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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
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<title>匿名函数 - Go语言圣经</title>
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<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
<div class="sidebar-scrollbox">
<ol class="chapter">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../index.html" >Go语言圣经</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../preface-zh.html" >译者序</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../preface.html" >前言</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch3/ch3.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch4/ch4.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> JSON</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.</strong> 文本和HTML模板</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 函数</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 函数声明</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 递归</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 多返回值</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> 错误</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> 函数值</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-06.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> 匿名函数</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> 可变参数</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.8.</strong> Deferred函数</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.9.</strong> Panic异常</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.10.</strong> Recover捕获异常</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch6/ch6.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 方法</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch6/ch6-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> 方法声明</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch6/ch6-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> 基于指针对象的方法</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch6/ch6-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> 通过嵌入结构体来扩展类型</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch6/ch6-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> 方法值和方法表达式</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch6/ch6-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> 示例: Bit数组</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch6/ch6-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> 封装</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 接口</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 接口是合约</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> 接口类型</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> 实现接口的条件</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> flag.Value接口</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> 接口值</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.</strong> sort.Interface接口</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.7.</strong> http.Handler接口</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.8.</strong> error接口</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.9.</strong> 示例: 表达式求值</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.10.</strong> 类型断言</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-11.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.11.</strong> 基于类型断言识别错误类型</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-12.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.12.</strong> 通过类型断言查询接口</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-13.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.13.</strong> 类型分支</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-14.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.14.</strong> 示例: 基于标记的XML解码</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-15.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.15.</strong> 补充几点</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Goroutines和Channels</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> Goroutines</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> 示例: 并发的Clock服务</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> 示例: 并发的Echo服务</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> Channels</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.5.</strong> 并发的循环</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.6.</strong> 示例: 并发的Web爬虫</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.7.</strong> 基于select的多路复用</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.8.</strong> 示例: 并发的目录遍历</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.9.</strong> 并发的退出</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.10.</strong> 示例: 聊天服务</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> 基于共享变量的并发</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> 竞争条件</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> sync.Mutex互斥锁</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> sync.RWMutex读写锁</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> 内存同步</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.</strong> sync.Once惰性初始化</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.6.</strong> 竞争条件检测</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.7.</strong> 示例: 并发的非阻塞缓存</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.</strong> Goroutines和线程</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 包和工具</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> 包简介</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.2.</strong> 导入路径</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.3.</strong> 包声明</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.4.</strong> 导入声明</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.</strong> 包的匿名导入</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.6.</strong> 包和命名</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.7.</strong> 工具</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch11/ch11.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 测试</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch11/ch11-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> go test</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch11/ch11-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> 测试函数</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch11/ch11-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> 测试覆盖率</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch11/ch11-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.4.</strong> 基准测试</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch11/ch11-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.</strong> 剖析</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch11/ch11-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.6.</strong> 示例函数</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> 反射</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> 为何需要反射?</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> reflect.Type和reflect.Value</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> Display递归打印</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> 示例: 编码S表达式</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.5.</strong> 通过reflect.Value修改值</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.6.</strong> 示例: 解码S表达式</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.7.</strong> 获取结构体字段标签</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.8.</strong> 显示一个类型的方法集</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.9.</strong> 几点忠告</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch13/ch13.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> 底层编程</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch13/ch13-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> unsafe.Sizeof, Alignof 和 Offsetof</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch13/ch13-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> unsafe.Pointer</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch13/ch13-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> 示例: 深度相等判断</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch13/ch13-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> 通过cgo调用C代码</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch13/ch13-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.</strong> 几点忠告</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../appendix/appendix.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 附录</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../appendix/appendix-a-errata.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> 附录A：原文勘误</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../appendix/appendix-b-author.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> 附录B：作者译者</a>
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</li>
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<a href="../appendix/appendix-d-translations.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.4.</strong> 附录D：其它语言</a>
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<ul dir="auto"><li><em>凹语言(Go实现, 面向WASM设计): <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li><li><em>WaBook(Go语言实现的MD电子书构建工具): <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wabook">https://github.com/wa-lang/wabook</a></em></li></ul><hr>
<h2>5.6. 匿名函数</h2>
<p>拥有函数名的函数只能在包级语法块中被声明，通过函数字面量（function literal），我们可绕过这一限制，在任何表达式中表示一个函数值。函数字面量的语法和函数声明相似，区别在于func关键字后没有函数名。函数值字面量是一种表达式，它的值被称为匿名函数（anonymous function）。</p>
<p>函数字面量允许我们在使用函数时，再定义它。通过这种技巧，我们可以改写之前对strings.Map的调用：</p>
<pre><code class="language-Go">strings.Map(func(r rune) rune { return r + 1 }, &quot;HAL-9000&quot;)
</code></pre>
<p>更为重要的是，通过这种方式定义的函数可以访问完整的词法环境（lexical environment），这意味着在函数中定义的内部函数可以引用该函数的变量，如下例所示：</p>
<p><!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted -->gopl.io/ch5/squares<!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted --></p>
<pre><code class="language-Go">// squares返回一个匿名函数。
// 该匿名函数每次被调用时都会返回下一个数的平方。
func squares() func() int {
var x int
return func() int {
x++
return x * x
}
}
func main() {
f := squares()
fmt.Println(f()) // &quot;1&quot;
fmt.Println(f()) // &quot;4&quot;
fmt.Println(f()) // &quot;9&quot;
fmt.Println(f()) // &quot;16&quot;
}
</code></pre>
<p>函数squares返回另一个类型为 func() int 的函数。对squares的一次调用会生成一个局部变量x并返回一个匿名函数。每次调用匿名函数时，该函数都会先使x的值加1，再返回x的平方。第二次调用squares时，会生成第二个x变量，并返回一个新的匿名函数。新匿名函数操作的是第二个x变量。</p>
<p>squares的例子证明，函数值不仅仅是一串代码，还记录了状态。在squares中定义的匿名内部函数可以访问和更新squares中的局部变量，这意味着匿名函数和squares中，存在变量引用。这就是函数值属于引用类型和函数值不可比较的原因。Go使用闭包（closures）技术实现函数值，Go程序员也把函数值叫做闭包。</p>
<p>通过这个例子，我们看到变量的生命周期不由它的作用域决定：squares返回后，变量x仍然隐式的存在于f中。</p>
<p>接下来，我们讨论一个有点学术性的例子，考虑这样一个问题：给定一些计算机课程，每个课程都有前置课程，只有完成了前置课程才可以开始当前课程的学习；我们的目标是选择出一组课程，这组课程必须确保按顺序学习时，能全部被完成。每个课程的前置课程如下：</p>
<p><!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted -->gopl.io/ch5/toposort<!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted --></p>
<pre><code class="language-Go">// prereqs记录了每个课程的前置课程
var prereqs = map[string][]string{
&quot;algorithms&quot;: {&quot;data structures&quot;},
&quot;calculus&quot;: {&quot;linear algebra&quot;},
&quot;compilers&quot;: {
&quot;data structures&quot;,
&quot;formal languages&quot;,
&quot;computer organization&quot;,
},
&quot;data structures&quot;: {&quot;discrete math&quot;},
&quot;databases&quot;: {&quot;data structures&quot;},
&quot;discrete math&quot;: {&quot;intro to programming&quot;},
&quot;formal languages&quot;: {&quot;discrete math&quot;},
&quot;networks&quot;: {&quot;operating systems&quot;},
&quot;operating systems&quot;: {&quot;data structures&quot;, &quot;computer organization&quot;},
&quot;programming languages&quot;: {&quot;data structures&quot;, &quot;computer organization&quot;},
}
</code></pre>
<p>这类问题被称作拓扑排序。从概念上说，前置条件可以构成有向图。图中的顶点表示课程，边表示课程间的依赖关系。显然，图中应该无环，这也就是说从某点出发的边，最终不会回到该点。下面的代码用深度优先搜索了整张图，获得了符合要求的课程序列。</p>
<pre><code class="language-Go">func main() {
for i, course := range topoSort(prereqs) {
fmt.Printf(&quot;%d:\t%s\n&quot;, i+1, course)
}
}
func topoSort(m map[string][]string) []string {
var order []string
seen := make(map[string]bool)
var visitAll func(items []string)
visitAll = func(items []string) {
for _, item := range items {
if !seen[item] {
seen[item] = true
visitAll(m[item])
order = append(order, item)
}
}
}
var keys []string
for key := range m {
keys = append(keys, key)
}
sort.Strings(keys)
visitAll(keys)
return order
}
</code></pre>
<p>当匿名函数需要被递归调用时，我们必须首先声明一个变量（在上面的例子中，我们首先声明了 visitAll），再将匿名函数赋值给这个变量。如果不分成两步，函数字面量无法与visitAll绑定，我们也无法递归调用该匿名函数。</p>
<pre><code class="language-Go">visitAll := func(items []string) {
// ...
visitAll(m[item]) // compile error: undefined: visitAll
// ...
}
</code></pre>
<p>在toposort程序的输出如下所示，它的输出顺序是大多人想看到的固定顺序输出，但是这需要我们多花点心思才能做到。哈希表prepreqs的value是遍历顺序固定的切片，而不再试遍历顺序随机的map，所以我们对prereqs的key值进行排序，保证每次运行toposort程序，都以相同的遍历顺序遍历prereqs。</p>
<pre><code>1: intro to programming
2: discrete math
3: data structures
4: algorithms
5: linear algebra
6: calculus
7: formal languages
8: computer organization
9: compilers
10: databases
11: operating systems
12: networks
13: programming languages
</code></pre>
<p>让我们回到findLinks这个例子。我们将代码移动到了links包下，将函数重命名为Extract，在第八章我们会再次用到这个函数。新的匿名函数被引入，用于替换原来的visit函数。该匿名函数负责将新连接添加到切片中。在Extract中，使用forEachNode遍历HTML页面，由于Extract只需要在遍历结点前操作结点，所以forEachNode的post参数被传入nil。</p>
<p><!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted -->gopl.io/ch5/links<!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted --></p>
<pre><code class="language-Go">// Package links provides a link-extraction function.
package links
import (
&quot;fmt&quot;
&quot;net/http&quot;
&quot;golang.org/x/net/html&quot;
)
// Extract makes an HTTP GET request to the specified URL, parses
// the response as HTML, and returns the links in the HTML document.
func Extract(url string) ([]string, error) {
resp, err := http.Get(url)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
resp.Body.Close()
return nil, fmt.Errorf(&quot;getting %s: %s&quot;, url, resp.Status)
}
doc, err := html.Parse(resp.Body)
resp.Body.Close()
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf(&quot;parsing %s as HTML: %v&quot;, url, err)
}
var links []string
visitNode := func(n *html.Node) {
if n.Type == html.ElementNode &amp;&amp; n.Data == &quot;a&quot; {
for _, a := range n.Attr {
if a.Key != &quot;href&quot; {
continue
}
link, err := resp.Request.URL.Parse(a.Val)
if err != nil {
continue // ignore bad URLs
}
links = append(links, link.String())
}
}
}
forEachNode(doc, visitNode, nil)
return links, nil
}
</code></pre>
<p>上面的代码对之前的版本做了改进，现在links中存储的不是href属性的原始值，而是通过resp.Request.URL解析后的值。解析后，这些连接以绝对路径的形式存在，可以直接被http.Get访问。</p>
<p>网页抓取的核心问题就是如何遍历图。在topoSort的例子中，已经展示了深度优先遍历，在网页抓取中，我们会展示如何用广度优先遍历图。在第8章，我们会介绍如何将深度优先和广度优先结合使用。</p>
<p>下面的函数实现了广度优先算法。调用者需要输入一个初始的待访问列表和一个函数f。待访问列表中的每个元素被定义为string类型。广度优先算法会为每个元素调用一次f。每次f执行完毕后，会返回一组待访问元素。这些元素会被加入到待访问列表中。当待访问列表中的所有元素都被访问后，breadthFirst函数运行结束。为了避免同一个元素被访问两次，代码中维护了一个map。</p>
<p><!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted -->gopl.io/ch5/findlinks3<!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted --></p>
<pre><code class="language-Go">// breadthFirst calls f for each item in the worklist.
// Any items returned by f are added to the worklist.
// f is called at most once for each item.
func breadthFirst(f func(item string) []string, worklist []string) {
seen := make(map[string]bool)
for len(worklist) &gt; 0 {
items := worklist
worklist = nil
for _, item := range items {
if !seen[item] {
seen[item] = true
worklist = append(worklist, f(item)...)
}
}
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>就像我们在章节3解释的那样，append的参数“f(item)...”，会将f返回的一组元素一个个添加到worklist中。</p>
<p>在我们网页抓取器中，元素的类型是url。crawl函数会将URL输出，提取其中的新链接，并将这些新链接返回。我们会将crawl作为参数传递给breadthFirst。</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">func crawl(url string) []string {
fmt.Println(url)
list, err := links.Extract(url)
if err != nil {
log.Print(err)
}
return list
}
</code></pre>
<p>为了使抓取器开始运行，我们用命令行输入的参数作为初始的待访问url。</p>
<pre><code class="language-Go">func main() {
// Crawl the web breadth-first,
// starting from the command-line arguments.
breadthFirst(crawl, os.Args[1:])
}
</code></pre>
<p>让我们从 <a href="https://golang.org">https://golang.org</a> 开始，下面是程序的输出结果：</p>
<pre><code>$ go build gopl.io/ch5/findlinks3
$ ./findlinks3 https://golang.org
https://golang.org/
https://golang.org/doc/
https://golang.org/pkg/
https://golang.org/project/
https://code.google.com/p/go-tour/
https://golang.org/doc/code.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCsL89YtqCs
http://research.swtch.com/gotour
</code></pre>
<p>当所有发现的链接都已经被访问或电脑的内存耗尽时，程序运行结束。</p>
<p><strong>练习5.10：</strong> 重写topoSort函数，用map代替切片并移除对key的排序代码。验证结果的正确性（结果不唯一）。</p>
<p><strong>练习5.11：</strong> 现在线性代数的老师把微积分设为了前置课程。完善topSort，使其能检测有向图中的环。</p>
<p><strong>练习5.12：</strong> gopl.io/ch5/outline2（5.5节）的startElement和endElement共用了全局变量depth，将它们修改为匿名函数，使其共享outline中的局部变量。</p>
<p><strong>练习5.13：</strong> 修改crawl，使其能保存发现的页面，必要时，可以创建目录来保存这些页面。只保存来自原始域名下的页面。假设初始页面在golang.org下，就不要保存vimeo.com下的页面。</p>
<p><strong>练习5.14：</strong> 使用breadthFirst遍历其他数据结构。比如，topoSort例子中的课程依赖关系（有向图）、个人计算机的文件层次结构（树）；你所在城市的公交或地铁线路（无向图）。</p>
<h3>5.6.1. 警告：捕获迭代变量</h3>
<p>本节，将介绍Go词法作用域的一个陷阱。请务必仔细的阅读，弄清楚发生问题的原因。即使是经验丰富的程序员也会在这个问题上犯错误。</p>
<p>考虑这样一个问题：你被要求首先创建一些目录，再将目录删除。在下面的例子中我们用函数值来完成删除操作。下面的示例代码需要引入os包。为了使代码简单，我们忽略了所有的异常处理。</p>
<pre><code class="language-Go">var rmdirs []func()
for _, d := range tempDirs() {
dir := d // NOTE: necessary!
os.MkdirAll(dir, 0755) // creates parent directories too
rmdirs = append(rmdirs, func() {
os.RemoveAll(dir)
})
}
// ...do some work…
for _, rmdir := range rmdirs {
rmdir() // clean up
}
</code></pre>
<p>你可能会感到困惑，为什么要在循环体中用循环变量d赋值一个新的局部变量，而不是像下面的代码一样直接使用循环变量dir。需要注意，下面的代码是错误的。</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">var rmdirs []func()
for _, dir := range tempDirs() {
os.MkdirAll(dir, 0755)
rmdirs = append(rmdirs, func() {
os.RemoveAll(dir) // NOTE: incorrect!
})
}
</code></pre>
<p>问题的原因在于循环变量的作用域。在上面的程序中，for循环语句引入了新的词法块，循环变量dir在这个词法块中被声明。在该循环中生成的所有函数值都共享相同的循环变量。需要注意，函数值中记录的是循环变量的内存地址，而不是循环变量某一时刻的值。以dir为例，后续的迭代会不断更新dir的值，当删除操作执行时，for循环已完成，dir中存储的值等于最后一次迭代的值。这意味着，每次对os.RemoveAll的调用删除的都是相同的目录。</p>
<p>通常，为了解决这个问题，我们会引入一个与循环变量同名的局部变量，作为循环变量的副本。比如下面的变量dir，虽然这看起来很奇怪，但却很有用。</p>
<pre><code class="language-Go">for _, dir := range tempDirs() {
dir := dir // declares inner dir, initialized to outer dir
// ...
}
</code></pre>
<p>这个问题不仅存在基于range的循环，在下面的例子中，对循环变量i的使用也存在同样的问题：</p>
<pre><code class="language-Go">var rmdirs []func()
dirs := tempDirs()
for i := 0; i &lt; len(dirs); i++ {
os.MkdirAll(dirs[i], 0755) // OK
rmdirs = append(rmdirs, func() {
os.RemoveAll(dirs[i]) // NOTE: incorrect!
})
}
</code></pre>
<p>如果你使用go语句（第八章）或者defer语句（5.8节）会经常遇到此类问题。这不是go或defer本身导致的，而是因为它们都会等待循环结束后，再执行函数值。</p>
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