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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang="zh" class="sidebar-visible no-js light">
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<title>Web服务 - Go语言圣经</title>
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<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
<div class="sidebar-scrollbox">
<ol class="chapter">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../index.html" >Go语言圣经</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../preface-zh.html" >译者序</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../preface.html" >前言</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch3/ch3.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch4/ch4.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> JSON</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.</strong> 文本和HTML模板</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 函数</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 函数声明</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 递归</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 多返回值</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> 错误</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> 函数值</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> 匿名函数</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> 可变参数</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.8.</strong> Deferred函数</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.9.</strong> Panic异常</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.10.</strong> Recover捕获异常</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch6/ch6.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 方法</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch6/ch6-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> 方法声明</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch6/ch6-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> 基于指针对象的方法</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch6/ch6-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> 通过嵌入结构体来扩展类型</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch6/ch6-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> 方法值和方法表达式</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch6/ch6-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> 示例: Bit数组</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch6/ch6-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> 封装</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 接口</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 接口是合约</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> 接口类型</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> 实现接口的条件</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> flag.Value接口</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> 接口值</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.</strong> sort.Interface接口</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.7.</strong> http.Handler接口</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.8.</strong> error接口</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.9.</strong> 示例: 表达式求值</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.10.</strong> 类型断言</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-11.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.11.</strong> 基于类型断言识别错误类型</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-12.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.12.</strong> 通过类型断言查询接口</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-13.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.13.</strong> 类型分支</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-14.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.14.</strong> 示例: 基于标记的XML解码</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-15.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.15.</strong> 补充几点</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Goroutines和Channels</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> Goroutines</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> 示例: 并发的Clock服务</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> 示例: 并发的Echo服务</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> Channels</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.5.</strong> 并发的循环</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.6.</strong> 示例: 并发的Web爬虫</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.7.</strong> 基于select的多路复用</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.8.</strong> 示例: 并发的目录遍历</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.9.</strong> 并发的退出</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.10.</strong> 示例: 聊天服务</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> 基于共享变量的并发</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> 竞争条件</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> sync.Mutex互斥锁</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> sync.RWMutex读写锁</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> 内存同步</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.</strong> sync.Once惰性初始化</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.6.</strong> 竞争条件检测</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.7.</strong> 示例: 并发的非阻塞缓存</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.</strong> Goroutines和线程</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 包和工具</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> 包简介</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.2.</strong> 导入路径</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.3.</strong> 包声明</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.4.</strong> 导入声明</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.</strong> 包的匿名导入</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.6.</strong> 包和命名</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.7.</strong> 工具</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch11/ch11.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 测试</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch11/ch11-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> go test</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch11/ch11-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> 测试函数</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch11/ch11-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> 测试覆盖率</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch11/ch11-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.4.</strong> 基准测试</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch11/ch11-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.</strong> 剖析</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch11/ch11-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.6.</strong> 示例函数</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> 反射</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> 为何需要反射?</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> reflect.Type和reflect.Value</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> Display递归打印</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> 示例: 编码S表达式</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.5.</strong> 通过reflect.Value修改值</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.6.</strong> 示例: 解码S表达式</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.7.</strong> 获取结构体字段标签</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.8.</strong> 显示一个类型的方法集</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.9.</strong> 几点忠告</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch13/ch13.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> 底层编程</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch13/ch13-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> unsafe.Sizeof, Alignof 和 Offsetof</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch13/ch13-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> unsafe.Pointer</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch13/ch13-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> 示例: 深度相等判断</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch13/ch13-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> 通过cgo调用C代码</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch13/ch13-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.</strong> 几点忠告</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../appendix/appendix.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 附录</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../appendix/appendix-a-errata.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> 附录A：原文勘误</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../appendix/appendix-b-author.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> 附录B：作者译者</a>
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</li>
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<a href="../appendix/appendix-d-translations.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.4.</strong> 附录D：其它语言</a>
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<ul dir="auto"><li><em>凹语言(Go实现, 面向WASM设计): <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li><li><em>WaBook(Go语言实现的MD电子书构建工具): <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wabook">https://github.com/wa-lang/wabook</a></em></li></ul><hr>
<h2>1.7. Web服务</h2>
<p>Go语言的内置库使得写一个类似fetch的web服务器变得异常地简单。在本节中，我们会展示一个微型服务器，这个服务器的功能是返回当前用户正在访问的URL。比如用户访问的是 http://localhost:8000/hello ，那么响应是URL.Path = &quot;hello&quot;。</p>
<p><!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted -->gopl.io/ch1/server1<!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted --></p>
<pre><code class="language-go">// Server1 is a minimal &quot;echo&quot; server.
package main
import (
&quot;fmt&quot;
&quot;log&quot;
&quot;net/http&quot;
)
func main() {
http.HandleFunc(&quot;/&quot;, handler) // each request calls handler
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(&quot;localhost:8000&quot;, nil))
}
// handler echoes the Path component of the request URL r.
func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, &quot;URL.Path = %q\n&quot;, r.URL.Path)
}
</code></pre>
<p>我们只用了八九行代码就实现了一个Web服务程序，这都是多亏了标准库里的方法已经帮我们完成了大量工作。main函数将所有发送到/路径下的请求和handler函数关联起来，/开头的请求其实就是所有发送到当前站点上的请求，服务监听8000端口。发送到这个服务的“请求”是一个http.Request类型的对象，这个对象中包含了请求中的一系列相关字段，其中就包括我们需要的URL。当请求到达服务器时，这个请求会被传给handler函数来处理，这个函数会将/hello这个路径从请求的URL中解析出来，然后把其发送到响应中，这里我们用的是标准输出流的fmt.Fprintf。Web服务会在第7.7节中做更详细的阐述。</p>
<p>让我们在后台运行这个服务程序。如果你的操作系统是Mac OS X或者Linux，那么在运行命令的末尾加上一个&amp;符号，即可让程序简单地跑在后台，windows下可以在另外一个命令行窗口去运行这个程序。</p>
<pre><code>$ go run src/gopl.io/ch1/server1/main.go &amp;
</code></pre>
<p>现在可以通过命令行来发送客户端请求了：</p>
<pre><code>$ go build gopl.io/ch1/fetch
$ ./fetch http://localhost:8000
URL.Path = &quot;/&quot;
$ ./fetch http://localhost:8000/help
URL.Path = &quot;/help&quot;
</code></pre>
<p>还可以直接在浏览器里访问这个URL，然后得到返回结果，如图1.2：</p>
<p><img src="../images/ch1-02.png" alt=""></p>
<p>在这个服务的基础上叠加特性是很容易的。一种比较实用的修改是为访问的url添加某种状态。比如，下面这个版本输出了同样的内容，但是会对请求的次数进行计算；对URL的请求结果会包含各种URL被访问的总次数，直接对/count这个URL的访问要除外。</p>
<p><!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted -->gopl.io/ch1/server2<!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted --></p>
<pre><code class="language-go">// Server2 is a minimal &quot;echo&quot; and counter server.
package main
import (
&quot;fmt&quot;
&quot;log&quot;
&quot;net/http&quot;
&quot;sync&quot;
)
var mu sync.Mutex
var count int
func main() {
http.HandleFunc(&quot;/&quot;, handler)
http.HandleFunc(&quot;/count&quot;, counter)
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(&quot;localhost:8000&quot;, nil))
}
// handler echoes the Path component of the requested URL.
func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
mu.Lock()
count++
mu.Unlock()
fmt.Fprintf(w, &quot;URL.Path = %q\n&quot;, r.URL.Path)
}
// counter echoes the number of calls so far.
func counter(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
mu.Lock()
fmt.Fprintf(w, &quot;Count %d\n&quot;, count)
mu.Unlock()
}
</code></pre>
<p>这个服务器有两个请求处理函数，根据请求的url不同会调用不同的函数：对/count这个url的请求会调用到counter这个函数，其它的url都会调用默认的处理函数。如果你的请求pattern是以/结尾，那么所有以该url为前缀的url都会被这条规则匹配。在这些代码的背后，服务器每一次接收请求处理时都会另起一个goroutine，这样服务器就可以同一时间处理多个请求。然而在并发情况下，假如真的有两个请求同一时刻去更新count，那么这个值可能并不会被正确地增加；这个程序可能会引发一个严重的bug：竞态条件（参见9.1）。为了避免这个问题，我们必须保证每次修改变量的最多只能有一个goroutine，这也就是代码里的mu.Lock()和mu.Unlock()调用将修改count的所有行为包在中间的目的。第九章中我们会进一步讲解共享变量。</p>
<p>下面是一个更为丰富的例子，handler函数会把请求的http头和请求的form数据都打印出来，这样可以使检查和调试这个服务更为方便：</p>
<p><!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted -->gopl.io/ch1/server3<!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted --></p>
<pre><code class="language-go">// handler echoes the HTTP request.
func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, &quot;%s %s %s\n&quot;, r.Method, r.URL, r.Proto)
for k, v := range r.Header {
fmt.Fprintf(w, &quot;Header[%q] = %q\n&quot;, k, v)
}
fmt.Fprintf(w, &quot;Host = %q\n&quot;, r.Host)
fmt.Fprintf(w, &quot;RemoteAddr = %q\n&quot;, r.RemoteAddr)
if err := r.ParseForm(); err != nil {
log.Print(err)
}
for k, v := range r.Form {
fmt.Fprintf(w, &quot;Form[%q] = %q\n&quot;, k, v)
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>我们用http.Request这个struct里的字段来输出下面这样的内容：</p>
<pre><code>GET /?q=query HTTP/1.1
Header[&quot;Accept-Encoding&quot;] = [&quot;gzip, deflate, sdch&quot;]
Header[&quot;Accept-Language&quot;] = [&quot;en-US,en;q=0.8&quot;]
Header[&quot;Connection&quot;] = [&quot;keep-alive&quot;]
Header[&quot;Accept&quot;] = [&quot;text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;...&quot;]
Header[&quot;User-Agent&quot;] = [&quot;Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_7_5)...&quot;]
Host = &quot;localhost:8000&quot;
RemoteAddr = &quot;127.0.0.1:59911&quot;
Form[&quot;q&quot;] = [&quot;query&quot;]
</code></pre>
<p>可以看到这里的ParseForm被嵌套在了if语句中。Go语言允许这样的一个简单的语句结果作为局部的变量声明出现在if语句的最前面，这一点对错误处理很有用处。我们还可以像下面这样写（当然看起来就长了一些）：</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">err := r.ParseForm()
if err != nil {
log.Print(err)
}
</code></pre>
<p>用if和ParseForm结合可以让代码更加简单，并且可以限制err这个变量的作用域，这么做是很不错的。我们会在2.7节中讲解作用域。</p>
<p>在这些程序中，我们看到了很多不同的类型被输出到标准输出流中。比如前面的fetch程序，把HTTP的响应数据拷贝到了os.Stdout，lissajous程序里我们输出的是一个文件。fetchall程序则完全忽略到了HTTP的响应Body，只是计算了一下响应Body的大小，这个程序中把响应Body拷贝到了ioutil.Discard。在本节的web服务器程序中则是用fmt.Fprintf直接写到了http.ResponseWriter中。</p>
<p>尽管三种具体的实现流程并不太一样，他们都实现一个共同的接口，即当它们被调用需要一个标准流输出时都可以满足。这个接口叫作io.Writer，在7.1节中会详细讨论。</p>
<p>Go语言的接口机制会在第7章中讲解，为了在这里简单说明接口能做什么，让我们简单地将这里的web服务器和之前写的lissajous函数结合起来，这样GIF动画可以被写到HTTP的客户端，而不是之前的标准输出流。只要在web服务器的代码里加入下面这几行。</p>
<pre><code class="language-Go">handler := func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
lissajous(w)
}
http.HandleFunc(&quot;/&quot;, handler)
</code></pre>
<p>或者另一种等价形式：</p>
<pre><code class="language-Go">http.HandleFunc(&quot;/&quot;, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
lissajous(w)
})
</code></pre>
<p>HandleFunc函数的第二个参数是一个函数的字面值，也就是一个在使用时定义的匿名函数。这些内容我们会在5.6节中讲解。</p>
<p>做完这些修改之后，在浏览器里访问 http://localhost:8000 。每次你载入这个页面都可以看到一个像图1.3那样的动画。</p>
<p><img src="../images/ch1-03.png" alt=""></p>
<p><strong>练习 1.12：</strong> 修改Lissajour服务，从URL读取变量，比如你可以访问 http://localhost:8000/?cycles=20 这个URL，这样访问可以将程序里的cycles默认的5修改为20。字符串转换为数字可以调用strconv.Atoi函数。你可以在godoc里查看strconv.Atoi的详细说明。</p>
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