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2244 lines
79 KiB
HTML
2244 lines
79 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
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<html lang="zh-tw" >
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
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<title>示例: 併髮的Web爬蟲 | Go编程语言</title>
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<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
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<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/>
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<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
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<link rel="next" href="../ch8/ch8-07.html" />
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<link rel="prev" href="../ch8/ch8-05.html" />
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="book" data-level="8.6" data-chapter-title="示例: 併髮的Web爬蟲" data-filepath="ch8/ch8-06.md" data-basepath=".." data-revision="Wed Dec 16 2015 10:54:29 GMT+0800 (中国标准时间)">
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<div class="book-summary">
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<nav role="navigation">
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<ul class="summary">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0" data-path="index.html">
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<a href="../index.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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前言
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.1" data-path="ch0/ch0-01.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.1.</b>
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Go語言起源
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.2" data-path="ch0/ch0-02.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.2.</b>
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Go語言項目
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.3" data-path="ch0/ch0-03.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.3.</b>
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本書的組織
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.4" data-path="ch0/ch0-04.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.4.</b>
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更多的信息
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.5" data-path="ch0/ch0-05.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.5.</b>
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緻謝
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1" data-path="ch1/ch1.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.</b>
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入門
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="ch1/ch1-01.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.1.</b>
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Hello, World
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2" data-path="ch1/ch1-02.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.2.</b>
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命令行參數
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3" data-path="ch1/ch1-03.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.3.</b>
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査找重復的行
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4" data-path="ch1/ch1-04.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.4.</b>
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GIF動畫
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5" data-path="ch1/ch1-05.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.5.</b>
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穫取URL
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6" data-path="ch1/ch1-06.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.6.</b>
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併髮穫取多個URL
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.7" data-path="ch1/ch1-07.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.7.</b>
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Web服務
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.8" data-path="ch1/ch1-08.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.8.</b>
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本章要點
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2" data-path="ch2/ch2.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.</b>
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程序結構
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="ch2/ch2-01.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.1.</b>
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命名
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.2" data-path="ch2/ch2-02.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.2.</b>
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聲明
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.3" data-path="ch2/ch2-03.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.3.</b>
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變量
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.4" data-path="ch2/ch2-04.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.4.</b>
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賦值
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.5" data-path="ch2/ch2-05.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.5.</b>
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類型
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.6" data-path="ch2/ch2-06.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.6.</b>
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包和文件
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.7" data-path="ch2/ch2-07.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.7.</b>
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作用域
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3" data-path="ch3/ch3.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.</b>
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基礎數據類型
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="ch3/ch3-01.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.1.</b>
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整型
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="ch3/ch3-02.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.2.</b>
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浮點數
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.3" data-path="ch3/ch3-03.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.3.</b>
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復數
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.4" data-path="ch3/ch3-04.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.4.</b>
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佈爾型
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.5" data-path="ch3/ch3-05.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.5.</b>
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字符串
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.6" data-path="ch3/ch3-06.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.6.</b>
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常量
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4" data-path="ch4/ch4.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.</b>
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復閤數據類型
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1" data-path="ch4/ch4-01.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.1.</b>
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數組
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2" data-path="ch4/ch4-02.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.2.</b>
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切片
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.3" data-path="ch4/ch4-03.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.3.</b>
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字典
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4" data-path="ch4/ch4-04.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.4.</b>
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結構體
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5" data-path="ch4/ch4-05.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.5.</b>
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JSON
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.6" data-path="ch4/ch4-06.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.6.</b>
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文本和HTML模闆
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5" data-path="ch5/ch5.html">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>5.</b>
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函數
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1" data-path="ch5/ch5-01.html">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>5.1.</b>
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函數聲明
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2" data-path="ch5/ch5-02.html">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
遞歸
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.3" data-path="ch5/ch5-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
多返迴值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4" data-path="ch5/ch5-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
錯誤
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5" data-path="ch5/ch5-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
函數值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6" data-path="ch5/ch5-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
匿名函數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.7" data-path="ch5/ch5-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
可變參數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.8" data-path="ch5/ch5-08.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-08.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
Deferred函數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.9" data-path="ch5/ch5-09.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-09.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.9.</b>
|
|
|
|
Panic異常
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.10" data-path="ch5/ch5-10.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-10.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.10.</b>
|
|
|
|
Recover捕穫異常
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6" data-path="ch6/ch6.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.</b>
|
|
|
|
方法
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.1" data-path="ch6/ch6-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
方法聲明
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2" data-path="ch6/ch6-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
基於指鍼對象的方法
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.3" data-path="ch6/ch6-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
通過嵌入結構體來擴展類型
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4" data-path="ch6/ch6-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
方法值和方法錶達式
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.5" data-path="ch6/ch6-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: Bit數組
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6" data-path="ch6/ch6-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
封裝
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7" data-path="ch7/ch7.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.</b>
|
|
|
|
接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.1" data-path="ch7/ch7-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
接口是閤約
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.2" data-path="ch7/ch7-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
接口類型
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.3" data-path="ch7/ch7-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
實現接口的條件
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.4" data-path="ch7/ch7-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
flag.Value接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.5" data-path="ch7/ch7-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
接口值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.6" data-path="ch7/ch7-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
sort.Interface接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.7" data-path="ch7/ch7-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
http.Handler接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.8" data-path="ch7/ch7-08.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-08.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
error接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.9" data-path="ch7/ch7-09.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-09.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.9.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 錶達式求值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.10" data-path="ch7/ch7-10.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-10.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.10.</b>
|
|
|
|
類型斷言
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.11" data-path="ch7/ch7-11.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-11.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.11.</b>
|
|
|
|
基於類型斷言識彆錯誤類型
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.12" data-path="ch7/ch7-12.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-12.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.12.</b>
|
|
|
|
通過類型斷言査詢接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.13" data-path="ch7/ch7-13.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-13.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.13.</b>
|
|
|
|
類型分支
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.14" data-path="ch7/ch7-14.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-14.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.14.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 基於標記的XML解碼
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.15" data-path="ch7/ch7-15.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-15.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.15.</b>
|
|
|
|
補充幾點
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8" data-path="ch8/ch8.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.</b>
|
|
|
|
Goroutines和Channels
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.1" data-path="ch8/ch8-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
Goroutines
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.2" data-path="ch8/ch8-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 併髮的Clock服務
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.3" data-path="ch8/ch8-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 併髮的Echo服務
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.4" data-path="ch8/ch8-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
Channels
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.5" data-path="ch8/ch8-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
併行的循環
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter active" data-level="8.6" data-path="ch8/ch8-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 併髮的Web爬蟲
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.7" data-path="ch8/ch8-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
基於select的多路復用
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.8" data-path="ch8/ch8-08.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-08.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 併髮的字典遍歷
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.9" data-path="ch8/ch8-09.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-09.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.9.</b>
|
|
|
|
併髮的退齣
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.10" data-path="ch8/ch8-10.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-10.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.10.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 聊天服務
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="9" data-path="ch9/ch9.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>9.</b>
|
|
|
|
基於共享變量的併髮
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.1" data-path="ch9/ch9-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>9.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
競爭條件
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.2" data-path="ch9/ch9-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>9.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
sync.Mutex互斥鎖
|
|
</a>
|
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|
|
</li>
|
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|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.3" data-path="ch9/ch9-03.html">
|
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|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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|
|
<b>9.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
sync.RWMutex讀寫鎖
|
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</a>
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|
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.4" data-path="ch9/ch9-04.html">
|
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|
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|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-04.html">
|
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|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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<b>9.4.</b>
|
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|
|
內存衕步
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.5" data-path="ch9/ch9-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-05.html">
|
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|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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|
|
<b>9.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
sync.Once初始化
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.6" data-path="ch9/ch9-06.html">
|
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|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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|
<b>9.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
競爭條件檢測
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.7" data-path="ch9/ch9-07.html">
|
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|
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|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
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<b>9.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 併髮的非阻塞緩存
|
|
</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.8" data-path="ch9/ch9-08.html">
|
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|
|
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|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-08.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
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<b>9.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
Goroutines和綫程
|
|
</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
|
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</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="10" data-path="ch10/ch10.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch10/ch10.html">
|
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|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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<b>10.</b>
|
|
|
|
包和工具
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
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|
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.1" data-path="ch10/ch10-01.html">
|
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|
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|
<a href="../ch10/ch10-01.html">
|
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
簡介
|
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</a>
|
|
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|
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10.2" data-path="ch10/ch10-02.html">
|
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|
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|
<a href="../ch10/ch10-02.html">
|
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
導入路徑
|
|
</a>
|
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|
|
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|
</li>
|
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|
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.3" data-path="ch10/ch10-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch10/ch10-03.html">
|
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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<b>10.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
包聲明
|
|
</a>
|
|
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</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.4" data-path="ch10/ch10-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch10/ch10-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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<b>10.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
導入聲明
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.5" data-path="ch10/ch10-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch10/ch10-05.html">
|
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|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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<b>10.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
匿名導入
|
|
</a>
|
|
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|
</li>
|
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|
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.6" data-path="ch10/ch10-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch10/ch10-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>10.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
包和命名
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.7" data-path="ch10/ch10-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch10/ch10-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>10.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
工具
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11" data-path="ch11/ch11.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.</b>
|
|
|
|
測試
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.1" data-path="ch11/ch11-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
go test
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.2" data-path="ch11/ch11-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
測試函數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.3" data-path="ch11/ch11-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
測試覆蓋率
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.4" data-path="ch11/ch11-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
基準測試
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.5" data-path="ch11/ch11-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
剖析
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.6" data-path="ch11/ch11-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例函數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12" data-path="ch12/ch12.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.</b>
|
|
|
|
反射
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.1" data-path="ch12/ch12-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
為何需要反射?
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.2" data-path="ch12/ch12-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
reflect.Type和reflect.Value
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.3" data-path="ch12/ch12-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
Display遞歸打印
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.4" data-path="ch12/ch12-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 編碼S錶達式
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.5" data-path="ch12/ch12-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
通過reflect.Value脩改值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.6" data-path="ch12/ch12-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 解碼S錶達式
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.7" data-path="ch12/ch12-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
穫取結構體字段標識
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.8" data-path="ch12/ch12-08.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-08.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
顯示一個類型的方法集
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.9" data-path="ch12/ch12-09.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-09.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.9.</b>
|
|
|
|
幾點忠告
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13" data-path="ch13/ch13.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.</b>
|
|
|
|
底層編程
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.1" data-path="ch13/ch13-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
unsafe.Sizeof, Alignof 和 Offsetof
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.2" data-path="ch13/ch13-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
unsafe.Pointer
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.3" data-path="ch13/ch13-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 深度相等判斷
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.4" data-path="ch13/ch13-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
通過cgo調用C代碼
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.5" data-path="ch13/ch13-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
幾點忠告
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="14" data-path="exercise/ex.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../exercise/ex.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>14.</b>
|
|
|
|
習題解答
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="14.1" data-path="exercise/ex-ch1.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../exercise/ex-ch1.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>14.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
第一章 入門
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="15" data-path="errata.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../errata.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>15.</b>
|
|
|
|
勘誤
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="divider"></li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="https://www.gitbook.com" target="blank" class="gitbook-link">
|
|
本書使用 GitBook 釋出
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="book-body">
|
|
<div class="body-inner">
|
|
<div class="book-header" role="navigation">
|
|
<!-- Actions Left -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Title -->
|
|
<h1>
|
|
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
|
|
<a href="../" >Go编程语言</a>
|
|
</h1>
|
|
</div>
|
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|
<div class="page-wrapper" tabindex="-1" role="main">
|
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<div class="page-inner">
|
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|
<section class="normal" id="section-">
|
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<h2 id="86-示例-併髮的web爬蟲">8.6. 示例: 併髮的Web爬蟲</h2>
|
|
<p>在5.6節中，我們做了一箇簡單的web爬蟲，用bfs(廣度優先)算法來抓取整箇網站。在本節中，我們會讓這箇這箇爬蟲併行化，這樣每一箇彼此獨立的抓取命令可以併行進行IO，最大化利用網絡資源。crawl函數和gopl.io/ch5/findlinks3中的是一樣的。</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-go">gopl.io/ch8/crawl1
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> crawl(url <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>) []<span class="hljs-typename">string</span> {
|
|
fmt.Println(url)
|
|
list, err := links.Extract(url)
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err != <span class="hljs-constant">nil</span> {
|
|
log.Print(err)
|
|
}
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> list
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>主函數和5.6節中的breadthFirst(深度優先)類似。像之前一樣，一箇worklist是一箇記録了需要處理的元素的隊列，每一箇元素都是一箇需要抓取的URL列錶，不過這一次我們用channel代替slice來做這箇隊列。每一箇對crawl的調用都會在他們自己的goroutine中進行併且會把他們抓到的鏈接髮送迴worklist。</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> main() {
|
|
worklist := <span class="hljs-built_in">make</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">chan</span> []<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>)
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Start with the command-line arguments.</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">go</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">func</span>() { worklist <- os.Args[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>:] }()
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Crawl the web concurrently.</span>
|
|
seen := <span class="hljs-built_in">make</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-typename">bool</span>)
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> list := <span class="hljs-keyword">range</span> worklist {
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> _, link := <span class="hljs-keyword">range</span> list {
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> !seen[link] {
|
|
seen[link] = <span class="hljs-constant">true</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">go</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">func</span>(link <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>) {
|
|
worklist <- crawl(link)
|
|
}(link)
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>註意這裏的crawl所在的goroutine會將link作為一箇顯式的蔘數傳入，來避免“循環變量快照”的問題(在5.6.1中有講解)。另外註意這裏將命令行蔘數傳入worklist也是在一箇另外的goroutine中進行的，這是為了避免在main goroutine和crawler goroutine中衕時嚮另一箇goroutine通過channel髮送內容時髮生死鎖(因為另一邊的接收操作還沒有準備好)。噹然，這裏我們也可以用buffered channel來解決問題，這裏不再贅述。</p>
|
|
<p>現在爬蟲可以高併髮地運行起來，併且可以產生一大坨的URL了，不過還是會有倆問題。一箇問題是在運行一段時間後可能會齣現在log的錯誤信息裏的：</p>
|
|
<pre><code>$ go build gopl.io/ch8/crawl1
|
|
$ ./crawl1 http://gopl.io/
|
|
http://gopl.io/
|
|
https://golang.org/help/
|
|
https://golang.org/doc/
|
|
https://golang.org/blog/
|
|
...
|
|
2015/07/15 18:22:12 Get ...: dial tcp: lookup blog.golang.org: no such host
|
|
2015/07/15 18:22:12 Get ...: dial tcp 23.21.222.120:443: socket:
|
|
too many open files
|
|
...
|
|
</code></pre><p>最初的錯誤信息是一箇讓人莫名的DNS査找失敗，卽使這箇域名是完全可靠的。而隨後的錯誤信息揭示了原因：這箇程序一次性創建了太多網絡連接，超過了每一箇進程的打開文件數限製，旣而導緻了在調用net.Dial像DNS査找失敗這樣的問題。</p>
|
|
<p>這箇程序實在是太他媽併行了。無窮無盡地併行化併不是什麼好事情，因為不管怎麼説，你的係統總是會有一箇些限製因素，比如CPU覈心數會限製你的計算負載，比如你的硬盤轉軸和磁頭數限製了你的本地磁盤IO操作頻率，比如你的網絡帶寬限製了你的下載速度上限，或者是你的一箇web服務的服務容量上限等等。為了解決這箇問題，我們可以限製併髮程序所使用的資源來使之適應自己的運行環境。對於我們的例子來説，最簡單的方法就是限製對links.Extract在衕一時間最多不會有超過n次調用，這裏的n是fd的limit-20，一般情況下。這箇一箇夜店裏限製客人數目是一箇道理，隻有噹有客人離開時，纔會允許新的客人進入店內(譯註：作者你箇老流氓)。</p>
|
|
<p>我們可以用一箇有容量限製的buffered channel來控製併髮，這類似於操作係統裏的計數信號量概唸。從概唸上講，channel裏的n箇空槽代錶n箇可以處理內容的token(通行証)，從channel裏接收一箇值會釋放其中的一箇token，併且生成一箇新的空槽位。這樣保証了在沒有接收介入時最多有n箇髮送操作。(這裏可能我們拿channel裏填充的槽來做token更直觀一些，不過還是這樣吧~)。由於channel裏的元素類型併不重要，我們用一箇零值的struct{}來作為其元素。</p>
|
|
<p>讓我們重寫crawl函數，將對links.Extract的調用操作用穫取、釋放token的操作包裹起來，來確保衕一時間對其隻有20箇調用。信號量數量和其能操作的IO資源數量應保持接近。</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-go">gopl.io/ch8/crawl2
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// tokens is a counting semaphore used to</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// enforce a limit of 20 concurrent requests.</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> tokens = <span class="hljs-built_in">make</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">chan</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span>{}, <span class="hljs-number">20</span>)
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> crawl(url <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>) []<span class="hljs-typename">string</span> {
|
|
fmt.Println(url)
|
|
tokens <- <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span>{}{} <span class="hljs-comment">// acquire a token</span>
|
|
list, err := links.Extract(url)
|
|
<-tokens <span class="hljs-comment">// release the token</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err != <span class="hljs-constant">nil</span> {
|
|
log.Print(err)
|
|
}
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> list
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>第二個問題是這個程序永遠都不會終止，卽使它已經爬到了所有初始鏈接衍生齣的鏈接。(噹然，除非你慎重地選擇了閤適的初始化URL或者已經實現了練習8.6中的深度限製，你應該還沒有意識到這個問題)。爲了使這個程序能夠終止，我們需要在worklist爲空或者沒有crawl的goroutine在運行時退齣主循環。</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> main() {
|
|
worklist := <span class="hljs-built_in">make</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">chan</span> []<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>)
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> n <span class="hljs-typename">int</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// number of pending sends to worklist</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Start with the command-line arguments.</span>
|
|
n++
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">go</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">func</span>() { worklist <- os.Args[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>:] }()
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Crawl the web concurrently.</span>
|
|
seen := <span class="hljs-built_in">make</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-typename">bool</span>)
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> ; n > <span class="hljs-number">0</span>; n-- {
|
|
list := <-worklist
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> _, link := <span class="hljs-keyword">range</span> list {
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> !seen[link] {
|
|
seen[link] = <span class="hljs-constant">true</span>
|
|
n++
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">go</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">func</span>(link <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>) {
|
|
worklist <- crawl(link)
|
|
}(link)
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>這箇版本中，計算器n對worklist的髮送操作數量進行了限製。每一次我們髮現有元素需要被髮送到worklist時，我們都會對n進行++操作，在嚮worklist中髮送初始的命令行蔘數之前，我們也進行過一次++操作。這裏的操作++是在每啓動一箇crawler的goroutine之前。主循環會在n減為0時終止，這時候説明沒活可乾了。</p>
|
|
<p>現在這箇併髮爬蟲會比5.6節中的深度優先蒐索版快上20倍，而且不會齣什麼錯，併且在其完成任務時也會正確地終止。</p>
|
|
<p>下麪的程序是避免過度併髮的另一種思路。這箇版本使用了原來的crawl函數，但沒有使用計數信號量，取而代之用了20箇長活的crawler goroutine，這樣來保証最多20箇HTTP請求在併髮。</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> main() {
|
|
worklist := <span class="hljs-built_in">make</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">chan</span> []<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>) <span class="hljs-comment">// lists of URLs, may have duplicates</span>
|
|
unseenLinks := <span class="hljs-built_in">make</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">chan</span> <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>) <span class="hljs-comment">// de-duplicated URLs</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Add command-line arguments to worklist.</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">go</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">func</span>() { worklist <- os.Args[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>:] }()
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Create 20 crawler goroutines to fetch each unseen link.</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> i := <span class="hljs-number">0</span>; i < <span class="hljs-number">20</span>; i++ {
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">go</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">func</span>() {
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> link := <span class="hljs-keyword">range</span> unseenLinks {
|
|
foundLinks := crawl(link)
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">go</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">func</span>() { worklist <- foundLinks }()
|
|
}
|
|
}()
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// The main goroutine de-duplicates worklist items</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// and sends the unseen ones to the crawlers.</span>
|
|
seen := <span class="hljs-built_in">make</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-typename">bool</span>)
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> list := <span class="hljs-keyword">range</span> worklist {
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> _, link := <span class="hljs-keyword">range</span> list {
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> !seen[link] {
|
|
seen[link] = <span class="hljs-constant">true</span>
|
|
unseenLinks <- link
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>所有的爬蟲goroutine現在都是被衕一箇channel-unseenLinks餵飽的了。主goroutine負責拆分它從worklist裏拿到的元素，然後把沒有抓過的經由unseenLinks channel髮送給一箇爬蟲的goroutine。</p>
|
|
<p>seen這箇map被限定在main goroutine中；也就是説這箇map隻能在main goroutine中進行訪問。類似於其它的信息隱藏方式，這樣的約束可以讓我們從一定程度上保証程序的正確性。例如，內部變量不能夠在函數外部被訪問到；變量(§2.3.4)在沒有被轉義的情況下是無法在函數外部訪問的；一箇對象的封裝字段無法被該對象的方法以外的方法訪問到。在所有的情況下，信息隱藏都可以幫助我們約束我們的程序，使其不髮生意料之外的情況。</p>
|
|
<p>crawl函數爬到的鏈接在一箇專有的goroutine中被髮送到worklist中來避免死鎖。為了節省空間，這箇例子的終止問題我們先不進行詳細闡述了。</p>
|
|
<p>練習8.6: 為併髮爬蟲增加深度限製。也就是説，如果用戶設置了depth=3，那麼隻有從首頁跳轉三次以內能夠跳到的頁麪纔能被抓取到。</p>
|
|
<p>練習8.7: 完成一箇併髮程序來創建一箇線上網站的本地鏡像，把該站點的所有可達的頁麪都抓取到本地硬盤。為了省事，我們這裏可以隻取齣現在該域下的所有頁麪(比如golang.org結尾，譯註：外鏈的應該就不算了。)噹然了，齣現在頁麪裏的鏈接你也需要進行一些處理，使其能夠在你的鏡像站點上進行跳轉，而不是指嚮原始的鏈接。</p>
|
|
<p>譯註：
|
|
拓展閱讀：
|
|
<a href="http://marcio.io/2015/07/handling-1-million-requests-per-minute-with-golang/" target="_blank">http://marcio.io/2015/07/handling-1-million-requests-per-minute-with-golang/</a></p>
|
|
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|
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