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<title>几点忠告 - Go语言圣经</title>
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<a href="../index.html" >Go语言圣经</a>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../preface-zh.html" >译者序</a>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../preface.html" >前言</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> JSON</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.</strong> 文本和HTML模板</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 函数</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 函数声明</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 递归</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 多返回值</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> 错误</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> 函数值</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> 匿名函数</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> 可变参数</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.8.</strong> Deferred函数</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.9.</strong> Panic异常</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.10.</strong> Recover捕获异常</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch6/ch6.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 方法</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch6/ch6-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> 方法声明</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch6/ch6-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> 基于指针对象的方法</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch6/ch6-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> 通过嵌入结构体来扩展类型</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch6/ch6-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> 方法值和方法表达式</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch6/ch6-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> 示例: Bit数组</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch6/ch6-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> 封装</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 接口</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 接口是合约</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> 接口类型</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> 实现接口的条件</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> flag.Value接口</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> 接口值</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.</strong> sort.Interface接口</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.7.</strong> http.Handler接口</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.8.</strong> error接口</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.9.</strong> 示例: 表达式求值</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.10.</strong> 类型断言</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-11.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.11.</strong> 基于类型断言识别错误类型</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-12.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.12.</strong> 通过类型断言查询接口</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-13.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.13.</strong> 类型分支</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-14.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.14.</strong> 示例: 基于标记的XML解码</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-15.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.15.</strong> 补充几点</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Goroutines和Channels</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> Goroutines</a>
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</li>
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||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> 示例: 并发的Clock服务</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> 示例: 并发的Echo服务</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> Channels</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.5.</strong> 并发的循环</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.6.</strong> 示例: 并发的Web爬虫</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.7.</strong> 基于select的多路复用</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.8.</strong> 示例: 并发的目录遍历</a>
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</li>
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||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.9.</strong> 并发的退出</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.10.</strong> 示例: 聊天服务</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> 基于共享变量的并发</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> 竞争条件</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> sync.Mutex互斥锁</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> sync.RWMutex读写锁</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> 内存同步</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.</strong> sync.Once惰性初始化</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.6.</strong> 竞争条件检测</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.7.</strong> 示例: 并发的非阻塞缓存</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.</strong> Goroutines和线程</a>
|
||
</li>
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||
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch10/ch10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 包和工具</a>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> 包简介</a>
|
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.2.</strong> 导入路径</a>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.3.</strong> 包声明</a>
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.4.</strong> 导入声明</a>
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.</strong> 包的匿名导入</a>
|
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.6.</strong> 包和命名</a>
|
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.7.</strong> 工具</a>
|
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|
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch11/ch11.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 测试</a>
|
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|
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch11/ch11-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> go test</a>
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|
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<a href="../ch11/ch11-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> 测试函数</a>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch11/ch11-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> 测试覆盖率</a>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch11/ch11-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.4.</strong> 基准测试</a>
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<a href="../ch11/ch11-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.</strong> 剖析</a>
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<a href="../ch11/ch11-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.6.</strong> 示例函数</a>
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<a href="../ch12/ch12.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> 反射</a>
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch12/ch12-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> 为何需要反射?</a>
|
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|
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<a href="../ch12/ch12-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> reflect.Type和reflect.Value</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch12/ch12-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> Display递归打印</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch12/ch12-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> 示例: 编码S表达式</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch12/ch12-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.5.</strong> 通过reflect.Value修改值</a>
|
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|
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch12/ch12-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.6.</strong> 示例: 解码S表达式</a>
|
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch12/ch12-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.7.</strong> 获取结构体字段标签</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch12/ch12-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.8.</strong> 显示一个类型的方法集</a>
|
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|
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
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<a href="../ch12/ch12-09.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.9.</strong> 几点忠告</a>
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<a href="../ch13/ch13.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> 底层编程</a>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch13/ch13-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> unsafe.Sizeof, Alignof 和 Offsetof</a>
|
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|
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch13/ch13-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> unsafe.Pointer</a>
|
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|
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
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<a href="../ch13/ch13-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> 示例: 深度相等判断</a>
|
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|
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
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<a href="../ch13/ch13-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> 通过cgo调用C代码</a>
|
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|
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
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<a href="../ch13/ch13-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.</strong> 几点忠告</a>
|
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<a href="../appendix/appendix.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 附录</a>
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<a href="../appendix/appendix-a-errata.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> 附录A：原文勘误</a>
|
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|
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<a href="../appendix/appendix-b-author.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> 附录B：作者译者</a>
|
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<a href="../appendix/appendix-c-cpoyright.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.3.</strong> 附录C：译文授权</a>
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<a href="../appendix/appendix-d-translations.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.4.</strong> 附录D：其它语言</a>
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<ul dir="auto"><li><em>凹语言(Go实现, 面向WASM设计): <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li><li><em>WaBook(Go语言实现的MD电子书构建工具): <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wabook">https://github.com/wa-lang/wabook</a></em></li></ul><hr>
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<h2>12.9. 几点忠告</h2>
|
||
<p>虽然反射提供的API远多于我们讲到的，我们前面的例子主要是给出了一个方向，通过反射可以实现哪些功能。反射是一个强大并富有表达力的工具，但是它应该被小心地使用，原因有三。</p>
|
||
<p>第一个原因是，基于反射的代码是比较脆弱的。对于每一个会导致编译器报告类型错误的问题，在反射中都有与之相对应的误用问题，不同的是编译器会在构建时马上报告错误，而反射则是在真正运行到的时候才会抛出panic异常，可能是写完代码很久之后了，而且程序也可能运行了很长的时间。</p>
|
||
<p>以前面的readList函数（§12.6）为例，为了从输入读取字符串并填充int类型的变量而调用的reflect.Value.SetString方法可能导致panic异常。绝大多数使用反射的程序都有类似的风险，需要非常小心地检查每个reflect.Value的对应值的类型、是否可取地址，还有是否可以被修改等。</p>
|
||
<p>避免这种因反射而导致的脆弱性的问题的最好方法，是将所有的反射相关的使用控制在包的内部，如果可能的话避免在包的API中直接暴露reflect.Value类型，这样可以限制一些非法输入。如果无法做到这一点，在每个有风险的操作前指向额外的类型检查。以标准库中的代码为例，当fmt.Printf收到一个非法的操作数时，它并不会抛出panic异常，而是打印相关的错误信息。程序虽然还有BUG，但是会更加容易诊断。</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-Go">fmt.Printf("%d %s\n", "hello", 42) // "%!d(string=hello) %!s(int=42)"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>反射同样降低了程序的安全性，还影响了自动化重构和分析工具的准确性，因为它们无法识别运行时才能确认的类型信息。</p>
|
||
<p>避免使用反射的第二个原因是，即使对应类型提供了相同文档，但是反射的操作不能做静态类型检查，而且大量反射的代码通常难以理解。总是需要小心翼翼地为每个导出的类型和其它接受interface{}或reflect.Value类型参数的函数维护说明文档。</p>
|
||
<p>第三个原因，基于反射的代码通常比正常的代码运行速度慢一到两个数量级。对于一个典型的项目，大部分函数的性能和程序的整体性能关系不大，所以当反射能使程序更加清晰的时候可以考虑使用。测试是一个特别适合使用反射的场景，因为每个测试的数据集都很小。但是对于性能关键路径的函数，最好避免使用反射。</p>
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