個不同類型，結構體成員名和nil值的指針。read函數值處理nil類型的標識符。當遇到scanner.Ident爲“nil”是，使用reflect.Zero函數將變量v設置爲零值。而其它任何類型的標識符，我們都作爲錯誤處理。後面的readList函數將處理結構體的成員名。

+

一個“(”標記對應一個列表的開始。第二個函數readList，將一個列表解碼到一個聚合類型中（map、結構體、slice或數組），具體類型依然於傳入待填充變量的類型。每次遇到這種情況，循環繼續解析每個元素直到遇到於開始標記匹配的結束標記“)”，endList函數用於檢測結束標記。

+

最有趣的部分是遞歸。最簡單的是對數組類型的處理。直到遇到“)”結束標記，我們使用Index函數來獲取數組每個元素的地址，然後遞歸調用read函數處理。和其它錯誤類似，如果輸入數據導致解碼器的引用超出了數組的范圍，解碼器將拋出panic異常。slice也采用類似方法解析，不同的是我們將爲每個元素創建新的變量，然後將元素添加到slice的末尾。

+

在循環處理結構體和map每個元素時必鬚解碼一個(key value)格式的對應子列表。對於結構體，key部分對於成員的名字。和數組類似，我們使用FieldByName找到結構體對應成員的變量，然後遞歸調用read函數處理。對於map，key可能是任意類型，對元素的處理方式和slice類似，我們創建一個新的變量，然後遞歸填充它，最後將新解析到的key/value對添加到map。

+
func readList(lex *lexer, v reflect.Value) {
+    switch v.Kind() {
+    case reflect.Array: // (item ...)
+        for i := 0; !endList(lex); i++ {
+            read(lex, v.Index(i))
+        }
+
+    case reflect.Slice: // (item ...)
+        for !endList(lex) {
+            item := reflect.New(v.Type().Elem()).Elem()
+            read(lex, item)
+            v.Set(reflect.Append(v, item))
+        }
+
+    case reflect.Struct: // ((name value) ...)
+        for !endList(lex) {
+            lex.consume('(')
+            if lex.token != scanner.Ident {
+                panic(fmt.Sprintf("got token %q, want field name", lex.text()))
+            }
+            name := lex.text()
+            lex.next()
+            read(lex, v.FieldByName(name))
+            lex.consume(')')
+        }
+
+    case reflect.Map: // ((key value) ...)
+        v.Set(reflect.MakeMap(v.Type()))
+        for !endList(lex) {
+            lex.consume('(')
+            key := reflect.New(v.Type().Key()).Elem()
+            read(lex, key)
+            value := reflect.New(v.Type().Elem()).Elem()
+            read(lex, value)
+            v.SetMapIndex(key, value)
+            lex.consume(')')
+        }
+
+    default:
+        panic(fmt.Sprintf("cannot decode list into %v", v.Type()))
+    }
+}
+
+func endList(lex *lexer) bool {
+    switch lex.token {
+    case scanner.EOF:
+        panic("end of file")
+    case ')':
+        return true
+    }
+    return false
+}
+
+

最後，我們將解析器包裝爲導出的Unmarshal解碼函數，隱藏了一些初始化和清理等邊緣處理。內部解析器以panic的方式拋出錯誤，但是Unmarshal函數通過在defer語句調用recover函數來捕獲內部panic（§5.10），然後返迴一個對panic對應的錯誤信息。

+
// Unmarshal parses S-expression data and populates the variable
+// whose address is in the non-nil pointer out.
+func Unmarshal(data []byte, out interface{}) (err error) {
+    lex := &lexer{scan: scanner.Scanner{Mode: scanner.GoTokens}}
+    lex.scan.Init(bytes.NewReader(data))
+    lex.next() // get the first token
+    defer func() {
+        // NOTE: this is not an example of ideal error handling.
+        if x := recover(); x != nil {
+            err = fmt.Errorf("error at %s: %v", lex.scan.Position, x)
+        }
+    }()
+    read(lex, reflect.ValueOf(out).Elem())
+    return nil
+}
+
+

生産實現不應該對任何輸入問題都用panic形式報告，而且應該報告一些錯誤相關的信息，例如出現錯誤輸入的行號和位置等。盡管如此，我們希望通過這個例子來展示類似encoding/json等包底層代碼的實現思路，以及如何使用反射機製來填充數據結構。

+

練習 12.8： sexpr.Unmarshal函數和json.Marshal一樣（譯註：這可能是筆誤，我覺得應該是指json.Unmarshal函數），都要求在解碼前輸入完整的字節slice。定義一個和json.Decoder類似的sexpr.Decoder類型，支持從一個io.Reader流解碼。脩改sexpr.Unmarshal函數，使用這個新的類型實現。

+

練習 12.9： 編寫一個基於標記的API用於解碼S表達式，參考xml.Decoder（7.14）的風格。你將需要五種類型的標記：Symbol、String、Int、StartList和EndList。

+

練習 12.10： 擴展sexpr.Unmarshal函數，支持布爾型、浮點數和interface類型的解碼，使用 練習 12.3： 的方案。（提示：要解碼接口，你需要將name映射到每個支持類型的reflect.Type。）

diff --git a/ch12/ch12-07.html b/ch12/ch12-07.html index b93323c..8834d2e 100644 --- a/ch12/ch12-07.html +++ b/ch12/ch12-07.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 獲取結構體字段標識 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
@@ -2024,7 +2030,122 @@

12.7. 獲取結構體字段標識

-

TODO

+

在4.5節我們使用構體成員標籤用於設置對應JSON對應的名字。其中json成員標籤讓我們可以選擇成員的名字和抑製零值成員的輸出。在本節，我們將看到如果通過反射機製類獲取成員標籤。

+

對於一個web服務，大部分HTTP處理函數要做的第一件事情就是展開請求中的參數到本地變量中。我們定義了一個工具函數，叫params.Unpack，通過使用結構體成員標籤機製來讓HTTP處理函數解析請求參數更方便。

+

首先，我們看看如何使用它。下面的search函數是一個HTTP請求處理函數。它定義了一個匿名結構體類型的變量，用結構體的每個成員表示HTTP請求的參數。其中結構體成員標籤指明了對於請求參數的名字，爲了減少UTRL的長度這些參數名通常都是神祕的縮略詞。Unpack將請求參數填充到合適的結構體成員中，這樣我們可以方便地通過合適的類型類來訪問這些參數。

+
gopl.io/ch12/search
+
+import "gopl.io/ch12/params"
+
+// search implements the /search URL endpoint.
+func search(resp http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
+    var data struct {
+        Labels     []string `http:"l"`
+        MaxResults int      `http:"max"`
+        Exact      bool     `http:"x"`
+    }
+    data.MaxResults = 10 // set default
+    if err := params.Unpack(req, &data); err != nil {
+        http.Error(resp, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest) // 400
+        return
+    }
+
+    // ...rest of handler...
+    fmt.Fprintf(resp, "Search: %+v\n", data)
+}
+
+

下面的Unpack函數主要完成三件事情。第一，它調用req.ParseForm()來解析HTTP請求。然後，req.Form將包含所有的請求參數，不管HTTP客戶端使用的是GET還是POST請求方法。

+

下一步，Unpack函數將構建每個結構體成員有效參數名字到成員變量的映射。如果結構體成員有成員標籤的話，有效參數名字可能和實際的成員名字不相同。reflect.Type的Field方法將返迴一個reflect.StructField，里面含有每個成員的名字、類型和可選的成員標籤等信息。其中成員標籤信息對應reflect.StructTag類型的字符串，併且提供了Get方法用於解析和根據特定key提取的子串，例如這里的http:"..."形式的子串。

+
gopl.io/ch12/params
+
+// Unpack populates the fields of the struct pointed to by ptr
+// from the HTTP request parameters in req.
+func Unpack(req *http.Request, ptr interface{}) error {
+    if err := req.ParseForm(); err != nil {
+        return err
+    }
+
+    // Build map of fields keyed by effective name.
+    fields := make(map[string]reflect.Value)
+    v := reflect.ValueOf(ptr).Elem() // the struct variable
+    for i := 0; i < v.NumField(); i++ {
+        fieldInfo := v.Type().Field(i) // a reflect.StructField
+        tag := fieldInfo.Tag           // a reflect.StructTag
+        name := tag.Get("http")
+        if name == "" {
+            name = strings.ToLower(fieldInfo.Name)
+        }
+        fields[name] = v.Field(i)
+    }
+
+    // Update struct field for each parameter in the request.
+    for name, values := range req.Form {
+        f := fields[name]
+        if !f.IsValid() {
+            continue // ignore unrecognized HTTP parameters
+        }
+        for _, value := range values {
+            if f.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
+                elem := reflect.New(f.Type().Elem()).Elem()
+                if err := populate(elem, value); err != nil {
+                    return fmt.Errorf("%s: %v", name, err)
+                }
+                f.Set(reflect.Append(f, elem))
+            } else {
+                if err := populate(f, value); err != nil {
+                    return fmt.Errorf("%s: %v", name, err)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return nil
+}
+
+

最後，Unpack遍歷HTTP請求的name/valu參數鍵值對，併且根據更新相應的結構體成員。迴想一下，同一個名字的參數可能出現多次。如果發生這種情況，併且對應的結構體成員是一個slice，那麽就將所有的參數添加到slice中。其它情況，對應的成員值將被覆蓋，隻有最後一次出現的參數值才是起作用的。

+

populate函數小心用請求的字符串類型參數值來填充單一的成員v（或者是slice類型成員中的單一的元素）。目前，它僅支持字符串、有符號整數和布爾型。其中其它的類型將留做練習任務。

+
func populate(v reflect.Value, value string) error {
+    switch v.Kind() {
+    case reflect.String:
+        v.SetString(value)
+
+    case reflect.Int:
+        i, err := strconv.ParseInt(value, 10, 64)
+        if err != nil {
+            return err
+        }
+        v.SetInt(i)
+
+    case reflect.Bool:
+        b, err := strconv.ParseBool(value)
+        if err != nil {
+            return err
+        }
+        v.SetBool(b)
+
+    default:
+        return fmt.Errorf("unsupported kind %s", v.Type())
+    }
+    return nil
+}
+
+

如果我們上上面的處理程序添加到一個web服務器，則可以産生以下的會話：

+
$ go build gopl.io/ch12/search
+$ ./search &
+$ ./fetch 'http://localhost:12345/search'
+Search: {Labels:[] MaxResults:10 Exact:false}
+$ ./fetch 'http://localhost:12345/search?l=golang&l=programming'
+Search: {Labels:[golang programming] MaxResults:10 Exact:false}
+$ ./fetch 'http://localhost:12345/search?l=golang&l=programming&max=100'
+Search: {Labels:[golang programming] MaxResults:100 Exact:false}
+$ ./fetch 'http://localhost:12345/search?x=true&l=golang&l=programming'
+Search: {Labels:[golang programming] MaxResults:10 Exact:true}
+$ ./fetch 'http://localhost:12345/search?q=hello&x=123'
+x: strconv.ParseBool: parsing "123": invalid syntax
+$ ./fetch 'http://localhost:12345/search?q=hello&max=lots'
+max: strconv.ParseInt: parsing "lots": invalid syntax
+

練習 12.11： 編寫相應的Pack函數，給定一個結構體值，Pack函數將返迴合併了所有結構體成員和值的URL。

+

練習 12.12： 擴展成員標籤以表示一個請求參數的有效值規則。例如，一個字符串可以是有效的email地址或一個信用卡號碼，還有一個整數可能需要是有效的郵政編碼。脩改Unpack函數以檢査這些規則。

+

練習 12.13： 脩改S表達式的編碼器（§12.4）和解碼器（§12.6），采用和encoding/json包（§4.5）類似的方式使用成員標籤中的sexpr:"..."字串。

diff --git a/ch12/ch12-08.html b/ch12/ch12-08.html index 3af81ac..acb15d3 100644 --- a/ch12/ch12-08.html +++ b/ch12/ch12-08.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 顯示一個類型的方法集 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
@@ -2024,7 +2030,40 @@

12.8. 顯示一個類型的方法集

-

TODO

+

我們的最後一個例子是使用reflect.Type來打印任意值的類型和枚舉它的方法：

+
gopl.io/ch12/methods
+
+// Print prints the method set of the value x.
+func Print(x interface{}) {
+    v := reflect.ValueOf(x)
+    t := v.Type()
+    fmt.Printf("type %s\n", t)
+
+    for i := 0; i < v.NumMethod(); i++ {
+        methType := v.Method(i).Type()
+        fmt.Printf("func (%s) %s%s\n", t, t.Method(i).Name,
+            strings.TrimPrefix(methType.String(), "func"))
+    }
+}
+
+

reflect.Type和reflect.Value都提供了一個Method方法。每次t.Method(i)調用將一個reflect.Method的實例，對應一個用於描述一個方法的名稱和類型的結構體。每次v.Method(i)方法調用都返迴一個reflect.Value以表示對應的值（§6.4），也就是一個方法是幫到它的接收者的。使用reflect.Value.Call方法（我們之類沒有演示），將可以調用一個Func類型的Value，但是這個例子中隻用到了它的類型。

+

這是屬於time.Duration和*strings.Replacer兩個類型的方法：

+
methods.Print(time.Hour)
+// Output:
+// type time.Duration
+// func (time.Duration) Hours() float64
+// func (time.Duration) Minutes() float64
+// func (time.Duration) Nanoseconds() int64
+// func (time.Duration) Seconds() float64
+// func (time.Duration) String() string
+
+methods.Print(new(strings.Replacer))
+// Output:
+// type *strings.Replacer
+// func (*strings.Replacer) Replace(string) string
+// func (*strings.Replacer) WriteString(io.Writer, string) (int, error)
+`
+
diff --git a/ch12/ch12-09.html b/ch12/ch12-09.html index d82c337..60ea769 100644 --- a/ch12/ch12-09.html +++ b/ch12/ch12-09.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 幾點忠告 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
@@ -2024,7 +2030,15 @@

12.9. 幾點忠告

-

TODO

+

雖然反射提供的API遠多於我們講到的，我們前面的例子主要是給出了一個方向，通過反射可以實現哪些功能。反射是一個強大併富有表達力的工具，但是它應該被小心地使用，原因有三。

+

第一個原因是，基於反射的代碼是比較脆弱的。對於每一個會導致編譯器報告類型錯誤的問題，在反射中都有與之相對應的問題，不同的是編譯器會在構建時馬上報告錯誤，而反射則是在眞正運行到的時候才會拋出panic異常，可能是寫完代碼很久之後的時候了，而且程序也可能運行了很長的時間。

+

以前面的readList函數（§12.6）爲例，爲了從輸入讀取字符串併填充int類型的變量而調用的reflect.Value.SetString方法可能導致panic異常。絶大多數使用反射的程序都有類似的風險，需要非常小心地檢査每個reflect.Value的對於值的類型、是否可取地址，還有是否可以被脩改等。

+

避免這種因反射而導致的脆弱性的問題的最好方法是將所有的反射相關的使用控製在包的內部，如果可能的話避免在包的API中直接暴露reflect.Value類型，這樣可以限製一些非法輸入。如果無法做到這一點，在每個有風險的操作前指向額外的類型檢査。以標準庫中的代碼爲例，當fmt.Printf收到一個非法的操作數是，它併不會拋出panic異常，而是打印相關的錯誤信息。程序雖然還有BUG，但是會更加容易診斷。

+
fmt.Printf("%d %s\n", "hello", 42) // "%!d(string=hello) %!s(int=42)"
+
+

反射同樣降低了程序的安全性，還影響了自動化重構和分析工具的準確性，因爲它們無法識别運行時才能確認的類型信息。

+

避免使用反射的第二個原因是，卽使對應類型提供了相同文檔，但是反射的操作不能做靜態類型檢査，而且大量反射的代碼通常難以理解。總是需要小心翼翼地爲每個導出的類型和其它接受interface{}或reflect.Value類型參數的函數維護説明文檔。

+

第三個原因，基於反射的代碼通常比正常的代碼運行速度慢一到兩個數量級。對於一個典型的項目，大部分函數的性能和程序的整體性能關繫不大，所以使用反射可能會使程序更加清晰。測試是一個特别適合使用反射的場景，因爲每個測試的數據集都很小。但是對於性能關鍵路徑的函數，最好避免使用反射。

diff --git a/ch12/ch12.html b/ch12/ch12.html index 673637a..d61233a 100644 --- a/ch12/ch12.html +++ b/ch12/ch12.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 反射 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch13/ch13-01.html b/ch13/ch13-01.html index 1e8da81..c4200da 100644 --- a/ch13/ch13-01.html +++ b/ch13/ch13-01.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ unsafe.Sizeof, Alignof 和 Offsetof | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch13/ch13-02.html b/ch13/ch13-02.html index a3bc036..68743b0 100644 --- a/ch13/ch13-02.html +++ b/ch13/ch13-02.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ unsafe.Pointer | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch13/ch13-03.html b/ch13/ch13-03.html index 51a5f42..e90dec5 100644 --- a/ch13/ch13-03.html +++ b/ch13/ch13-03.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 示例: 深度相等判斷 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch13/ch13-04.html b/ch13/ch13-04.html index 1dcb071..d8a2955 100644 --- a/ch13/ch13-04.html +++ b/ch13/ch13-04.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 通過cgo調用C代碼 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch13/ch13-05.html b/ch13/ch13-05.html index c566f49..f60d49e 100644 --- a/ch13/ch13-05.html +++ b/ch13/ch13-05.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 幾點忠告 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch13/ch13.html b/ch13/ch13.html index 2b5ba95..a994970 100644 --- a/ch13/ch13.html +++ b/ch13/ch13.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 底層編程 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch2/ch2-01.html b/ch2/ch2-01.html index abc62d7..4f0d47b 100644 --- a/ch2/ch2-01.html +++ b/ch2/ch2-01.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 命名 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch2/ch2-02.html b/ch2/ch2-02.html index 40c4e6a..35c833e 100644 --- a/ch2/ch2-02.html +++ b/ch2/ch2-02.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 聲明 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch2/ch2-03.html b/ch2/ch2-03.html index 8680038..0a0863b 100644 --- a/ch2/ch2-03.html +++ b/ch2/ch2-03.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 變量 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch2/ch2-04.html b/ch2/ch2-04.html index ee2e0c3..843a221 100644 --- a/ch2/ch2-04.html +++ b/ch2/ch2-04.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 賦值 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch2/ch2-05.html b/ch2/ch2-05.html index 902f83c..e2e4f4c 100644 --- a/ch2/ch2-05.html +++ b/ch2/ch2-05.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 類型 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch2/ch2-06.html b/ch2/ch2-06.html index 127591f..8de0e8e 100644 --- a/ch2/ch2-06.html +++ b/ch2/ch2-06.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 包和文件 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch2/ch2-07.html b/ch2/ch2-07.html index 781603f..8df6d64 100644 --- a/ch2/ch2-07.html +++ b/ch2/ch2-07.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 作用域 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch2/ch2.html b/ch2/ch2.html index 3cb3549..ef29bfe 100644 --- a/ch2/ch2.html +++ b/ch2/ch2.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 程序結構 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch3/ch3-01.html b/ch3/ch3-01.html index aaf6017..d9ca8a2 100644 --- a/ch3/ch3-01.html +++ b/ch3/ch3-01.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 整型 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch3/ch3-02.html b/ch3/ch3-02.html index fcb5917..21f87f7 100644 --- a/ch3/ch3-02.html +++ b/ch3/ch3-02.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 浮點數 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch3/ch3-03.html b/ch3/ch3-03.html index 7cab1f5..272dabb 100644 --- a/ch3/ch3-03.html +++ b/ch3/ch3-03.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 複數 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch3/ch3-04.html b/ch3/ch3-04.html index 96414e3..9a9d6f3 100644 --- a/ch3/ch3-04.html +++ b/ch3/ch3-04.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 布爾型 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch3/ch3-05.html b/ch3/ch3-05.html index 67a9c4e..14173b1 100644 --- a/ch3/ch3-05.html +++ b/ch3/ch3-05.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 字符串 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch3/ch3-06.html b/ch3/ch3-06.html index 6223946..2116ef1 100644 --- a/ch3/ch3-06.html +++ b/ch3/ch3-06.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 常量 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch3/ch3.html b/ch3/ch3.html index fc73884..4e505ed 100644 --- a/ch3/ch3.html +++ b/ch3/ch3.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 基礎數據類型 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch4/ch4-01.html b/ch4/ch4-01.html index b8c0249..cebcf52 100644 --- a/ch4/ch4-01.html +++ b/ch4/ch4-01.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 數組 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch4/ch4-02.html b/ch4/ch4-02.html index a05a231..ec764e2 100644 --- a/ch4/ch4-02.html +++ b/ch4/ch4-02.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Slice | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch4/ch4-03.html b/ch4/ch4-03.html index 977f8e3..09df7be 100644 --- a/ch4/ch4-03.html +++ b/ch4/ch4-03.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Map | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch4/ch4-04.html b/ch4/ch4-04.html index 52498bd..5e524fb 100644 --- a/ch4/ch4-04.html +++ b/ch4/ch4-04.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 結構體 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch4/ch4-05.html b/ch4/ch4-05.html index ba19114..1bdb20b 100644 --- a/ch4/ch4-05.html +++ b/ch4/ch4-05.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ JSON | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch4/ch4-06.html b/ch4/ch4-06.html index d23714c..d702f86 100644 --- a/ch4/ch4-06.html +++ b/ch4/ch4-06.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 文本和HTML模闆 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch4/ch4.html b/ch4/ch4.html index 9483ff5..36d3fe5 100644 --- a/ch4/ch4.html +++ b/ch4/ch4.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 複合數據類型 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch5/ch5-01.html b/ch5/ch5-01.html index 1fa738b..7eb2016 100644 --- a/ch5/ch5-01.html +++ b/ch5/ch5-01.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 函數聲明 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
@@ -2024,8 +2030,45 @@

5.1. 函數聲明

-

TODO

+

函數聲明包括函數名、形式參數列表、返迴值列表（可省略）以及函數體。

+
func name(parameter-list) (result-list) {
+        body
+}
+

形式參數列表描述了函數的參數名以及參數類型。這些參數作爲局部變量，其值由參數調用者提供。返迴值列表描述了函數返迴值的變量名以及類型。如果函數返迴一個無名變量或者沒有返迴值，返迴值列表的括號是可以省略的。如果一個函數聲明不包括返迴值列表，那麽函數體執行完畢後，不會返迴任何值。 +在hypot函數中,

+
func hypot(x, y float64) float64 {
+        return math.Sqrt(x*x + y*y)
+}
+fmt.Println(hypot(3,4)) //"5"
+

x和y是形參名,3和4是調用時的傳入的實數，函數返迴了一個float64類型的值。 +返迴值也可以像形式參數一樣被命名。在這種情況下，每個返迴值被聲明成一個局部變量，併根據該返迴值的類型，將其初始化爲0。 +如果一個函數在聲明時，包含返迴值列表，該函數必鬚以 return語句結尾，除非函數明顯無法運行到結尾處。例如函數在結尾時調用了panic異常或函數中存在無限循環。

+

正如hypot一樣，如果一組形參或返迴值有相同的類型，我們不必爲每個形參都寫出參數類型。下面2個聲明是等價的：

+
func f(i, j, k int, s, t string){/* ...
+*/
+}
+func f(i int, j int, k int,  s string, t string){/* ...
+*/
+}
+

下面，我們給出4種方法聲明擁有2個int型參數和1個int型返迴值的函數.blank identifier(譯者註：卽下文的_符號)可以強調某個參數未被使用。

+
func add(x int, y int) int {return x + y}
+func sub(x, y int) (z int) { z = x - y; return}
+func first(x int, _ int) int { return x }
+func zero(int, int) int { return 0 }
 
+fmt.Printf("%T\n", add) //"func(int, int) int"
+fmt.Printf("%T\n", sub)//"func(int, int) int"
+fmt.Printf("%T\n", first)//"func(int, int) int"
+fmt.Printf("%T\n", zero)//"func(int, int) int"
+

函數的類型被稱爲函數的標識符。如果兩個函數形式參數列表和返迴值列表中的變量類型一一對應，那麽這兩個函數被認爲有相同的類型和標識符。形參和返迴值的變量名不影響函數標識符也不影響它們是否可以以省略參數類型的形式表示。

+

每一次函數調用都必鬚按照聲明順序爲所有參數提供實參（參數值）。在函數調用時，Go語言沒有默認參數值，也沒有任何方法可以通過參數名指定形參，因此形參和返迴值的變量名對於函數調用者而言沒有意義。

+

在函數體中，函數的形參作爲局部變量，被初始化爲調用者提供的值。函數的形參和有名返迴值作爲函數最外層的局部變量，被存儲在相同的詞法塊中。

+

實參通過值的方式傳遞，因此函數的形參是實參的拷貝。對形參進行脩改不會影響實參。但是，如果實參包括引用類型，如指針，slice(切片)、map、function、channel等類型，實參可能會由於函數的簡介引用被脩改。

+

你可能會偶爾遇到沒有函數體的函數聲明，這表示該函數不是以Go實現的。這樣的聲明定義了函數標識符。

+
package math
+
+func Sin(x float64) float //implemented in assembly language
+
diff --git a/ch5/ch5-02.html b/ch5/ch5-02.html index bcb6630..54cfea1 100644 --- a/ch5/ch5-02.html +++ b/ch5/ch5-02.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 遞歸 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch5/ch5-03.html b/ch5/ch5-03.html index 80ef316..587cb7f 100644 --- a/ch5/ch5-03.html +++ b/ch5/ch5-03.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 多返迴值 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch5/ch5-04.html b/ch5/ch5-04.html index 9f3dcd8..9817ad1 100644 --- a/ch5/ch5-04.html +++ b/ch5/ch5-04.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 錯誤 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch5/ch5-05.html b/ch5/ch5-05.html index 2241121..a646714 100644 --- a/ch5/ch5-05.html +++ b/ch5/ch5-05.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 函數值 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch5/ch5-06.html b/ch5/ch5-06.html index ecd53aa..5bd2e63 100644 --- a/ch5/ch5-06.html +++ b/ch5/ch5-06.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 匿名函數 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch5/ch5-07.html b/ch5/ch5-07.html index 453233b..fb2c67b 100644 --- a/ch5/ch5-07.html +++ b/ch5/ch5-07.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 可變參數 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch5/ch5-08.html b/ch5/ch5-08.html index 5af8c9d..341cb91 100644 --- a/ch5/ch5-08.html +++ b/ch5/ch5-08.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Deferred函數 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch5/ch5-09.html b/ch5/ch5-09.html index 95f4b84..9c13a4a 100644 --- a/ch5/ch5-09.html +++ b/ch5/ch5-09.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Panic異常 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch5/ch5-10.html b/ch5/ch5-10.html index 3c7311b..428b9a2 100644 --- a/ch5/ch5-10.html +++ b/ch5/ch5-10.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Recover捕獲異常 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch5/ch5.html b/ch5/ch5.html index f377fba..cff840b 100644 --- a/ch5/ch5.html +++ b/ch5/ch5.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 函數 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
@@ -2024,7 +2030,8 @@

第五章 函數

-

TODO

+

函數可以讓我們將一個語句序列打包爲一個單元，然後可以從程序中其它地方多次調用。函數的機製可以讓我們將一個大的工作分解爲小的任務，這樣的小任務可以讓不同程序員在不同時間、不同地方獨立完成。一個函數同時對用戶隱藏了其實現細節。由於這些因素，對於任何編程語言來説，函數都是一個至關重要的部分。

+

我們已經見過許多函數了。現在，讓我們多花一點時間來徹底地討論函數特性。本章的運行示例是一個網絡蜘蛛，也就是web蒐索引擎中負責抓取網頁部分的組件，它們根據抓取網頁中的鏈接繼續抓取鏈接指向的頁面。一個網絡蜘蛛的例子給我們足夠的機會去探索遞歸函數、匿名函數、錯誤處理和函數其它的很多特性。

diff --git a/ch6/ch6-01.html b/ch6/ch6-01.html index 66a7bf4..7f7161a 100644 --- a/ch6/ch6-01.html +++ b/ch6/ch6-01.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 方法聲明 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch6/ch6-02.html b/ch6/ch6-02.html index cc7bba1..ca21910 100644 --- a/ch6/ch6-02.html +++ b/ch6/ch6-02.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 基於指針對象的方法 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch6/ch6-03.html b/ch6/ch6-03.html index 3ffcadf..6d18139 100644 --- a/ch6/ch6-03.html +++ b/ch6/ch6-03.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 通過嵌入結構體來擴展類型 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch6/ch6-04.html b/ch6/ch6-04.html index 0136252..b31d75f 100644 --- a/ch6/ch6-04.html +++ b/ch6/ch6-04.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 方法值和方法表達式 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch6/ch6-05.html b/ch6/ch6-05.html index 51d9c10..e3c1566 100644 --- a/ch6/ch6-05.html +++ b/ch6/ch6-05.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 示例: Bit數組 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch6/ch6-06.html b/ch6/ch6-06.html index d6c4162..fd28274 100644 --- a/ch6/ch6-06.html +++ b/ch6/ch6-06.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 封裝 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch6/ch6.html b/ch6/ch6.html index b39c5a3..3a81e6c 100644 --- a/ch6/ch6.html +++ b/ch6/ch6.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 方法 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch7/ch7-01.html b/ch7/ch7-01.html index 41f9fee..b6e7967 100644 --- a/ch7/ch7-01.html +++ b/ch7/ch7-01.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 接口是合約 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch7/ch7-02.html b/ch7/ch7-02.html index 901605e..0c06a80 100644 --- a/ch7/ch7-02.html +++ b/ch7/ch7-02.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 接口類型 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch7/ch7-03.html b/ch7/ch7-03.html index e4b5ef6..a831f35 100644 --- a/ch7/ch7-03.html +++ b/ch7/ch7-03.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 實現接口的條件 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch7/ch7-04.html b/ch7/ch7-04.html index b558f5a..55b799f 100644 --- a/ch7/ch7-04.html +++ b/ch7/ch7-04.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ flag.Value接口 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch7/ch7-05.html b/ch7/ch7-05.html index 2614040..f61cea2 100644 --- a/ch7/ch7-05.html +++ b/ch7/ch7-05.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 接口值 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch7/ch7-06.html b/ch7/ch7-06.html index 7de7425..24e9ceb 100644 --- a/ch7/ch7-06.html +++ b/ch7/ch7-06.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ sort.Interface接口 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch7/ch7-07.html b/ch7/ch7-07.html index c357fd7..62dbb9b 100644 --- a/ch7/ch7-07.html +++ b/ch7/ch7-07.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ http.Handler接口 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch7/ch7-08.html b/ch7/ch7-08.html index f067694..daed52e 100644 --- a/ch7/ch7-08.html +++ b/ch7/ch7-08.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ error接口 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch7/ch7-09.html b/ch7/ch7-09.html index cebf0d1..7f9b491 100644 --- a/ch7/ch7-09.html +++ b/ch7/ch7-09.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 示例: 表達式求值 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch7/ch7-10.html b/ch7/ch7-10.html index ab8103d..9c8e87b 100644 --- a/ch7/ch7-10.html +++ b/ch7/ch7-10.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 類型斷言 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch7/ch7-11.html b/ch7/ch7-11.html index d1eb5fd..8d9fbff 100644 --- a/ch7/ch7-11.html +++ b/ch7/ch7-11.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 基於類型斷言識别錯誤類型 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch7/ch7-12.html b/ch7/ch7-12.html index 56377ae..7f0c777 100644 --- a/ch7/ch7-12.html +++ b/ch7/ch7-12.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 通過類型斷言査詢接口 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch7/ch7-13.html b/ch7/ch7-13.html index 71b4158..e249c68 100644 --- a/ch7/ch7-13.html +++ b/ch7/ch7-13.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 類型分支 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch7/ch7-14.html b/ch7/ch7-14.html index bcc91b5..7f906d5 100644 --- a/ch7/ch7-14.html +++ b/ch7/ch7-14.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 示例: 基於標記的XML解碼 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch7/ch7-15.html b/ch7/ch7-15.html index 1fd06e0..e9f4b7e 100644 --- a/ch7/ch7-15.html +++ b/ch7/ch7-15.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 補充幾點 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch7/ch7.html b/ch7/ch7.html index f1aaa67..019ad7e 100644 --- a/ch7/ch7.html +++ b/ch7/ch7.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 接口 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch8/ch8-01.html b/ch8/ch8-01.html index d044cbe..b7d753c 100644 --- a/ch8/ch8-01.html +++ b/ch8/ch8-01.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Goroutines | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch8/ch8-02.html b/ch8/ch8-02.html index 33ddf16..89fee54 100644 --- a/ch8/ch8-02.html +++ b/ch8/ch8-02.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 示例: 併發的Clock服務 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch8/ch8-03.html b/ch8/ch8-03.html index 767b6bb..d6489f3 100644 --- a/ch8/ch8-03.html +++ b/ch8/ch8-03.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 示例: 併發的Echo服務 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch8/ch8-04.html b/ch8/ch8-04.html index f68e670..7236449 100644 --- a/ch8/ch8-04.html +++ b/ch8/ch8-04.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Channels | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch8/ch8-05.html b/ch8/ch8-05.html index 4597849..4b1365c 100644 --- a/ch8/ch8-05.html +++ b/ch8/ch8-05.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 併行的循環 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch8/ch8-06.html b/ch8/ch8-06.html index d737d2c..1ea70a9 100644 --- a/ch8/ch8-06.html +++ b/ch8/ch8-06.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 示例: 併發的Web爬蟲 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch8/ch8-07.html b/ch8/ch8-07.html index 41f42c9..467cd93 100644 --- a/ch8/ch8-07.html +++ b/ch8/ch8-07.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 基於select的多路複用 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch8/ch8-08.html b/ch8/ch8-08.html index 1c3f663..ab25bb1 100644 --- a/ch8/ch8-08.html +++ b/ch8/ch8-08.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 示例: 併發的字典遍歷 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch8/ch8-09.html b/ch8/ch8-09.html index 4417c33..e2bf342 100644 --- a/ch8/ch8-09.html +++ b/ch8/ch8-09.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 併發的退出 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch8/ch8-10.html b/ch8/ch8-10.html index 0441d10..89bc320 100644 --- a/ch8/ch8-10.html +++ b/ch8/ch8-10.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 示例: 聊天服務 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch8/ch8.html b/ch8/ch8.html index 2f33d0f..2e70efb 100644 --- a/ch8/ch8.html +++ b/ch8/ch8.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Goroutines和Channels | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch9/ch9-01.html b/ch9/ch9-01.html index 5f49c22..4630d5d 100644 --- a/ch9/ch9-01.html +++ b/ch9/ch9-01.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 競爭條件 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch9/ch9-02.html b/ch9/ch9-02.html index c3fc363..9930dea 100644 --- a/ch9/ch9-02.html +++ b/ch9/ch9-02.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ sync.Mutex互斥鎖 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch9/ch9-03.html b/ch9/ch9-03.html index b392454..6602c9a 100644 --- a/ch9/ch9-03.html +++ b/ch9/ch9-03.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ sync.RWMutex讀寫鎖 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
@@ -2024,7 +2030,20 @@

9.3. sync.RWMutex讀寫鎖

-

TODO

+

在100刀的存款消失时不做记录多少还是会让我们有一些恐慌，Bob写了一个程序，每秒运行几百次来检查他的银行余额。他会在家，在工作中，甚至会在他的手机上来运行这个程序。银行注意到这些陡增的流量使得存款和取款有了延时，因为所有的余额查询请求是顺序执行的，这样会互斥地获得锁，并且会暂时阻止其它的goroutine运行。

+

由于Balance函数只需要读取变量的状态，所以我们同时让多个Balance调用并发运行事实上是安全的，只要在运行的时候没有存款或者取款操作就行。在这种场景下我们需要一种特殊类型的锁，其允许多个只读操作并行执行，但写操作会完全互斥。这种锁叫作“多读单写”锁(multiple readers, single writer lock)，Go语言提供的这样的锁是sync.RWMutex：

+
var mu sync.RWMutex
+var balance int
+func Balance() int {
+    mu.RLock() // readers lock
+    defer mu.RUnlock()
+    return balance
+}
+
+

Balance函数现在调用了RLock和RUnlock方法来获取和释放一个读取或者共享锁。Deposit函数没有变化，会调用mu.Lock和mu.Unlock方法来获取和释放一个写或互斥锁。

+

在这次修改后，Bob的余额查询请求就可以彼此并行地执行并且会很快地完成了。锁在更多的时间范围可用，并且存款请求也能够及时地被响应了。

+

RLock只能在临界区共享变量没有任何写入操作时可用。一般来说，我们不应该假设逻辑上的只读函数/方法也不会去更新某一些变量。比如一个方法功能是访问一个变量，但它也有可能会同时去给一个内部的计数器+1(译注：可能是记录这个方法的访问次数啥的)，或者去更新缓存--使即时的调用能够更快。如果有疑惑的话，请使用互斥锁。

+

RWMutex只有当获得锁的大部分goroutine都是读操作，而锁在竞争条件下，也就是说，goroutine们必须等待才能获取到锁的时候，RWMutex才是最能带来好处的。RWMutex需要更复杂的内部记录，所以会让它比一般的无竞争锁的mutex慢一些。

diff --git a/ch9/ch9-04.html b/ch9/ch9-04.html index 606226b..46d6975 100644 --- a/ch9/ch9-04.html +++ b/ch9/ch9-04.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 內存同步 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch9/ch9-05.html b/ch9/ch9-05.html index d9afbaf..fe9e55d 100644 --- a/ch9/ch9-05.html +++ b/ch9/ch9-05.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ sync.Once初始化 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch9/ch9-06.html b/ch9/ch9-06.html index f61bff7..a470df1 100644 --- a/ch9/ch9-06.html +++ b/ch9/ch9-06.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 競爭條件檢測 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch9/ch9-07.html b/ch9/ch9-07.html index 0ea1311..85a9315 100644 --- a/ch9/ch9-07.html +++ b/ch9/ch9-07.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 示例: 併發的非阻塞緩存 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch9/ch9-08.html b/ch9/ch9-08.html index 91f566a..ab9406c 100644 --- a/ch9/ch9-08.html +++ b/ch9/ch9-08.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Goroutines和線程 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/ch9/ch9.html b/ch9/ch9.html index abbf31d..705dfb6 100644 --- a/ch9/ch9.html +++ b/ch9/ch9.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 基於共享變量的併發 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -48,7 +48,13 @@ -
+
@@ -2024,7 +2030,8 @@

第九章 基於共享變量的併發

-

TODO

+

前一章我們介紹了一些使用goroutine和channel這樣直接而自然的方式來實現併發的方法。然而這樣做我們實際上屏蔽掉了在寫併發代碼時必鬚處理的一些重要而且細微的問題。

+

在本章中，我們會細致地了解併發機製。尤其是在多goroutine之間的共享變量，併發問題的分析手段，以及解決這些問題的基本模式。最後我們會解釋goroutine和操作繫統線程之間的技術上的一些區别。

diff --git a/gitbook/app.js b/gitbook/app.js index 2434ad2..46a921b 100644 --- a/gitbook/app.js +++ b/gitbook/app.js @@ -1,1747 +1,4 @@ (function e(t,n,r){function s(o,u){if(!n[o]){if(!t[o]){var a=typeof require=="function"&&require;if(!u&&a)return a(o,!0);if(i)return i(o,!0);var f=new Error("Cannot find module '"+o+"'");throw f.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",f}var l=n[o]={exports:{}};t[o][0].call(l.exports,function(e){var n=t[o][1][e];return s(n?n:e)},l,l.exports,e,t,n,r)}return n[o].exports}var i=typeof require=="function"&&require;for(var o=0;o 0 - var up = 0; - for (var i = parts.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) { - var last = parts[i]; - if (last === '.') { - parts.splice(i, 1); - } else if (last === '..') { - parts.splice(i, 1); - up++; - } else if (up) { - parts.splice(i, 1); - up--; - } - } - - // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s - if (allowAboveRoot) { - for (; up--; up) { - parts.unshift('..'); - } - } - - return parts; -} - -// Split a filename into [root, dir, basename, ext], unix version -// 'root' is just a slash, or nothing. -var splitPathRe = - /^(\/?|)([\s\S]*?)((?:\.{1,2}|[^\/]+?|)(\.[^.\/]*|))(?:[\/]*)$/; -var splitPath = function(filename) { - return splitPathRe.exec(filename).slice(1); -}; - -// path.resolve([from ...], to) -// posix version -exports.resolve = function() { - var resolvedPath = '', - resolvedAbsolute = false; - - for (var i = arguments.length - 1; i >= -1 && !resolvedAbsolute; i--) { - var path = (i >= 0) ? arguments[i] : process.cwd(); - - // Skip empty and invalid entries - if (typeof path !== 'string') { - throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.resolve must be strings'); - } else if (!path) { - continue; - } - - resolvedPath = path + '/' + resolvedPath; - resolvedAbsolute = path.charAt(0) === '/'; - } - - // At this point the path should be resolved to a full absolute path, but - // handle relative paths to be safe (might happen when process.cwd() fails) - - // Normalize the path - resolvedPath = normalizeArray(filter(resolvedPath.split('/'), function(p) { - return !!p; - }), !resolvedAbsolute).join('/'); - - return ((resolvedAbsolute ? '/' : '') + resolvedPath) || '.'; -}; - -// path.normalize(path) -// posix version -exports.normalize = function(path) { - var isAbsolute = exports.isAbsolute(path), - trailingSlash = substr(path, -1) === '/'; - - // Normalize the path - path = normalizeArray(filter(path.split('/'), function(p) { - return !!p; - }), !isAbsolute).join('/'); - - if (!path && !isAbsolute) { - path = '.'; - } - if (path && trailingSlash) { - path += '/'; - } - - return (isAbsolute ? '/' : '') + path; -}; - -// posix version -exports.isAbsolute = function(path) { - return path.charAt(0) === '/'; -}; - -// posix version -exports.join = function() { - var paths = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0); - return exports.normalize(filter(paths, function(p, index) { - if (typeof p !== 'string') { - throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.join must be strings'); - } - return p; - }).join('/')); -}; - - -// path.relative(from, to) -// posix version -exports.relative = function(from, to) { - from = exports.resolve(from).substr(1); - to = exports.resolve(to).substr(1); - - function trim(arr) { - var start = 0; - for (; start < arr.length; start++) { - if (arr[start] !== '') break; - } - - var end = arr.length - 1; - for (; end >= 0; end--) { - if (arr[end] !== '') break; - } - - if (start > end) return []; - return arr.slice(start, end - start + 1); - } - - var fromParts = trim(from.split('/')); - var toParts = trim(to.split('/')); - - var length = Math.min(fromParts.length, toParts.length); - var samePartsLength = length; - for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) { - if (fromParts[i] !== toParts[i]) { - samePartsLength = i; - break; - } - } - - var outputParts = []; - for (var i = samePartsLength; i < fromParts.length; i++) { - outputParts.push('..'); - } - - outputParts = outputParts.concat(toParts.slice(samePartsLength)); - - return outputParts.join('/'); -}; - -exports.sep = '/'; -exports.delimiter = ':'; - -exports.dirname = function(path) { - var result = splitPath(path), - root = result[0], - dir = result[1]; - - if (!root && !dir) { - // No dirname whatsoever - return '.'; - } - - if (dir) { - // It has a dirname, strip trailing slash - dir = dir.substr(0, dir.length - 1); - } - - return root + dir; -}; - - -exports.basename = function(path, ext) { - var f = splitPath(path)[2]; - // TODO: make this comparison case-insensitive on windows? - if (ext && f.substr(-1 * ext.length) === ext) { - f = f.substr(0, f.length - ext.length); - } - return f; -}; - - -exports.extname = function(path) { - return splitPath(path)[3]; -}; - -function filter (xs, f) { - if (xs.filter) return xs.filter(f); - var res = []; - for (var i = 0; i < xs.length; i++) { - if (f(xs[i], i, xs)) res.push(xs[i]); - } - return res; -} - -// String.prototype.substr - negative index don't work in IE8 -var substr = 'ab'.substr(-1) === 'b' - ? function (str, start, len) { return str.substr(start, len) } - : function (str, start, len) { - if (start < 0) start = str.length + start; - return str.substr(start, len); - } -; - -}).call(this,require('_process')) -},{"_process":2}],2:[function(require,module,exports){ -// shim for using process in browser - -var process = module.exports = {}; -var queue = []; -var draining = false; -var currentQueue; -var queueIndex = -1; - -function cleanUpNextTick() { - draining = false; - if (currentQueue.length) { - queue = currentQueue.concat(queue); - } else { - queueIndex = -1; - } - if (queue.length) { - drainQueue(); - } -} - -function drainQueue() { - if (draining) { - return; - } - var timeout = setTimeout(cleanUpNextTick); - draining = true; - - var len = queue.length; - while(len) { - currentQueue = queue; - queue = []; - while (++queueIndex < len) { - if (currentQueue) { - currentQueue[queueIndex].run(); - } - } - queueIndex = -1; - len = queue.length; - } - currentQueue = null; - draining = false; - clearTimeout(timeout); -} - -process.nextTick = function (fun) { - var args = new Array(arguments.length - 1); - if (arguments.length > 1) { - for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) { - args[i - 1] = arguments[i]; - } - } - queue.push(new Item(fun, args)); - if (queue.length === 1 && !draining) { - setTimeout(drainQueue, 0); - } -}; - -// v8 likes predictible objects -function Item(fun, array) { - this.fun = fun; - this.array = array; -} -Item.prototype.run = function () { - this.fun.apply(null, this.array); -}; -process.title = 'browser'; -process.browser = true; -process.env = {}; -process.argv = []; -process.version = ''; // empty string to avoid regexp issues -process.versions = {}; - -function noop() {} - -process.on = noop; -process.addListener = noop; -process.once = noop; -process.off = noop; -process.removeListener = noop; -process.removeAllListeners = noop; -process.emit = noop; - -process.binding = function (name) { - throw new Error('process.binding is not supported'); -}; - -process.cwd = function () { return '/' }; -process.chdir = function (dir) { - throw new Error('process.chdir is not supported'); -}; -process.umask = function() { return 0; }; - -},{}],3:[function(require,module,exports){ -(function (global){ -/*! https://mths.be/punycode v1.3.2 by @mathias */ -;(function(root) { - - /** Detect free variables */ - var freeExports = typeof exports == 'object' && exports && - !exports.nodeType && exports; - var freeModule = typeof module == 'object' && module && - !module.nodeType && module; - var freeGlobal = typeof global == 'object' && global; - if ( - freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal || - freeGlobal.window === freeGlobal || - freeGlobal.self === freeGlobal - ) { - root = freeGlobal; - } - - /** - * The `punycode` object. - * @name punycode - * @type Object - */ - var punycode, - - /** Highest positive signed 32-bit float value */ - maxInt = 2147483647, // aka. 0x7FFFFFFF or 2^31-1 - - /** Bootstring parameters */ - base = 36, - tMin = 1, - tMax = 26, - skew = 38, - damp = 700, - initialBias = 72, - initialN = 128, // 0x80 - delimiter = '-', // '\x2D' - - /** Regular expressions */ - regexPunycode = /^xn--/, - regexNonASCII = /[^\x20-\x7E]/, // unprintable ASCII chars + non-ASCII chars - regexSeparators = /[\x2E\u3002\uFF0E\uFF61]/g, // RFC 3490 separators - - /** Error messages */ - errors = { - 'overflow': 'Overflow: input needs wider integers to process', - 'not-basic': 'Illegal input >= 0x80 (not a basic code point)', - 'invalid-input': 'Invalid input' - }, - - /** Convenience shortcuts */ - baseMinusTMin = base - tMin, - floor = Math.floor, - stringFromCharCode = String.fromCharCode, - - /** Temporary variable */ - key; - - /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ - - /** - * A generic error utility function. - * @private - * @param {String} type The error type. - * @returns {Error} Throws a `RangeError` with the applicable error message. - */ - function error(type) { - throw RangeError(errors[type]); - } - - /** - * A generic `Array#map` utility function. - * @private - * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over. - * @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every array - * item. - * @returns {Array} A new array of values returned by the callback function. - */ - function map(array, fn) { - var length = array.length; - var result = []; - while (length--) { - result[length] = fn(array[length]); - } - return result; - } - - /** - * A simple `Array#map`-like wrapper to work with domain name strings or email - * addresses. - * @private - * @param {String} domain The domain name or email address. - * @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every - * character. - * @returns {Array} A new string of characters returned by the callback - * function. - */ - function mapDomain(string, fn) { - var parts = string.split('@'); - var result = ''; - if (parts.length > 1) { - // In email addresses, only the domain name should be punycoded. Leave - // the local part (i.e. everything up to `@`) intact. - result = parts[0] + '@'; - string = parts[1]; - } - // Avoid `split(regex)` for IE8 compatibility. See #17. - string = string.replace(regexSeparators, '\x2E'); - var labels = string.split('.'); - var encoded = map(labels, fn).join('.'); - return result + encoded; - } - - /** - * Creates an array containing the numeric code points of each Unicode - * character in the string. While JavaScript uses UCS-2 internally, - * this function will convert a pair of surrogate halves (each of which - * UCS-2 exposes as separate characters) into a single code point, - * matching UTF-16. - * @see `punycode.ucs2.encode` - * @see - * @memberOf punycode.ucs2 - * @name decode - * @param {String} string The Unicode input string (UCS-2). - * @returns {Array} The new array of code points. - */ - function ucs2decode(string) { - var output = [], - counter = 0, - length = string.length, - value, - extra; - while (counter < length) { - value = string.charCodeAt(counter++); - if (value >= 0xD800 && value <= 0xDBFF && counter < length) { - // high surrogate, and there is a next character - extra = string.charCodeAt(counter++); - if ((extra & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00) { // low surrogate - output.push(((value & 0x3FF) << 10) + (extra & 0x3FF) + 0x10000); - } else { - // unmatched surrogate; only append this code unit, in case the next - // code unit is the high surrogate of a surrogate pair - output.push(value); - counter--; - } - } else { - output.push(value); - } - } - return output; - } - - /** - * Creates a string based on an array of numeric code points. - * @see `punycode.ucs2.decode` - * @memberOf punycode.ucs2 - * @name encode - * @param {Array} codePoints The array of numeric code points. - * @returns {String} The new Unicode string (UCS-2). - */ - function ucs2encode(array) { - return map(array, function(value) { - var output = ''; - if (value > 0xFFFF) { - value -= 0x10000; - output += stringFromCharCode(value >>> 10 & 0x3FF | 0xD800); - value = 0xDC00 | value & 0x3FF; - } - output += stringFromCharCode(value); - return output; - }).join(''); - } - - /** - * Converts a basic code point into a digit/integer. - * @see `digitToBasic()` - * @private - * @param {Number} codePoint The basic numeric code point value. - * @returns {Number} The numeric value of a basic code point (for use in - * representing integers) in the range `0` to `base - 1`, or `base` if - * the code point does not represent a value. - */ - function basicToDigit(codePoint) { - if (codePoint - 48 < 10) { - return codePoint - 22; - } - if (codePoint - 65 < 26) { - return codePoint - 65; - } - if (codePoint - 97 < 26) { - return codePoint - 97; - } - return base; - } - - /** - * Converts a digit/integer into a basic code point. - * @see `basicToDigit()` - * @private - * @param {Number} digit The numeric value of a basic code point. - * @returns {Number} The basic code point whose value (when used for - * representing integers) is `digit`, which needs to be in the range - * `0` to `base - 1`. If `flag` is non-zero, the uppercase form is - * used; else, the lowercase form is used. The behavior is undefined - * if `flag` is non-zero and `digit` has no uppercase form. - */ - function digitToBasic(digit, flag) { - // 0..25 map to ASCII a..z or A..Z - // 26..35 map to ASCII 0..9 - return digit + 22 + 75 * (digit < 26) - ((flag != 0) << 5); - } - - /** - * Bias adaptation function as per section 3.4 of RFC 3492. - * http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3492#section-3.4 - * @private - */ - function adapt(delta, numPoints, firstTime) { - var k = 0; - delta = firstTime ? floor(delta / damp) : delta >> 1; - delta += floor(delta / numPoints); - for (/* no initialization */; delta > baseMinusTMin * tMax >> 1; k += base) { - delta = floor(delta / baseMinusTMin); - } - return floor(k + (baseMinusTMin + 1) * delta / (delta + skew)); - } - - /** - * Converts a Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols to a string of Unicode - * symbols. - * @memberOf punycode - * @param {String} input The Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols. - * @returns {String} The resulting string of Unicode symbols. - */ - function decode(input) { - // Don't use UCS-2 - var output = [], - inputLength = input.length, - out, - i = 0, - n = initialN, - bias = initialBias, - basic, - j, - index, - oldi, - w, - k, - digit, - t, - /** Cached calculation results */ - baseMinusT; - - // Handle the basic code points: let `basic` be the number of input code - // points before the last delimiter, or `0` if there is none, then copy - // the first basic code points to the output. - - basic = input.lastIndexOf(delimiter); - if (basic < 0) { - basic = 0; - } - - for (j = 0; j < basic; ++j) { - // if it's not a basic code point - if (input.charCodeAt(j) >= 0x80) { - error('not-basic'); - } - output.push(input.charCodeAt(j)); - } - - // Main decoding loop: start just after the last delimiter if any basic code - // points were copied; start at the beginning otherwise. - - for (index = basic > 0 ? basic + 1 : 0; index < inputLength; /* no final expression */) { - - // `index` is the index of the next character to be consumed. - // Decode a generalized variable-length integer into `delta`, - // which gets added to `i`. The overflow checking is easier - // if we increase `i` as we go, then subtract off its starting - // value at the end to obtain `delta`. - for (oldi = i, w = 1, k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) { - - if (index >= inputLength) { - error('invalid-input'); - } - - digit = basicToDigit(input.charCodeAt(index++)); - - if (digit >= base || digit > floor((maxInt - i) / w)) { - error('overflow'); - } - - i += digit * w; - t = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias); - - if (digit < t) { - break; - } - - baseMinusT = base - t; - if (w > floor(maxInt / baseMinusT)) { - error('overflow'); - } - - w *= baseMinusT; - - } - - out = output.length + 1; - bias = adapt(i - oldi, out, oldi == 0); - - // `i` was supposed to wrap around from `out` to `0`, - // incrementing `n` each time, so we'll fix that now: - if (floor(i / out) > maxInt - n) { - error('overflow'); - } - - n += floor(i / out); - i %= out; - - // Insert `n` at position `i` of the output - output.splice(i++, 0, n); - - } - - return ucs2encode(output); - } - - /** - * Converts a string of Unicode symbols (e.g. a domain name label) to a - * Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols. - * @memberOf punycode - * @param {String} input The string of Unicode symbols. - * @returns {String} The resulting Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols. - */ - function encode(input) { - var n, - delta, - handledCPCount, - basicLength, - bias, - j, - m, - q, - k, - t, - currentValue, - output = [], - /** `inputLength` will hold the number of code points in `input`. */ - inputLength, - /** Cached calculation results */ - handledCPCountPlusOne, - baseMinusT, - qMinusT; - - // Convert the input in UCS-2 to Unicode - input = ucs2decode(input); - - // Cache the length - inputLength = input.length; - - // Initialize the state - n = initialN; - delta = 0; - bias = initialBias; - - // Handle the basic code points - for (j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) { - currentValue = input[j]; - if (currentValue < 0x80) { - output.push(stringFromCharCode(currentValue)); - } - } - - handledCPCount = basicLength = output.length; - - // `handledCPCount` is the number of code points that have been handled; - // `basicLength` is the number of basic code points. - - // Finish the basic string - if it is not empty - with a delimiter - if (basicLength) { - output.push(delimiter); - } - - // Main encoding loop: - while (handledCPCount < inputLength) { - - // All non-basic code points < n have been handled already. Find the next - // larger one: - for (m = maxInt, j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) { - currentValue = input[j]; - if (currentValue >= n && currentValue < m) { - m = currentValue; - } - } - - // Increase `delta` enough to advance the decoder's state to , - // but guard against overflow - handledCPCountPlusOne = handledCPCount + 1; - if (m - n > floor((maxInt - delta) / handledCPCountPlusOne)) { - error('overflow'); - } - - delta += (m - n) * handledCPCountPlusOne; - n = m; - - for (j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) { - currentValue = input[j]; - - if (currentValue < n && ++delta > maxInt) { - error('overflow'); - } - - if (currentValue == n) { - // Represent delta as a generalized variable-length integer - for (q = delta, k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) { - t = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias); - if (q < t) { - break; - } - qMinusT = q - t; - baseMinusT = base - t; - output.push( - stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(t + qMinusT % baseMinusT, 0)) - ); - q = floor(qMinusT / baseMinusT); - } - - output.push(stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(q, 0))); - bias = adapt(delta, handledCPCountPlusOne, handledCPCount == basicLength); - delta = 0; - ++handledCPCount; - } - } - - ++delta; - ++n; - - } - return output.join(''); - } - - /** - * Converts a Punycode string representing a domain name or an email address - * to Unicode. Only the Punycoded parts of the input will be converted, i.e. - * it doesn't matter if you call it on a string that has already been - * converted to Unicode. - * @memberOf punycode - * @param {String} input The Punycoded domain name or email address to - * convert to Unicode. - * @returns {String} The Unicode representation of the given Punycode - * string. - */ - function toUnicode(input) { - return mapDomain(input, function(string) { - return regexPunycode.test(string) - ? decode(string.slice(4).toLowerCase()) - : string; - }); - } - - /** - * Converts a Unicode string representing a domain name or an email address to - * Punycode. Only the non-ASCII parts of the domain name will be converted, - * i.e. it doesn't matter if you call it with a domain that's already in - * ASCII. - * @memberOf punycode - * @param {String} input The domain name or email address to convert, as a - * Unicode string. - * @returns {String} The Punycode representation of the given domain name or - * email address. - */ - function toASCII(input) { - return mapDomain(input, function(string) { - return regexNonASCII.test(string) - ? 'xn--' + encode(string) - : string; - }); - } - - /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ - - /** Define the public API */ - punycode = { - /** - * A string representing the current Punycode.js version number. - * @memberOf punycode - * @type String - */ - 'version': '1.3.2', - /** - * An object of methods to convert from JavaScript's internal character - * representation (UCS-2) to Unicode code points, and back. - * @see - * @memberOf punycode - * @type Object - */ - 'ucs2': { - 'decode': ucs2decode, - 'encode': ucs2encode - }, - 'decode': decode, - 'encode': encode, - 'toASCII': toASCII, - 'toUnicode': toUnicode - }; - - /** Expose `punycode` */ - // Some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for specific condition patterns - // like the following: - if ( - typeof define == 'function' && - typeof define.amd == 'object' && - define.amd - ) { - define('punycode', function() { - return punycode; - }); - } else if (freeExports && freeModule) { - if (module.exports == freeExports) { // in Node.js or RingoJS v0.8.0+ - freeModule.exports = punycode; - } else { // in Narwhal or RingoJS v0.7.0- - for (key in punycode) { - punycode.hasOwnProperty(key) && (freeExports[key] = punycode[key]); - } - } - } else { // in Rhino or a web browser - root.punycode = punycode; - } - -}(this)); - -}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {}) -},{}],4:[function(require,module,exports){ -// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors. -// -// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a -// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the -// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including -// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, -// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit -// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the -// following conditions: -// -// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included -// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. -// -// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS -// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF -// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN -// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, -// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR -// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE -// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. - -'use strict'; - -// If obj.hasOwnProperty has been overridden, then calling -// obj.hasOwnProperty(prop) will break. -// See: https://github.com/joyent/node/issues/1707 -function hasOwnProperty(obj, prop) { - return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, prop); -} - -module.exports = function(qs, sep, eq, options) { - sep = sep || '&'; - eq = eq || '='; - var obj = {}; - - if (typeof qs !== 'string' || qs.length === 0) { - return obj; - } - - var regexp = /\+/g; - qs = qs.split(sep); - - var maxKeys = 1000; - if (options && typeof options.maxKeys === 'number') { - maxKeys = options.maxKeys; - } - - var len = qs.length; - // maxKeys <= 0 means that we should not limit keys count - if (maxKeys > 0 && len > maxKeys) { - len = maxKeys; - } - - for (var i = 0; i < len; ++i) { - var x = qs[i].replace(regexp, '%20'), - idx = x.indexOf(eq), - kstr, vstr, k, v; - - if (idx >= 0) { - kstr = x.substr(0, idx); - vstr = x.substr(idx + 1); - } else { - kstr = x; - vstr = ''; - } - - k = decodeURIComponent(kstr); - v = decodeURIComponent(vstr); - - if (!hasOwnProperty(obj, k)) { - obj[k] = v; - } else if (isArray(obj[k])) { - obj[k].push(v); - } else { - obj[k] = [obj[k], v]; - } - } - - return obj; -}; - -var isArray = Array.isArray || function (xs) { - return Object.prototype.toString.call(xs) === '[object Array]'; -}; - -},{}],5:[function(require,module,exports){ -// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors. -// -// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a -// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the -// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including -// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, -// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit -// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the -// following conditions: -// -// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included -// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. -// -// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS -// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF -// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN -// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, -// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR -// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE -// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. - -'use strict'; - -var stringifyPrimitive = function(v) { - switch (typeof v) { - case 'string': - return v; - - case 'boolean': - return v ? 'true' : 'false'; - - case 'number': - return isFinite(v) ? v : ''; - - default: - return ''; - } -}; - -module.exports = function(obj, sep, eq, name) { - sep = sep || '&'; - eq = eq || '='; - if (obj === null) { - obj = undefined; - } - - if (typeof obj === 'object') { - return map(objectKeys(obj), function(k) { - var ks = encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(k)) + eq; - if (isArray(obj[k])) { - return map(obj[k], function(v) { - return ks + encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(v)); - }).join(sep); - } else { - return ks + encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(obj[k])); - } - }).join(sep); - - } - - if (!name) return ''; - return encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(name)) + eq + - encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(obj)); -}; - -var isArray = Array.isArray || function (xs) { - return Object.prototype.toString.call(xs) === '[object Array]'; -}; - -function map (xs, f) { - if (xs.map) return xs.map(f); - var res = []; - for (var i = 0; i < xs.length; i++) { - res.push(f(xs[i], i)); - } - return res; -} - -var objectKeys = Object.keys || function (obj) { - var res = []; - for (var key in obj) { - if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) res.push(key); - } - return res; -}; - -},{}],6:[function(require,module,exports){ -'use strict'; - -exports.decode = exports.parse = require('./decode'); -exports.encode = exports.stringify = require('./encode'); - -},{"./decode":4,"./encode":5}],7:[function(require,module,exports){ -// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors. -// -// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a -// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the -// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including -// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, -// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit -// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the -// following conditions: -// -// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included -// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. -// -// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS -// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF -// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN -// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, -// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR -// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE -// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. - -var punycode = require('punycode'); - -exports.parse = urlParse; -exports.resolve = urlResolve; -exports.resolveObject = urlResolveObject; -exports.format = urlFormat; - -exports.Url = Url; - -function Url() { - this.protocol = null; - this.slashes = null; - this.auth = null; - this.host = null; - this.port = null; - this.hostname = null; - this.hash = null; - this.search = null; - this.query = null; - this.pathname = null; - this.path = null; - this.href = null; -} - -// Reference: RFC 3986, RFC 1808, RFC 2396 - -// define these here so at least they only have to be -// compiled once on the first module load. -var protocolPattern = /^([a-z0-9.+-]+:)/i, - portPattern = /:[0-9]*$/, - - // RFC 2396: characters reserved for delimiting URLs. - // We actually just auto-escape these. - delims = ['<', '>', '"', '`', ' ', '\r', '\n', '\t'], - - // RFC 2396: characters not allowed for various reasons. - unwise = ['{', '}', '|', '\\', '^', '`'].concat(delims), - - // Allowed by RFCs, but cause of XSS attacks. Always escape these. - autoEscape = ['\''].concat(unwise), - // Characters that are never ever allowed in a hostname. - // Note that any invalid chars are also handled, but these - // are the ones that are *expected* to be seen, so we fast-path - // them. - nonHostChars = ['%', '/', '?', ';', '#'].concat(autoEscape), - hostEndingChars = ['/', '?', '#'], - hostnameMaxLen = 255, - hostnamePartPattern = /^[a-z0-9A-Z_-]{0,63}$/, - hostnamePartStart = /^([a-z0-9A-Z_-]{0,63})(.*)$/, - // protocols that can allow "unsafe" and "unwise" chars. - unsafeProtocol = { - 'javascript': true, - 'javascript:': true - }, - // protocols that never have a hostname. - hostlessProtocol = { - 'javascript': true, - 'javascript:': true - }, - // protocols that always contain a // bit. - slashedProtocol = { - 'http': true, - 'https': true, - 'ftp': true, - 'gopher': true, - 'file': true, - 'http:': true, - 'https:': true, - 'ftp:': true, - 'gopher:': true, - 'file:': true - }, - querystring = require('querystring'); - -function urlParse(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost) { - if (url && isObject(url) && url instanceof Url) return url; - - var u = new Url; - u.parse(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost); - return u; -} - -Url.prototype.parse = function(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost) { - if (!isString(url)) { - throw new TypeError("Parameter 'url' must be a string, not " + typeof url); - } - - var rest = url; - - // trim before proceeding. - // This is to support parse stuff like " http://foo.com \n" - rest = rest.trim(); - - var proto = protocolPattern.exec(rest); - if (proto) { - proto = proto[0]; - var lowerProto = proto.toLowerCase(); - this.protocol = lowerProto; - rest = rest.substr(proto.length); - } - - // figure out if it's got a host - // user@server is *always* interpreted as a hostname, and url - // resolution will treat //foo/bar as host=foo,path=bar because that's - // how the browser resolves relative URLs. - if (slashesDenoteHost || proto || rest.match(/^\/\/[^@\/]+@[^@\/]+/)) { - var slashes = rest.substr(0, 2) === '//'; - if (slashes && !(proto && hostlessProtocol[proto])) { - rest = rest.substr(2); - this.slashes = true; - } - } - - if (!hostlessProtocol[proto] && - (slashes || (proto && !slashedProtocol[proto]))) { - - // there's a hostname. - // the first instance of /, ?, ;, or # ends the host. - // - // If there is an @ in the hostname, then non-host chars *are* allowed - // to the left of the last @ sign, unless some host-ending character - // comes *before* the @-sign. - // URLs are obnoxious. - // - // ex: - // http://a@b@c/ => user:a@b host:c - // http://a@b?@c => user:a host:c path:/?@c - - // v0.12 TODO(isaacs): This is not quite how Chrome does things. - // Review our test case against browsers more comprehensively. - - // find the first instance of any hostEndingChars - var hostEnd = -1; - for (var i = 0; i < hostEndingChars.length; i++) { - var hec = rest.indexOf(hostEndingChars[i]); - if (hec !== -1 && (hostEnd === -1 || hec < hostEnd)) - hostEnd = hec; - } - - // at this point, either we have an explicit point where the - // auth portion cannot go past, or the last @ char is the decider. - var auth, atSign; - if (hostEnd === -1) { - // atSign can be anywhere. - atSign = rest.lastIndexOf('@'); - } else { - // atSign must be in auth portion. - // http://a@b/c@d => host:b auth:a path:/c@d - atSign = rest.lastIndexOf('@', hostEnd); - } - - // Now we have a portion which is definitely the auth. - // Pull that off. - if (atSign !== -1) { - auth = rest.slice(0, atSign); - rest = rest.slice(atSign + 1); - this.auth = decodeURIComponent(auth); - } - - // the host is the remaining to the left of the first non-host char - hostEnd = -1; - for (var i = 0; i < nonHostChars.length; i++) { - var hec = rest.indexOf(nonHostChars[i]); - if (hec !== -1 && (hostEnd === -1 || hec < hostEnd)) - hostEnd = hec; - } - // if we still have not hit it, then the entire thing is a host. - if (hostEnd === -1) - hostEnd = rest.length; - - this.host = rest.slice(0, hostEnd); - rest = rest.slice(hostEnd); - - // pull out port. - this.parseHost(); - - // we've indicated that there is a hostname, - // so even if it's empty, it has to be present. - this.hostname = this.hostname || ''; - - // if hostname begins with [ and ends with ] - // assume that it's an IPv6 address. - var ipv6Hostname = this.hostname[0] === '[' && - this.hostname[this.hostname.length - 1] === ']'; - - // validate a little. - if (!ipv6Hostname) { - var hostparts = this.hostname.split(/\./); - for (var i = 0, l = hostparts.length; i < l; i++) { - var part = hostparts[i]; - if (!part) continue; - if (!part.match(hostnamePartPattern)) { - var newpart = ''; - for (var j = 0, k = part.length; j < k; j++) { - if (part.charCodeAt(j) > 127) { - // we replace non-ASCII char with a temporary placeholder - // we need this to make sure size of hostname is not - // broken by replacing non-ASCII by nothing - newpart += 'x'; - } else { - newpart += part[j]; - } - } - // we test again with ASCII char only - if (!newpart.match(hostnamePartPattern)) { - var validParts = hostparts.slice(0, i); - var notHost = hostparts.slice(i + 1); - var bit = part.match(hostnamePartStart); - if (bit) { - validParts.push(bit[1]); - notHost.unshift(bit[2]); - } - if (notHost.length) { - rest = '/' + notHost.join('.') + rest; - } - this.hostname = validParts.join('.'); - break; - } - } - } - } - - if (this.hostname.length > hostnameMaxLen) { - this.hostname = ''; - } else { - // hostnames are always lower case. - this.hostname = this.hostname.toLowerCase(); - } - - if (!ipv6Hostname) { - // IDNA Support: Returns a puny coded representation of "domain". - // It only converts the part of the domain name that - // has non ASCII characters. I.e. it dosent matter if - // you call it with a domain that already is in ASCII. - var domainArray = this.hostname.split('.'); - var newOut = []; - for (var i = 0; i < domainArray.length; ++i) { - var s = domainArray[i]; - newOut.push(s.match(/[^A-Za-z0-9_-]/) ? - 'xn--' + punycode.encode(s) : s); - } - this.hostname = newOut.join('.'); - } - - var p = this.port ? ':' + this.port : ''; - var h = this.hostname || ''; - this.host = h + p; - this.href += this.host; - - // strip [ and ] from the hostname - // the host field still retains them, though - if (ipv6Hostname) { - this.hostname = this.hostname.substr(1, this.hostname.length - 2); - if (rest[0] !== '/') { - rest = '/' + rest; - } - } - } - - // now rest is set to the post-host stuff. - // chop off any delim chars. - if (!unsafeProtocol[lowerProto]) { - - // First, make 100% sure that any "autoEscape" chars get - // escaped, even if encodeURIComponent doesn't think they - // need to be. - for (var i = 0, l = autoEscape.length; i < l; i++) { - var ae = autoEscape[i]; - var esc = encodeURIComponent(ae); - if (esc === ae) { - esc = escape(ae); - } - rest = rest.split(ae).join(esc); - } - } - - - // chop off from the tail first. - var hash = rest.indexOf('#'); - if (hash !== -1) { - // got a fragment string. - this.hash = rest.substr(hash); - rest = rest.slice(0, hash); - } - var qm = rest.indexOf('?'); - if (qm !== -1) { - this.search = rest.substr(qm); - this.query = rest.substr(qm + 1); - if (parseQueryString) { - this.query = querystring.parse(this.query); - } - rest = rest.slice(0, qm); - } else if (parseQueryString) { - // no query string, but parseQueryString still requested - this.search = ''; - this.query = {}; - } - if (rest) this.pathname = rest; - if (slashedProtocol[lowerProto] && - this.hostname && !this.pathname) { - this.pathname = '/'; - } - - //to support http.request - if (this.pathname || this.search) { - var p = this.pathname || ''; - var s = this.search || ''; - this.path = p + s; - } - - // finally, reconstruct the href based on what has been validated. - this.href = this.format(); - return this; -}; - -// format a parsed object into a url string -function urlFormat(obj) { - // ensure it's an object, and not a string url. - // If it's an obj, this is a no-op. - // this way, you can call url_format() on strings - // to clean up potentially wonky urls. - if (isString(obj)) obj = urlParse(obj); - if (!(obj instanceof Url)) return Url.prototype.format.call(obj); - return obj.format(); -} - -Url.prototype.format = function() { - var auth = this.auth || ''; - if (auth) { - auth = encodeURIComponent(auth); - auth = auth.replace(/%3A/i, ':'); - auth += '@'; - } - - var protocol = this.protocol || '', - pathname = this.pathname || '', - hash = this.hash || '', - host = false, - query = ''; - - if (this.host) { - host = auth + this.host; - } else if (this.hostname) { - host = auth + (this.hostname.indexOf(':') === -1 ? - this.hostname : - '[' + this.hostname + ']'); - if (this.port) { - host += ':' + this.port; - } - } - - if (this.query && - isObject(this.query) && - Object.keys(this.query).length) { - query = querystring.stringify(this.query); - } - - var search = this.search || (query && ('?' + query)) || ''; - - if (protocol && protocol.substr(-1) !== ':') protocol += ':'; - - // only the slashedProtocols get the //. Not mailto:, xmpp:, etc. - // unless they had them to begin with. - if (this.slashes || - (!protocol || slashedProtocol[protocol]) && host !== false) { - host = '//' + (host || ''); - if (pathname && pathname.charAt(0) !== '/') pathname = '/' + pathname; - } else if (!host) { - host = ''; - } - - if (hash && hash.charAt(0) !== '#') hash = '#' + hash; - if (search && search.charAt(0) !== '?') search = '?' + search; - - pathname = pathname.replace(/[?#]/g, function(match) { - return encodeURIComponent(match); - }); - search = search.replace('#', '%23'); - - return protocol + host + pathname + search + hash; -}; - -function urlResolve(source, relative) { - return urlParse(source, false, true).resolve(relative); -} - -Url.prototype.resolve = function(relative) { - return this.resolveObject(urlParse(relative, false, true)).format(); -}; - -function urlResolveObject(source, relative) { - if (!source) return relative; - return urlParse(source, false, true).resolveObject(relative); -} - -Url.prototype.resolveObject = function(relative) { - if (isString(relative)) { - var rel = new Url(); - rel.parse(relative, false, true); - relative = rel; - } - - var result = new Url(); - Object.keys(this).forEach(function(k) { - result[k] = this[k]; - }, this); - - // hash is always overridden, no matter what. - // even href="" will remove it. - result.hash = relative.hash; - - // if the relative url is empty, then there's nothing left to do here. - if (relative.href === '') { - result.href = result.format(); - return result; - } - - // hrefs like //foo/bar always cut to the protocol. - if (relative.slashes && !relative.protocol) { - // take everything except the protocol from relative - Object.keys(relative).forEach(function(k) { - if (k !== 'protocol') - result[k] = relative[k]; - }); - - //urlParse appends trailing / to urls like http://www.example.com - if (slashedProtocol[result.protocol] && - result.hostname && !result.pathname) { - result.path = result.pathname = '/'; - } - - result.href = result.format(); - return result; - } - - if (relative.protocol && relative.protocol !== result.protocol) { - // if it's a known url protocol, then changing - // the protocol does weird things - // first, if it's not file:, then we MUST have a host, - // and if there was a path - // to begin with, then we MUST have a path. - // if it is file:, then the host is dropped, - // because that's known to be hostless. - // anything else is assumed to be absolute. - if (!slashedProtocol[relative.protocol]) { - Object.keys(relative).forEach(function(k) { - result[k] = relative[k]; - }); - result.href = result.format(); - return result; - } - - result.protocol = relative.protocol; - if (!relative.host && !hostlessProtocol[relative.protocol]) { - var relPath = (relative.pathname || '').split('/'); - while (relPath.length && !(relative.host = relPath.shift())); - if (!relative.host) relative.host = ''; - if (!relative.hostname) relative.hostname = ''; - if (relPath[0] !== '') relPath.unshift(''); - if (relPath.length < 2) relPath.unshift(''); - result.pathname = relPath.join('/'); - } else { - result.pathname = relative.pathname; - } - result.search = relative.search; - result.query = relative.query; - result.host = relative.host || ''; - result.auth = relative.auth; - result.hostname = relative.hostname || relative.host; - result.port = relative.port; - // to support http.request - if (result.pathname || result.search) { - var p = result.pathname || ''; - var s = result.search || ''; - result.path = p + s; - } - result.slashes = result.slashes || relative.slashes; - result.href = result.format(); - return result; - } - - var isSourceAbs = (result.pathname && result.pathname.charAt(0) === '/'), - isRelAbs = ( - relative.host || - relative.pathname && relative.pathname.charAt(0) === '/' - ), - mustEndAbs = (isRelAbs || isSourceAbs || - (result.host && relative.pathname)), - removeAllDots = mustEndAbs, - srcPath = result.pathname && result.pathname.split('/') || [], - relPath = relative.pathname && relative.pathname.split('/') || [], - psychotic = result.protocol && !slashedProtocol[result.protocol]; - - // if the url is a non-slashed url, then relative - // links like ../.. should be able - // to crawl up to the hostname, as well. This is strange. - // result.protocol has already been set by now. - // Later on, put the first path part into the host field. - if (psychotic) { - result.hostname = ''; - result.port = null; - if (result.host) { - if (srcPath[0] === '') srcPath[0] = result.host; - else srcPath.unshift(result.host); - } - result.host = ''; - if (relative.protocol) { - relative.hostname = null; - relative.port = null; - if (relative.host) { - if (relPath[0] === '') relPath[0] = relative.host; - else relPath.unshift(relative.host); - } - relative.host = null; - } - mustEndAbs = mustEndAbs && (relPath[0] === '' || srcPath[0] === ''); - } - - if (isRelAbs) { - // it's absolute. - result.host = (relative.host || relative.host === '') ? - relative.host : result.host; - result.hostname = (relative.hostname || relative.hostname === '') ? - relative.hostname : result.hostname; - result.search = relative.search; - result.query = relative.query; - srcPath = relPath; - // fall through to the dot-handling below. - } else if (relPath.length) { - // it's relative - // throw away the existing file, and take the new path instead. - if (!srcPath) srcPath = []; - srcPath.pop(); - srcPath = srcPath.concat(relPath); - result.search = relative.search; - result.query = relative.query; - } else if (!isNullOrUndefined(relative.search)) { - // just pull out the search. - // like href='?foo'. - // Put this after the other two cases because it simplifies the booleans - if (psychotic) { - result.hostname = result.host = srcPath.shift(); - //occationaly the auth can get stuck only in host - //this especialy happens in cases like - //url.resolveObject('mailto:local1@domain1', 'local2@domain2') - var authInHost = result.host && result.host.indexOf('@') > 0 ? - result.host.split('@') : false; - if (authInHost) { - result.auth = authInHost.shift(); - result.host = result.hostname = authInHost.shift(); - } - } - result.search = relative.search; - result.query = relative.query; - //to support http.request - if (!isNull(result.pathname) || !isNull(result.search)) { - result.path = (result.pathname ? result.pathname : '') + - (result.search ? result.search : ''); - } - result.href = result.format(); - return result; - } - - if (!srcPath.length) { - // no path at all. easy. - // we've already handled the other stuff above. - result.pathname = null; - //to support http.request - if (result.search) { - result.path = '/' + result.search; - } else { - result.path = null; - } - result.href = result.format(); - return result; - } - - // if a url ENDs in . or .., then it must get a trailing slash. - // however, if it ends in anything else non-slashy, - // then it must NOT get a trailing slash. - var last = srcPath.slice(-1)[0]; - var hasTrailingSlash = ( - (result.host || relative.host) && (last === '.' || last === '..') || - last === ''); - - // strip single dots, resolve double dots to parent dir - // if the path tries to go above the root, `up` ends up > 0 - var up = 0; - for (var i = srcPath.length; i >= 0; i--) { - last = srcPath[i]; - if (last == '.') { - srcPath.splice(i, 1); - } else if (last === '..') { - srcPath.splice(i, 1); - up++; - } else if (up) { - srcPath.splice(i, 1); - up--; - } - } - - // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s - if (!mustEndAbs && !removeAllDots) { - for (; up--; up) { - srcPath.unshift('..'); - } - } - - if (mustEndAbs && srcPath[0] !== '' && - (!srcPath[0] || srcPath[0].charAt(0) !== '/')) { - srcPath.unshift(''); - } - - if (hasTrailingSlash && (srcPath.join('/').substr(-1) !== '/')) { - srcPath.push(''); - } - - var isAbsolute = srcPath[0] === '' || - (srcPath[0] && srcPath[0].charAt(0) === '/'); - - // put the host back - if (psychotic) { - result.hostname = result.host = isAbsolute ? '' : - srcPath.length ? srcPath.shift() : ''; - //occationaly the auth can get stuck only in host - //this especialy happens in cases like - //url.resolveObject('mailto:local1@domain1', 'local2@domain2') - var authInHost = result.host && result.host.indexOf('@') > 0 ? - result.host.split('@') : false; - if (authInHost) { - result.auth = authInHost.shift(); - result.host = result.hostname = authInHost.shift(); - } - } - - mustEndAbs = mustEndAbs || (result.host && srcPath.length); - - if (mustEndAbs && !isAbsolute) { - srcPath.unshift(''); - } - - if (!srcPath.length) { - result.pathname = null; - result.path = null; - } else { - result.pathname = srcPath.join('/'); - } - - //to support request.http - if (!isNull(result.pathname) || !isNull(result.search)) { - result.path = (result.pathname ? result.pathname : '') + - (result.search ? result.search : ''); - } - result.auth = relative.auth || result.auth; - result.slashes = result.slashes || relative.slashes; - result.href = result.format(); - return result; -}; - -Url.prototype.parseHost = function() { - var host = this.host; - var port = portPattern.exec(host); - if (port) { - port = port[0]; - if (port !== ':') { - this.port = port.substr(1); - } - host = host.substr(0, host.length - port.length); - } - if (host) this.hostname = host; -}; - -function isString(arg) { - return typeof arg === "string"; -} - -function isObject(arg) { - return typeof arg === 'object' && arg !== null; -} - -function isNull(arg) { - return arg === null; -} -function isNullOrUndefined(arg) { - return arg == null; -} - -},{"punycode":3,"querystring":6}],8:[function(require,module,exports){ /*! * jQuery JavaScript Library v2.1.4 * http://jquery.com/ @@ -10953,7 +9210,7 @@ return jQuery; })); -},{}],9:[function(require,module,exports){ +},{}],2:[function(require,module,exports){ (function (global){ /** * @license @@ -23308,7 +21565,7 @@ return jQuery; }.call(this)); }).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {}) -},{}],10:[function(require,module,exports){ +},{}],3:[function(require,module,exports){ /*global define:false */ /** * Copyright 2015 Craig Campbell @@ -24331,7 +22588,1750 @@ return jQuery; } }) (window, document); -},{}],11:[function(require,module,exports){ +},{}],4:[function(require,module,exports){ +(function (process){ +// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors. +// +// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a +// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the +// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including +// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, +// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit +// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the +// following conditions: +// +// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included +// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. +// +// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS +// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF +// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN +// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, +// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR +// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE +// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. + +// resolves . and .. elements in a path array with directory names there +// must be no slashes, empty elements, or device names (c:\) in the array +// (so also no leading and trailing slashes - it does not distinguish +// relative and absolute paths) +function normalizeArray(parts, allowAboveRoot) { + // if the path tries to go above the root, `up` ends up > 0 + var up = 0; + for (var i = parts.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) { + var last = parts[i]; + if (last === '.') { + parts.splice(i, 1); + } else if (last === '..') { + parts.splice(i, 1); + up++; + } else if (up) { + parts.splice(i, 1); + up--; + } + } + + // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s + if (allowAboveRoot) { + for (; up--; up) { + parts.unshift('..'); + } + } + + return parts; +} + +// Split a filename into [root, dir, basename, ext], unix version +// 'root' is just a slash, or nothing. +var splitPathRe = + /^(\/?|)([\s\S]*?)((?:\.{1,2}|[^\/]+?|)(\.[^.\/]*|))(?:[\/]*)$/; +var splitPath = function(filename) { + return splitPathRe.exec(filename).slice(1); +}; + +// path.resolve([from ...], to) +// posix version +exports.resolve = function() { + var resolvedPath = '', + resolvedAbsolute = false; + + for (var i = arguments.length - 1; i >= -1 && !resolvedAbsolute; i--) { + var path = (i >= 0) ? arguments[i] : process.cwd(); + + // Skip empty and invalid entries + if (typeof path !== 'string') { + throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.resolve must be strings'); + } else if (!path) { + continue; + } + + resolvedPath = path + '/' + resolvedPath; + resolvedAbsolute = path.charAt(0) === '/'; + } + + // At this point the path should be resolved to a full absolute path, but + // handle relative paths to be safe (might happen when process.cwd() fails) + + // Normalize the path + resolvedPath = normalizeArray(filter(resolvedPath.split('/'), function(p) { + return !!p; + }), !resolvedAbsolute).join('/'); + + return ((resolvedAbsolute ? '/' : '') + resolvedPath) || '.'; +}; + +// path.normalize(path) +// posix version +exports.normalize = function(path) { + var isAbsolute = exports.isAbsolute(path), + trailingSlash = substr(path, -1) === '/'; + + // Normalize the path + path = normalizeArray(filter(path.split('/'), function(p) { + return !!p; + }), !isAbsolute).join('/'); + + if (!path && !isAbsolute) { + path = '.'; + } + if (path && trailingSlash) { + path += '/'; + } + + return (isAbsolute ? '/' : '') + path; +}; + +// posix version +exports.isAbsolute = function(path) { + return path.charAt(0) === '/'; +}; + +// posix version +exports.join = function() { + var paths = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0); + return exports.normalize(filter(paths, function(p, index) { + if (typeof p !== 'string') { + throw new TypeError('Arguments to path.join must be strings'); + } + return p; + }).join('/')); +}; + + +// path.relative(from, to) +// posix version +exports.relative = function(from, to) { + from = exports.resolve(from).substr(1); + to = exports.resolve(to).substr(1); + + function trim(arr) { + var start = 0; + for (; start < arr.length; start++) { + if (arr[start] !== '') break; + } + + var end = arr.length - 1; + for (; end >= 0; end--) { + if (arr[end] !== '') break; + } + + if (start > end) return []; + return arr.slice(start, end - start + 1); + } + + var fromParts = trim(from.split('/')); + var toParts = trim(to.split('/')); + + var length = Math.min(fromParts.length, toParts.length); + var samePartsLength = length; + for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) { + if (fromParts[i] !== toParts[i]) { + samePartsLength = i; + break; + } + } + + var outputParts = []; + for (var i = samePartsLength; i < fromParts.length; i++) { + outputParts.push('..'); + } + + outputParts = outputParts.concat(toParts.slice(samePartsLength)); + + return outputParts.join('/'); +}; + +exports.sep = '/'; +exports.delimiter = ':'; + +exports.dirname = function(path) { + var result = splitPath(path), + root = result[0], + dir = result[1]; + + if (!root && !dir) { + // No dirname whatsoever + return '.'; + } + + if (dir) { + // It has a dirname, strip trailing slash + dir = dir.substr(0, dir.length - 1); + } + + return root + dir; +}; + + +exports.basename = function(path, ext) { + var f = splitPath(path)[2]; + // TODO: make this comparison case-insensitive on windows? + if (ext && f.substr(-1 * ext.length) === ext) { + f = f.substr(0, f.length - ext.length); + } + return f; +}; + + +exports.extname = function(path) { + return splitPath(path)[3]; +}; + +function filter (xs, f) { + if (xs.filter) return xs.filter(f); + var res = []; + for (var i = 0; i < xs.length; i++) { + if (f(xs[i], i, xs)) res.push(xs[i]); + } + return res; +} + +// String.prototype.substr - negative index don't work in IE8 +var substr = 'ab'.substr(-1) === 'b' + ? function (str, start, len) { return str.substr(start, len) } + : function (str, start, len) { + if (start < 0) start = str.length + start; + return str.substr(start, len); + } +; + +}).call(this,require('_process')) +},{"_process":5}],5:[function(require,module,exports){ +// shim for using process in browser + +var process = module.exports = {}; +var queue = []; +var draining = false; +var currentQueue; +var queueIndex = -1; + +function cleanUpNextTick() { + draining = false; + if (currentQueue.length) { + queue = currentQueue.concat(queue); + } else { + queueIndex = -1; + } + if (queue.length) { + drainQueue(); + } +} + +function drainQueue() { + if (draining) { + return; + } + var timeout = setTimeout(cleanUpNextTick); + draining = true; + + var len = queue.length; + while(len) { + currentQueue = queue; + queue = []; + while (++queueIndex < len) { + if (currentQueue) { + currentQueue[queueIndex].run(); + } + } + queueIndex = -1; + len = queue.length; + } + currentQueue = null; + draining = false; + clearTimeout(timeout); +} + +process.nextTick = function (fun) { + var args = new Array(arguments.length - 1); + if (arguments.length > 1) { + for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) { + args[i - 1] = arguments[i]; + } + } + queue.push(new Item(fun, args)); + if (queue.length === 1 && !draining) { + setTimeout(drainQueue, 0); + } +}; + +// v8 likes predictible objects +function Item(fun, array) { + this.fun = fun; + this.array = array; +} +Item.prototype.run = function () { + this.fun.apply(null, this.array); +}; +process.title = 'browser'; +process.browser = true; +process.env = {}; +process.argv = []; +process.version = ''; // empty string to avoid regexp issues +process.versions = {}; + +function noop() {} + +process.on = noop; +process.addListener = noop; +process.once = noop; +process.off = noop; +process.removeListener = noop; +process.removeAllListeners = noop; +process.emit = noop; + +process.binding = function (name) { + throw new Error('process.binding is not supported'); +}; + +process.cwd = function () { return '/' }; +process.chdir = function (dir) { + throw new Error('process.chdir is not supported'); +}; +process.umask = function() { return 0; }; + +},{}],6:[function(require,module,exports){ +(function (global){ +/*! https://mths.be/punycode v1.3.2 by @mathias */ +;(function(root) { + + /** Detect free variables */ + var freeExports = typeof exports == 'object' && exports && + !exports.nodeType && exports; + var freeModule = typeof module == 'object' && module && + !module.nodeType && module; + var freeGlobal = typeof global == 'object' && global; + if ( + freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal || + freeGlobal.window === freeGlobal || + freeGlobal.self === freeGlobal + ) { + root = freeGlobal; + } + + /** + * The `punycode` object. + * @name punycode + * @type Object + */ + var punycode, + + /** Highest positive signed 32-bit float value */ + maxInt = 2147483647, // aka. 0x7FFFFFFF or 2^31-1 + + /** Bootstring parameters */ + base = 36, + tMin = 1, + tMax = 26, + skew = 38, + damp = 700, + initialBias = 72, + initialN = 128, // 0x80 + delimiter = '-', // '\x2D' + + /** Regular expressions */ + regexPunycode = /^xn--/, + regexNonASCII = /[^\x20-\x7E]/, // unprintable ASCII chars + non-ASCII chars + regexSeparators = /[\x2E\u3002\uFF0E\uFF61]/g, // RFC 3490 separators + + /** Error messages */ + errors = { + 'overflow': 'Overflow: input needs wider integers to process', + 'not-basic': 'Illegal input >= 0x80 (not a basic code point)', + 'invalid-input': 'Invalid input' + }, + + /** Convenience shortcuts */ + baseMinusTMin = base - tMin, + floor = Math.floor, + stringFromCharCode = String.fromCharCode, + + /** Temporary variable */ + key; + + /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ + + /** + * A generic error utility function. + * @private + * @param {String} type The error type. + * @returns {Error} Throws a `RangeError` with the applicable error message. + */ + function error(type) { + throw RangeError(errors[type]); + } + + /** + * A generic `Array#map` utility function. + * @private + * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over. + * @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every array + * item. + * @returns {Array} A new array of values returned by the callback function. + */ + function map(array, fn) { + var length = array.length; + var result = []; + while (length--) { + result[length] = fn(array[length]); + } + return result; + } + + /** + * A simple `Array#map`-like wrapper to work with domain name strings or email + * addresses. + * @private + * @param {String} domain The domain name or email address. + * @param {Function} callback The function that gets called for every + * character. + * @returns {Array} A new string of characters returned by the callback + * function. + */ + function mapDomain(string, fn) { + var parts = string.split('@'); + var result = ''; + if (parts.length > 1) { + // In email addresses, only the domain name should be punycoded. Leave + // the local part (i.e. everything up to `@`) intact. + result = parts[0] + '@'; + string = parts[1]; + } + // Avoid `split(regex)` for IE8 compatibility. See #17. + string = string.replace(regexSeparators, '\x2E'); + var labels = string.split('.'); + var encoded = map(labels, fn).join('.'); + return result + encoded; + } + + /** + * Creates an array containing the numeric code points of each Unicode + * character in the string. While JavaScript uses UCS-2 internally, + * this function will convert a pair of surrogate halves (each of which + * UCS-2 exposes as separate characters) into a single code point, + * matching UTF-16. + * @see `punycode.ucs2.encode` + * @see + * @memberOf punycode.ucs2 + * @name decode + * @param {String} string The Unicode input string (UCS-2). + * @returns {Array} The new array of code points. + */ + function ucs2decode(string) { + var output = [], + counter = 0, + length = string.length, + value, + extra; + while (counter < length) { + value = string.charCodeAt(counter++); + if (value >= 0xD800 && value <= 0xDBFF && counter < length) { + // high surrogate, and there is a next character + extra = string.charCodeAt(counter++); + if ((extra & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00) { // low surrogate + output.push(((value & 0x3FF) << 10) + (extra & 0x3FF) + 0x10000); + } else { + // unmatched surrogate; only append this code unit, in case the next + // code unit is the high surrogate of a surrogate pair + output.push(value); + counter--; + } + } else { + output.push(value); + } + } + return output; + } + + /** + * Creates a string based on an array of numeric code points. + * @see `punycode.ucs2.decode` + * @memberOf punycode.ucs2 + * @name encode + * @param {Array} codePoints The array of numeric code points. + * @returns {String} The new Unicode string (UCS-2). + */ + function ucs2encode(array) { + return map(array, function(value) { + var output = ''; + if (value > 0xFFFF) { + value -= 0x10000; + output += stringFromCharCode(value >>> 10 & 0x3FF | 0xD800); + value = 0xDC00 | value & 0x3FF; + } + output += stringFromCharCode(value); + return output; + }).join(''); + } + + /** + * Converts a basic code point into a digit/integer. + * @see `digitToBasic()` + * @private + * @param {Number} codePoint The basic numeric code point value. + * @returns {Number} The numeric value of a basic code point (for use in + * representing integers) in the range `0` to `base - 1`, or `base` if + * the code point does not represent a value. + */ + function basicToDigit(codePoint) { + if (codePoint - 48 < 10) { + return codePoint - 22; + } + if (codePoint - 65 < 26) { + return codePoint - 65; + } + if (codePoint - 97 < 26) { + return codePoint - 97; + } + return base; + } + + /** + * Converts a digit/integer into a basic code point. + * @see `basicToDigit()` + * @private + * @param {Number} digit The numeric value of a basic code point. + * @returns {Number} The basic code point whose value (when used for + * representing integers) is `digit`, which needs to be in the range + * `0` to `base - 1`. If `flag` is non-zero, the uppercase form is + * used; else, the lowercase form is used. The behavior is undefined + * if `flag` is non-zero and `digit` has no uppercase form. + */ + function digitToBasic(digit, flag) { + // 0..25 map to ASCII a..z or A..Z + // 26..35 map to ASCII 0..9 + return digit + 22 + 75 * (digit < 26) - ((flag != 0) << 5); + } + + /** + * Bias adaptation function as per section 3.4 of RFC 3492. + * http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3492#section-3.4 + * @private + */ + function adapt(delta, numPoints, firstTime) { + var k = 0; + delta = firstTime ? floor(delta / damp) : delta >> 1; + delta += floor(delta / numPoints); + for (/* no initialization */; delta > baseMinusTMin * tMax >> 1; k += base) { + delta = floor(delta / baseMinusTMin); + } + return floor(k + (baseMinusTMin + 1) * delta / (delta + skew)); + } + + /** + * Converts a Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols to a string of Unicode + * symbols. + * @memberOf punycode + * @param {String} input The Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols. + * @returns {String} The resulting string of Unicode symbols. + */ + function decode(input) { + // Don't use UCS-2 + var output = [], + inputLength = input.length, + out, + i = 0, + n = initialN, + bias = initialBias, + basic, + j, + index, + oldi, + w, + k, + digit, + t, + /** Cached calculation results */ + baseMinusT; + + // Handle the basic code points: let `basic` be the number of input code + // points before the last delimiter, or `0` if there is none, then copy + // the first basic code points to the output. + + basic = input.lastIndexOf(delimiter); + if (basic < 0) { + basic = 0; + } + + for (j = 0; j < basic; ++j) { + // if it's not a basic code point + if (input.charCodeAt(j) >= 0x80) { + error('not-basic'); + } + output.push(input.charCodeAt(j)); + } + + // Main decoding loop: start just after the last delimiter if any basic code + // points were copied; start at the beginning otherwise. + + for (index = basic > 0 ? basic + 1 : 0; index < inputLength; /* no final expression */) { + + // `index` is the index of the next character to be consumed. + // Decode a generalized variable-length integer into `delta`, + // which gets added to `i`. The overflow checking is easier + // if we increase `i` as we go, then subtract off its starting + // value at the end to obtain `delta`. + for (oldi = i, w = 1, k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) { + + if (index >= inputLength) { + error('invalid-input'); + } + + digit = basicToDigit(input.charCodeAt(index++)); + + if (digit >= base || digit > floor((maxInt - i) / w)) { + error('overflow'); + } + + i += digit * w; + t = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias); + + if (digit < t) { + break; + } + + baseMinusT = base - t; + if (w > floor(maxInt / baseMinusT)) { + error('overflow'); + } + + w *= baseMinusT; + + } + + out = output.length + 1; + bias = adapt(i - oldi, out, oldi == 0); + + // `i` was supposed to wrap around from `out` to `0`, + // incrementing `n` each time, so we'll fix that now: + if (floor(i / out) > maxInt - n) { + error('overflow'); + } + + n += floor(i / out); + i %= out; + + // Insert `n` at position `i` of the output + output.splice(i++, 0, n); + + } + + return ucs2encode(output); + } + + /** + * Converts a string of Unicode symbols (e.g. a domain name label) to a + * Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols. + * @memberOf punycode + * @param {String} input The string of Unicode symbols. + * @returns {String} The resulting Punycode string of ASCII-only symbols. + */ + function encode(input) { + var n, + delta, + handledCPCount, + basicLength, + bias, + j, + m, + q, + k, + t, + currentValue, + output = [], + /** `inputLength` will hold the number of code points in `input`. */ + inputLength, + /** Cached calculation results */ + handledCPCountPlusOne, + baseMinusT, + qMinusT; + + // Convert the input in UCS-2 to Unicode + input = ucs2decode(input); + + // Cache the length + inputLength = input.length; + + // Initialize the state + n = initialN; + delta = 0; + bias = initialBias; + + // Handle the basic code points + for (j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) { + currentValue = input[j]; + if (currentValue < 0x80) { + output.push(stringFromCharCode(currentValue)); + } + } + + handledCPCount = basicLength = output.length; + + // `handledCPCount` is the number of code points that have been handled; + // `basicLength` is the number of basic code points. + + // Finish the basic string - if it is not empty - with a delimiter + if (basicLength) { + output.push(delimiter); + } + + // Main encoding loop: + while (handledCPCount < inputLength) { + + // All non-basic code points < n have been handled already. Find the next + // larger one: + for (m = maxInt, j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) { + currentValue = input[j]; + if (currentValue >= n && currentValue < m) { + m = currentValue; + } + } + + // Increase `delta` enough to advance the decoder's state to , + // but guard against overflow + handledCPCountPlusOne = handledCPCount + 1; + if (m - n > floor((maxInt - delta) / handledCPCountPlusOne)) { + error('overflow'); + } + + delta += (m - n) * handledCPCountPlusOne; + n = m; + + for (j = 0; j < inputLength; ++j) { + currentValue = input[j]; + + if (currentValue < n && ++delta > maxInt) { + error('overflow'); + } + + if (currentValue == n) { + // Represent delta as a generalized variable-length integer + for (q = delta, k = base; /* no condition */; k += base) { + t = k <= bias ? tMin : (k >= bias + tMax ? tMax : k - bias); + if (q < t) { + break; + } + qMinusT = q - t; + baseMinusT = base - t; + output.push( + stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(t + qMinusT % baseMinusT, 0)) + ); + q = floor(qMinusT / baseMinusT); + } + + output.push(stringFromCharCode(digitToBasic(q, 0))); + bias = adapt(delta, handledCPCountPlusOne, handledCPCount == basicLength); + delta = 0; + ++handledCPCount; + } + } + + ++delta; + ++n; + + } + return output.join(''); + } + + /** + * Converts a Punycode string representing a domain name or an email address + * to Unicode. Only the Punycoded parts of the input will be converted, i.e. + * it doesn't matter if you call it on a string that has already been + * converted to Unicode. + * @memberOf punycode + * @param {String} input The Punycoded domain name or email address to + * convert to Unicode. + * @returns {String} The Unicode representation of the given Punycode + * string. + */ + function toUnicode(input) { + return mapDomain(input, function(string) { + return regexPunycode.test(string) + ? decode(string.slice(4).toLowerCase()) + : string; + }); + } + + /** + * Converts a Unicode string representing a domain name or an email address to + * Punycode. Only the non-ASCII parts of the domain name will be converted, + * i.e. it doesn't matter if you call it with a domain that's already in + * ASCII. + * @memberOf punycode + * @param {String} input The domain name or email address to convert, as a + * Unicode string. + * @returns {String} The Punycode representation of the given domain name or + * email address. + */ + function toASCII(input) { + return mapDomain(input, function(string) { + return regexNonASCII.test(string) + ? 'xn--' + encode(string) + : string; + }); + } + + /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ + + /** Define the public API */ + punycode = { + /** + * A string representing the current Punycode.js version number. + * @memberOf punycode + * @type String + */ + 'version': '1.3.2', + /** + * An object of methods to convert from JavaScript's internal character + * representation (UCS-2) to Unicode code points, and back. + * @see + * @memberOf punycode + * @type Object + */ + 'ucs2': { + 'decode': ucs2decode, + 'encode': ucs2encode + }, + 'decode': decode, + 'encode': encode, + 'toASCII': toASCII, + 'toUnicode': toUnicode + }; + + /** Expose `punycode` */ + // Some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for specific condition patterns + // like the following: + if ( + typeof define == 'function' && + typeof define.amd == 'object' && + define.amd + ) { + define('punycode', function() { + return punycode; + }); + } else if (freeExports && freeModule) { + if (module.exports == freeExports) { // in Node.js or RingoJS v0.8.0+ + freeModule.exports = punycode; + } else { // in Narwhal or RingoJS v0.7.0- + for (key in punycode) { + punycode.hasOwnProperty(key) && (freeExports[key] = punycode[key]); + } + } + } else { // in Rhino or a web browser + root.punycode = punycode; + } + +}(this)); + +}).call(this,typeof global !== "undefined" ? global : typeof self !== "undefined" ? self : typeof window !== "undefined" ? window : {}) +},{}],7:[function(require,module,exports){ +// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors. +// +// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a +// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the +// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including +// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, +// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit +// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the +// following conditions: +// +// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included +// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. +// +// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS +// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF +// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN +// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, +// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR +// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE +// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. + +'use strict'; + +// If obj.hasOwnProperty has been overridden, then calling +// obj.hasOwnProperty(prop) will break. +// See: https://github.com/joyent/node/issues/1707 +function hasOwnProperty(obj, prop) { + return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, prop); +} + +module.exports = function(qs, sep, eq, options) { + sep = sep || '&'; + eq = eq || '='; + var obj = {}; + + if (typeof qs !== 'string' || qs.length === 0) { + return obj; + } + + var regexp = /\+/g; + qs = qs.split(sep); + + var maxKeys = 1000; + if (options && typeof options.maxKeys === 'number') { + maxKeys = options.maxKeys; + } + + var len = qs.length; + // maxKeys <= 0 means that we should not limit keys count + if (maxKeys > 0 && len > maxKeys) { + len = maxKeys; + } + + for (var i = 0; i < len; ++i) { + var x = qs[i].replace(regexp, '%20'), + idx = x.indexOf(eq), + kstr, vstr, k, v; + + if (idx >= 0) { + kstr = x.substr(0, idx); + vstr = x.substr(idx + 1); + } else { + kstr = x; + vstr = ''; + } + + k = decodeURIComponent(kstr); + v = decodeURIComponent(vstr); + + if (!hasOwnProperty(obj, k)) { + obj[k] = v; + } else if (isArray(obj[k])) { + obj[k].push(v); + } else { + obj[k] = [obj[k], v]; + } + } + + return obj; +}; + +var isArray = Array.isArray || function (xs) { + return Object.prototype.toString.call(xs) === '[object Array]'; +}; + +},{}],8:[function(require,module,exports){ +// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors. +// +// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a +// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the +// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including +// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, +// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit +// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the +// following conditions: +// +// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included +// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. +// +// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS +// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF +// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN +// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, +// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR +// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE +// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. + +'use strict'; + +var stringifyPrimitive = function(v) { + switch (typeof v) { + case 'string': + return v; + + case 'boolean': + return v ? 'true' : 'false'; + + case 'number': + return isFinite(v) ? v : ''; + + default: + return ''; + } +}; + +module.exports = function(obj, sep, eq, name) { + sep = sep || '&'; + eq = eq || '='; + if (obj === null) { + obj = undefined; + } + + if (typeof obj === 'object') { + return map(objectKeys(obj), function(k) { + var ks = encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(k)) + eq; + if (isArray(obj[k])) { + return map(obj[k], function(v) { + return ks + encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(v)); + }).join(sep); + } else { + return ks + encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(obj[k])); + } + }).join(sep); + + } + + if (!name) return ''; + return encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(name)) + eq + + encodeURIComponent(stringifyPrimitive(obj)); +}; + +var isArray = Array.isArray || function (xs) { + return Object.prototype.toString.call(xs) === '[object Array]'; +}; + +function map (xs, f) { + if (xs.map) return xs.map(f); + var res = []; + for (var i = 0; i < xs.length; i++) { + res.push(f(xs[i], i)); + } + return res; +} + +var objectKeys = Object.keys || function (obj) { + var res = []; + for (var key in obj) { + if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) res.push(key); + } + return res; +}; + +},{}],9:[function(require,module,exports){ +'use strict'; + +exports.decode = exports.parse = require('./decode'); +exports.encode = exports.stringify = require('./encode'); + +},{"./decode":7,"./encode":8}],10:[function(require,module,exports){ +// Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors. +// +// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a +// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the +// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including +// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, +// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit +// persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the +// following conditions: +// +// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included +// in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. +// +// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS +// OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF +// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN +// NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, +// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR +// OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE +// USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. + +var punycode = require('punycode'); + +exports.parse = urlParse; +exports.resolve = urlResolve; +exports.resolveObject = urlResolveObject; +exports.format = urlFormat; + +exports.Url = Url; + +function Url() { + this.protocol = null; + this.slashes = null; + this.auth = null; + this.host = null; + this.port = null; + this.hostname = null; + this.hash = null; + this.search = null; + this.query = null; + this.pathname = null; + this.path = null; + this.href = null; +} + +// Reference: RFC 3986, RFC 1808, RFC 2396 + +// define these here so at least they only have to be +// compiled once on the first module load. +var protocolPattern = /^([a-z0-9.+-]+:)/i, + portPattern = /:[0-9]*$/, + + // RFC 2396: characters reserved for delimiting URLs. + // We actually just auto-escape these. + delims = ['<', '>', '"', '`', ' ', '\r', '\n', '\t'], + + // RFC 2396: characters not allowed for various reasons. + unwise = ['{', '}', '|', '\\', '^', '`'].concat(delims), + + // Allowed by RFCs, but cause of XSS attacks. Always escape these. + autoEscape = ['\''].concat(unwise), + // Characters that are never ever allowed in a hostname. + // Note that any invalid chars are also handled, but these + // are the ones that are *expected* to be seen, so we fast-path + // them. + nonHostChars = ['%', '/', '?', ';', '#'].concat(autoEscape), + hostEndingChars = ['/', '?', '#'], + hostnameMaxLen = 255, + hostnamePartPattern = /^[a-z0-9A-Z_-]{0,63}$/, + hostnamePartStart = /^([a-z0-9A-Z_-]{0,63})(.*)$/, + // protocols that can allow "unsafe" and "unwise" chars. + unsafeProtocol = { + 'javascript': true, + 'javascript:': true + }, + // protocols that never have a hostname. + hostlessProtocol = { + 'javascript': true, + 'javascript:': true + }, + // protocols that always contain a // bit. + slashedProtocol = { + 'http': true, + 'https': true, + 'ftp': true, + 'gopher': true, + 'file': true, + 'http:': true, + 'https:': true, + 'ftp:': true, + 'gopher:': true, + 'file:': true + }, + querystring = require('querystring'); + +function urlParse(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost) { + if (url && isObject(url) && url instanceof Url) return url; + + var u = new Url; + u.parse(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost); + return u; +} + +Url.prototype.parse = function(url, parseQueryString, slashesDenoteHost) { + if (!isString(url)) { + throw new TypeError("Parameter 'url' must be a string, not " + typeof url); + } + + var rest = url; + + // trim before proceeding. + // This is to support parse stuff like " http://foo.com \n" + rest = rest.trim(); + + var proto = protocolPattern.exec(rest); + if (proto) { + proto = proto[0]; + var lowerProto = proto.toLowerCase(); + this.protocol = lowerProto; + rest = rest.substr(proto.length); + } + + // figure out if it's got a host + // user@server is *always* interpreted as a hostname, and url + // resolution will treat //foo/bar as host=foo,path=bar because that's + // how the browser resolves relative URLs. + if (slashesDenoteHost || proto || rest.match(/^\/\/[^@\/]+@[^@\/]+/)) { + var slashes = rest.substr(0, 2) === '//'; + if (slashes && !(proto && hostlessProtocol[proto])) { + rest = rest.substr(2); + this.slashes = true; + } + } + + if (!hostlessProtocol[proto] && + (slashes || (proto && !slashedProtocol[proto]))) { + + // there's a hostname. + // the first instance of /, ?, ;, or # ends the host. + // + // If there is an @ in the hostname, then non-host chars *are* allowed + // to the left of the last @ sign, unless some host-ending character + // comes *before* the @-sign. + // URLs are obnoxious. + // + // ex: + // http://a@b@c/ => user:a@b host:c + // http://a@b?@c => user:a host:c path:/?@c + + // v0.12 TODO(isaacs): This is not quite how Chrome does things. + // Review our test case against browsers more comprehensively. + + // find the first instance of any hostEndingChars + var hostEnd = -1; + for (var i = 0; i < hostEndingChars.length; i++) { + var hec = rest.indexOf(hostEndingChars[i]); + if (hec !== -1 && (hostEnd === -1 || hec < hostEnd)) + hostEnd = hec; + } + + // at this point, either we have an explicit point where the + // auth portion cannot go past, or the last @ char is the decider. + var auth, atSign; + if (hostEnd === -1) { + // atSign can be anywhere. + atSign = rest.lastIndexOf('@'); + } else { + // atSign must be in auth portion. + // http://a@b/c@d => host:b auth:a path:/c@d + atSign = rest.lastIndexOf('@', hostEnd); + } + + // Now we have a portion which is definitely the auth. + // Pull that off. + if (atSign !== -1) { + auth = rest.slice(0, atSign); + rest = rest.slice(atSign + 1); + this.auth = decodeURIComponent(auth); + } + + // the host is the remaining to the left of the first non-host char + hostEnd = -1; + for (var i = 0; i < nonHostChars.length; i++) { + var hec = rest.indexOf(nonHostChars[i]); + if (hec !== -1 && (hostEnd === -1 || hec < hostEnd)) + hostEnd = hec; + } + // if we still have not hit it, then the entire thing is a host. + if (hostEnd === -1) + hostEnd = rest.length; + + this.host = rest.slice(0, hostEnd); + rest = rest.slice(hostEnd); + + // pull out port. + this.parseHost(); + + // we've indicated that there is a hostname, + // so even if it's empty, it has to be present. + this.hostname = this.hostname || ''; + + // if hostname begins with [ and ends with ] + // assume that it's an IPv6 address. + var ipv6Hostname = this.hostname[0] === '[' && + this.hostname[this.hostname.length - 1] === ']'; + + // validate a little. + if (!ipv6Hostname) { + var hostparts = this.hostname.split(/\./); + for (var i = 0, l = hostparts.length; i < l; i++) { + var part = hostparts[i]; + if (!part) continue; + if (!part.match(hostnamePartPattern)) { + var newpart = ''; + for (var j = 0, k = part.length; j < k; j++) { + if (part.charCodeAt(j) > 127) { + // we replace non-ASCII char with a temporary placeholder + // we need this to make sure size of hostname is not + // broken by replacing non-ASCII by nothing + newpart += 'x'; + } else { + newpart += part[j]; + } + } + // we test again with ASCII char only + if (!newpart.match(hostnamePartPattern)) { + var validParts = hostparts.slice(0, i); + var notHost = hostparts.slice(i + 1); + var bit = part.match(hostnamePartStart); + if (bit) { + validParts.push(bit[1]); + notHost.unshift(bit[2]); + } + if (notHost.length) { + rest = '/' + notHost.join('.') + rest; + } + this.hostname = validParts.join('.'); + break; + } + } + } + } + + if (this.hostname.length > hostnameMaxLen) { + this.hostname = ''; + } else { + // hostnames are always lower case. + this.hostname = this.hostname.toLowerCase(); + } + + if (!ipv6Hostname) { + // IDNA Support: Returns a puny coded representation of "domain". + // It only converts the part of the domain name that + // has non ASCII characters. I.e. it dosent matter if + // you call it with a domain that already is in ASCII. + var domainArray = this.hostname.split('.'); + var newOut = []; + for (var i = 0; i < domainArray.length; ++i) { + var s = domainArray[i]; + newOut.push(s.match(/[^A-Za-z0-9_-]/) ? + 'xn--' + punycode.encode(s) : s); + } + this.hostname = newOut.join('.'); + } + + var p = this.port ? ':' + this.port : ''; + var h = this.hostname || ''; + this.host = h + p; + this.href += this.host; + + // strip [ and ] from the hostname + // the host field still retains them, though + if (ipv6Hostname) { + this.hostname = this.hostname.substr(1, this.hostname.length - 2); + if (rest[0] !== '/') { + rest = '/' + rest; + } + } + } + + // now rest is set to the post-host stuff. + // chop off any delim chars. + if (!unsafeProtocol[lowerProto]) { + + // First, make 100% sure that any "autoEscape" chars get + // escaped, even if encodeURIComponent doesn't think they + // need to be. + for (var i = 0, l = autoEscape.length; i < l; i++) { + var ae = autoEscape[i]; + var esc = encodeURIComponent(ae); + if (esc === ae) { + esc = escape(ae); + } + rest = rest.split(ae).join(esc); + } + } + + + // chop off from the tail first. + var hash = rest.indexOf('#'); + if (hash !== -1) { + // got a fragment string. + this.hash = rest.substr(hash); + rest = rest.slice(0, hash); + } + var qm = rest.indexOf('?'); + if (qm !== -1) { + this.search = rest.substr(qm); + this.query = rest.substr(qm + 1); + if (parseQueryString) { + this.query = querystring.parse(this.query); + } + rest = rest.slice(0, qm); + } else if (parseQueryString) { + // no query string, but parseQueryString still requested + this.search = ''; + this.query = {}; + } + if (rest) this.pathname = rest; + if (slashedProtocol[lowerProto] && + this.hostname && !this.pathname) { + this.pathname = '/'; + } + + //to support http.request + if (this.pathname || this.search) { + var p = this.pathname || ''; + var s = this.search || ''; + this.path = p + s; + } + + // finally, reconstruct the href based on what has been validated. + this.href = this.format(); + return this; +}; + +// format a parsed object into a url string +function urlFormat(obj) { + // ensure it's an object, and not a string url. + // If it's an obj, this is a no-op. + // this way, you can call url_format() on strings + // to clean up potentially wonky urls. + if (isString(obj)) obj = urlParse(obj); + if (!(obj instanceof Url)) return Url.prototype.format.call(obj); + return obj.format(); +} + +Url.prototype.format = function() { + var auth = this.auth || ''; + if (auth) { + auth = encodeURIComponent(auth); + auth = auth.replace(/%3A/i, ':'); + auth += '@'; + } + + var protocol = this.protocol || '', + pathname = this.pathname || '', + hash = this.hash || '', + host = false, + query = ''; + + if (this.host) { + host = auth + this.host; + } else if (this.hostname) { + host = auth + (this.hostname.indexOf(':') === -1 ? + this.hostname : + '[' + this.hostname + ']'); + if (this.port) { + host += ':' + this.port; + } + } + + if (this.query && + isObject(this.query) && + Object.keys(this.query).length) { + query = querystring.stringify(this.query); + } + + var search = this.search || (query && ('?' + query)) || ''; + + if (protocol && protocol.substr(-1) !== ':') protocol += ':'; + + // only the slashedProtocols get the //. Not mailto:, xmpp:, etc. + // unless they had them to begin with. + if (this.slashes || + (!protocol || slashedProtocol[protocol]) && host !== false) { + host = '//' + (host || ''); + if (pathname && pathname.charAt(0) !== '/') pathname = '/' + pathname; + } else if (!host) { + host = ''; + } + + if (hash && hash.charAt(0) !== '#') hash = '#' + hash; + if (search && search.charAt(0) !== '?') search = '?' + search; + + pathname = pathname.replace(/[?#]/g, function(match) { + return encodeURIComponent(match); + }); + search = search.replace('#', '%23'); + + return protocol + host + pathname + search + hash; +}; + +function urlResolve(source, relative) { + return urlParse(source, false, true).resolve(relative); +} + +Url.prototype.resolve = function(relative) { + return this.resolveObject(urlParse(relative, false, true)).format(); +}; + +function urlResolveObject(source, relative) { + if (!source) return relative; + return urlParse(source, false, true).resolveObject(relative); +} + +Url.prototype.resolveObject = function(relative) { + if (isString(relative)) { + var rel = new Url(); + rel.parse(relative, false, true); + relative = rel; + } + + var result = new Url(); + Object.keys(this).forEach(function(k) { + result[k] = this[k]; + }, this); + + // hash is always overridden, no matter what. + // even href="" will remove it. + result.hash = relative.hash; + + // if the relative url is empty, then there's nothing left to do here. + if (relative.href === '') { + result.href = result.format(); + return result; + } + + // hrefs like //foo/bar always cut to the protocol. + if (relative.slashes && !relative.protocol) { + // take everything except the protocol from relative + Object.keys(relative).forEach(function(k) { + if (k !== 'protocol') + result[k] = relative[k]; + }); + + //urlParse appends trailing / to urls like http://www.example.com + if (slashedProtocol[result.protocol] && + result.hostname && !result.pathname) { + result.path = result.pathname = '/'; + } + + result.href = result.format(); + return result; + } + + if (relative.protocol && relative.protocol !== result.protocol) { + // if it's a known url protocol, then changing + // the protocol does weird things + // first, if it's not file:, then we MUST have a host, + // and if there was a path + // to begin with, then we MUST have a path. + // if it is file:, then the host is dropped, + // because that's known to be hostless. + // anything else is assumed to be absolute. + if (!slashedProtocol[relative.protocol]) { + Object.keys(relative).forEach(function(k) { + result[k] = relative[k]; + }); + result.href = result.format(); + return result; + } + + result.protocol = relative.protocol; + if (!relative.host && !hostlessProtocol[relative.protocol]) { + var relPath = (relative.pathname || '').split('/'); + while (relPath.length && !(relative.host = relPath.shift())); + if (!relative.host) relative.host = ''; + if (!relative.hostname) relative.hostname = ''; + if (relPath[0] !== '') relPath.unshift(''); + if (relPath.length < 2) relPath.unshift(''); + result.pathname = relPath.join('/'); + } else { + result.pathname = relative.pathname; + } + result.search = relative.search; + result.query = relative.query; + result.host = relative.host || ''; + result.auth = relative.auth; + result.hostname = relative.hostname || relative.host; + result.port = relative.port; + // to support http.request + if (result.pathname || result.search) { + var p = result.pathname || ''; + var s = result.search || ''; + result.path = p + s; + } + result.slashes = result.slashes || relative.slashes; + result.href = result.format(); + return result; + } + + var isSourceAbs = (result.pathname && result.pathname.charAt(0) === '/'), + isRelAbs = ( + relative.host || + relative.pathname && relative.pathname.charAt(0) === '/' + ), + mustEndAbs = (isRelAbs || isSourceAbs || + (result.host && relative.pathname)), + removeAllDots = mustEndAbs, + srcPath = result.pathname && result.pathname.split('/') || [], + relPath = relative.pathname && relative.pathname.split('/') || [], + psychotic = result.protocol && !slashedProtocol[result.protocol]; + + // if the url is a non-slashed url, then relative + // links like ../.. should be able + // to crawl up to the hostname, as well. This is strange. + // result.protocol has already been set by now. + // Later on, put the first path part into the host field. + if (psychotic) { + result.hostname = ''; + result.port = null; + if (result.host) { + if (srcPath[0] === '') srcPath[0] = result.host; + else srcPath.unshift(result.host); + } + result.host = ''; + if (relative.protocol) { + relative.hostname = null; + relative.port = null; + if (relative.host) { + if (relPath[0] === '') relPath[0] = relative.host; + else relPath.unshift(relative.host); + } + relative.host = null; + } + mustEndAbs = mustEndAbs && (relPath[0] === '' || srcPath[0] === ''); + } + + if (isRelAbs) { + // it's absolute. + result.host = (relative.host || relative.host === '') ? + relative.host : result.host; + result.hostname = (relative.hostname || relative.hostname === '') ? + relative.hostname : result.hostname; + result.search = relative.search; + result.query = relative.query; + srcPath = relPath; + // fall through to the dot-handling below. + } else if (relPath.length) { + // it's relative + // throw away the existing file, and take the new path instead. + if (!srcPath) srcPath = []; + srcPath.pop(); + srcPath = srcPath.concat(relPath); + result.search = relative.search; + result.query = relative.query; + } else if (!isNullOrUndefined(relative.search)) { + // just pull out the search. + // like href='?foo'. + // Put this after the other two cases because it simplifies the booleans + if (psychotic) { + result.hostname = result.host = srcPath.shift(); + //occationaly the auth can get stuck only in host + //this especialy happens in cases like + //url.resolveObject('mailto:local1@domain1', 'local2@domain2') + var authInHost = result.host && result.host.indexOf('@') > 0 ? + result.host.split('@') : false; + if (authInHost) { + result.auth = authInHost.shift(); + result.host = result.hostname = authInHost.shift(); + } + } + result.search = relative.search; + result.query = relative.query; + //to support http.request + if (!isNull(result.pathname) || !isNull(result.search)) { + result.path = (result.pathname ? result.pathname : '') + + (result.search ? result.search : ''); + } + result.href = result.format(); + return result; + } + + if (!srcPath.length) { + // no path at all. easy. + // we've already handled the other stuff above. + result.pathname = null; + //to support http.request + if (result.search) { + result.path = '/' + result.search; + } else { + result.path = null; + } + result.href = result.format(); + return result; + } + + // if a url ENDs in . or .., then it must get a trailing slash. + // however, if it ends in anything else non-slashy, + // then it must NOT get a trailing slash. + var last = srcPath.slice(-1)[0]; + var hasTrailingSlash = ( + (result.host || relative.host) && (last === '.' || last === '..') || + last === ''); + + // strip single dots, resolve double dots to parent dir + // if the path tries to go above the root, `up` ends up > 0 + var up = 0; + for (var i = srcPath.length; i >= 0; i--) { + last = srcPath[i]; + if (last == '.') { + srcPath.splice(i, 1); + } else if (last === '..') { + srcPath.splice(i, 1); + up++; + } else if (up) { + srcPath.splice(i, 1); + up--; + } + } + + // if the path is allowed to go above the root, restore leading ..s + if (!mustEndAbs && !removeAllDots) { + for (; up--; up) { + srcPath.unshift('..'); + } + } + + if (mustEndAbs && srcPath[0] !== '' && + (!srcPath[0] || srcPath[0].charAt(0) !== '/')) { + srcPath.unshift(''); + } + + if (hasTrailingSlash && (srcPath.join('/').substr(-1) !== '/')) { + srcPath.push(''); + } + + var isAbsolute = srcPath[0] === '' || + (srcPath[0] && srcPath[0].charAt(0) === '/'); + + // put the host back + if (psychotic) { + result.hostname = result.host = isAbsolute ? '' : + srcPath.length ? srcPath.shift() : ''; + //occationaly the auth can get stuck only in host + //this especialy happens in cases like + //url.resolveObject('mailto:local1@domain1', 'local2@domain2') + var authInHost = result.host && result.host.indexOf('@') > 0 ? + result.host.split('@') : false; + if (authInHost) { + result.auth = authInHost.shift(); + result.host = result.hostname = authInHost.shift(); + } + } + + mustEndAbs = mustEndAbs || (result.host && srcPath.length); + + if (mustEndAbs && !isAbsolute) { + srcPath.unshift(''); + } + + if (!srcPath.length) { + result.pathname = null; + result.path = null; + } else { + result.pathname = srcPath.join('/'); + } + + //to support request.http + if (!isNull(result.pathname) || !isNull(result.search)) { + result.path = (result.pathname ? result.pathname : '') + + (result.search ? result.search : ''); + } + result.auth = relative.auth || result.auth; + result.slashes = result.slashes || relative.slashes; + result.href = result.format(); + return result; +}; + +Url.prototype.parseHost = function() { + var host = this.host; + var port = portPattern.exec(host); + if (port) { + port = port[0]; + if (port !== ':') { + this.port = port.substr(1); + } + host = host.substr(0, host.length - port.length); + } + if (host) this.hostname = host; +}; + +function isString(arg) { + return typeof arg === "string"; +} + +function isObject(arg) { + return typeof arg === 'object' && arg !== null; +} + +function isNull(arg) { + return arg === null; +} +function isNullOrUndefined(arg) { + return arg == null; +} + +},{"punycode":6,"querystring":9}],11:[function(require,module,exports){ var $ = require('jquery'); function toggleDropdown(e) { @@ -24358,13 +24358,13 @@ module.exports = { }; -},{"jquery":8}],12:[function(require,module,exports){ +},{"jquery":1}],12:[function(require,module,exports){ var $ = require('jquery'); module.exports = $({}); -},{"jquery":8}],13:[function(require,module,exports){ +},{"jquery":1}],13:[function(require,module,exports){ var $ = require('jquery'); var _ = require('lodash'); @@ -24450,7 +24450,7 @@ window.require = function(mods, fn) { module.exports = {}; -},{"./dropdown":11,"./events":12,"./keyboard":14,"./navigation":16,"./sidebar":18,"./state":19,"./storage":20,"./toolbar":21,"jquery":8,"lodash":9}],14:[function(require,module,exports){ +},{"./dropdown":11,"./events":12,"./keyboard":14,"./navigation":16,"./sidebar":18,"./state":19,"./storage":20,"./toolbar":21,"jquery":1,"lodash":2}],14:[function(require,module,exports){ var Mousetrap = require('mousetrap'); var navigation = require('./navigation'); @@ -24488,7 +24488,7 @@ module.exports = { bind: bindShortcut }; -},{"./navigation":16,"./sidebar":18,"mousetrap":10}],15:[function(require,module,exports){ +},{"./navigation":16,"./sidebar":18,"mousetrap":3}],15:[function(require,module,exports){ var state = require('./state'); function showLoading(p) { @@ -24671,9 +24671,11 @@ module.exports = { notify: notifyPageChange }; -},{"./events":12,"./loading":15,"./state":19,"jquery":8,"url":7}],17:[function(require,module,exports){ +},{"./events":12,"./loading":15,"./state":19,"jquery":1,"url":10}],17:[function(require,module,exports){ module.exports = { - isMobile: /Android|webOS|iPhone|iPad|iPod|BlackBerry|IEMobile|Opera Mini/i.test(navigator.userAgent) + isMobile: function() { + return (document.width <= 600); + } }; },{}],18:[function(require,module,exports){ @@ -24704,9 +24706,14 @@ function isOpen() { // Prepare sidebar: state and toggle button function init() { // Init last state if not mobile - if (!platform.isMobile) { + if (!platform.isMobile()) { toggleSidebar(storage.get('sidebar', true), false); } + + // Close sidebar after clicking a link on mobile + $(document).on('click', '.book-summary li.chapter a', function(e) { + if (platform.isMobile()) toggleSidebar(false, false); + }); } // Filter summary with a list of path @@ -24729,7 +24736,7 @@ module.exports = { filter: filterSummary }; -},{"./platform":17,"./state":19,"./storage":20,"jquery":8,"lodash":9}],19:[function(require,module,exports){ +},{"./platform":17,"./state":19,"./storage":20,"jquery":1,"lodash":2}],19:[function(require,module,exports){ var $ = require('jquery'); var url = require('url'); var path = require('path'); @@ -24743,6 +24750,9 @@ state.update = function(dom) { state.level = $book.data('level'); state.basePath = $book.data('basepath'); + // If book is multilingual, language of this book + state.innerLanguage = $book.data('innerlanguage'); + // Date of build state.revision = $book.data('revision'); @@ -24752,18 +24762,21 @@ state.update = function(dom) { // Title of the chapter state.chapterTitle = $book.data('chapter-title'); - // Absolute url to the root of the book + // Absolute url to the root of the book (inner book) state.root = url.resolve( location.protocol+'//'+location.host, path.dirname(path.resolve(location.pathname.replace(/\/$/, '/index.html'), state.basePath)) - ); + ).replace(/\/?$/, '/'); + + // Absolute root to the language (for multilingual book) + state.bookRoot = state.innerLanguage? url.resolve(state.root, '..') : state.root; }; state.update($); module.exports = state; -},{"jquery":8,"path":1,"url":7}],20:[function(require,module,exports){ +},{"jquery":1,"path":4,"url":10}],20:[function(require,module,exports){ var baseKey = ''; /* @@ -24985,4 +24998,4 @@ module.exports = { createButton: createButton }; -},{"./events":12,"jquery":8,"lodash":9}]},{},[13]); +},{"./events":12,"jquery":1,"lodash":2}]},{},[13]); diff --git a/gitbook/style.css b/gitbook/style.css index 68c3380..78a6bc2 100644 --- a/gitbook/style.css +++ b/gitbook/style.css @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -/*! normalize.css v2.1.0 | MIT License | git.io/normalize */img,legend{border:0}.fa-ul>li,sub,sup{position:relative}.book .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal hr:after,.book-langs-index .inner .languages:after,.buttons:after,.dropdown-menu 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a/index.html +++ b/index.html @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ 前言 | Go语言圣经 - + @@ -46,7 +46,13 @@ -
+
diff --git a/progress.md b/progress.md index 6256d89..353efda 100644 --- a/progress.md +++ b/progress.md @@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ - [x] 4.4 Structs - [x] 4.5 JSON - [x] 4.6 Text and HTML Templates -- [ ] Chapter 5: Functions - - [ ] 5.1 Function Declarations +- [x] Chapter 5: Functions + - [x] 5.1 Function Declarations - [ ] 5.2 Recursion - [ ] 5.3 Multiple Return Values - [ ] 5.4 Errors @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ - [x] 6.6 Encapsulation - [x] Chapter 7: Interfaces - [x] 7.1 Interfaces as Contracts - - [ ] 7.2 Interface Types + - [x] 7.2 Interface Types - [ ] 7.3 Interface Satisfaction - [ ] 7.4 Parsing Flags with flag.Value - [ ] 7.5 Interface Values @@ -77,10 +77,10 @@ - [x] 8.8 Example: Concurrent Directory Traversal - [x] 8.9 Cancellation - [x] 8.10 Example: Chat Server -- [ ] Chapter 9: Concurrency with Shared Variables +- [x] Chapter 9: Concurrency with Shared Variables - [ ] 9.1 Race Conditions - [ ] 9.2 Mutual Exclusion: sync.Mutex - - [ ] 9.3 Read/Write Mutexes: sync.RWMutex + - [x] 9.3 Read/Write Mutexes: sync.RWMutex - [ ] 9.4 Memory Synchronization - [ ] 9.5 Lazy Initialization: sync.Once - [ ] 9.6 The Race Detector @@ -104,13 +104,13 @@ - [x] Chapter 12: Reflection - [x] 12.1 Why Reflection? - [x] 12.2 reflect.Type and reflect.Value - - [ ] 12.3 Display, a Recursive Value Printer - - [ ] 12.4 Example: Encoding S-Expressions - - [ ] 12.5 Setting Variables with reflect.Value - - [ ] 12.6 Example: Decoding S-Expressions - - [ ] 12.7 Accessing Struct Field Tags - - [ ] 12.8 Displaying the Methods of a Type - - [ ] 12.9 A Word of Caution + - [x] 12.3 Display, a Recursive Value Printer + - [x] 12.4 Example: Encoding S-Expressions + - [x] 12.5 Setting Variables with reflect.Value + - [x] 12.6 Example: Decoding S-Expressions + - [x] 12.7 Accessing Struct Field Tags + - [x] 12.8 Displaying the Methods of a Type + - [x] 12.9 A Word of Caution - [x] Chapter 13: Low-Level Programming - [x] 13.1 unsafe.Sizeof, Alignof, and Offsetof - [x] 13.2 unsafe.Pointer