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616 lines
30 KiB
HTML
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<title>示例函数 - Go语言圣经</title>
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<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
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<div class="sidebar-scrollbox">
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<ol class="chapter">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../index.html" >Go语言圣经</a>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../preface-zh.html" >译者序</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../preface.html" >前言</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> JSON</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.</strong> 文本和HTML模板</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 函数</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 函数声明</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 递归</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 多返回值</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> 错误</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> 函数值</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> 匿名函数</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> 可变参数</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.8.</strong> Deferred函数</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.9.</strong> Panic异常</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.10.</strong> Recover捕获异常</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch6/ch6.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 方法</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch6/ch6-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> 方法声明</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch6/ch6-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> 基于指针对象的方法</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch6/ch6-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> 通过嵌入结构体来扩展类型</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch6/ch6-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> 方法值和方法表达式</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch6/ch6-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> 示例: Bit数组</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch6/ch6-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> 封装</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 接口</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 接口是合约</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> 接口类型</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> 实现接口的条件</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> flag.Value接口</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> 接口值</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.</strong> sort.Interface接口</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.7.</strong> http.Handler接口</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.8.</strong> error接口</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.9.</strong> 示例: 表达式求值</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.10.</strong> 类型断言</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-11.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.11.</strong> 基于类型断言识别错误类型</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-12.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.12.</strong> 通过类型断言查询接口</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-13.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.13.</strong> 类型分支</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-14.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.14.</strong> 示例: 基于标记的XML解码</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-15.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.15.</strong> 补充几点</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Goroutines和Channels</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> Goroutines</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> 示例: 并发的Clock服务</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> 示例: 并发的Echo服务</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> Channels</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.5.</strong> 并发的循环</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.6.</strong> 示例: 并发的Web爬虫</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.7.</strong> 基于select的多路复用</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.8.</strong> 示例: 并发的目录遍历</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.9.</strong> 并发的退出</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.10.</strong> 示例: 聊天服务</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> 基于共享变量的并发</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> 竞争条件</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> sync.Mutex互斥锁</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> sync.RWMutex读写锁</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> 内存同步</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.</strong> sync.Once惰性初始化</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.6.</strong> 竞争条件检测</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.7.</strong> 示例: 并发的非阻塞缓存</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.</strong> Goroutines和线程</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
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<a href="../ch10/ch10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 包和工具</a>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch10/ch10-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> 包简介</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.2.</strong> 导入路径</a>
|
||
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|
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.3.</strong> 包声明</a>
|
||
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|
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|
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.4.</strong> 导入声明</a>
|
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|
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|
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.</strong> 包的匿名导入</a>
|
||
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|
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|
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.6.</strong> 包和命名</a>
|
||
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|
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|
||
<a href="../ch10/ch10-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.7.</strong> 工具</a>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
<a href="../ch11/ch11.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 测试</a>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
<a href="../ch11/ch11-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> go test</a>
|
||
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|
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<a href="../ch11/ch11-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> 测试函数</a>
|
||
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|
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|
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<a href="../ch11/ch11-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> 测试覆盖率</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
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<a href="../ch11/ch11-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.4.</strong> 基准测试</a>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
<a href="../ch11/ch11-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.</strong> 剖析</a>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
<a href="../ch11/ch11-06.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.6.</strong> 示例函数</a>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
<a href="../ch12/ch12.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> 反射</a>
|
||
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|
||
<ol class="section">
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch12/ch12-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> 为何需要反射?</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch12/ch12-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> reflect.Type和reflect.Value</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch12/ch12-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> Display递归打印</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch12/ch12-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> 示例: 编码S表达式</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch12/ch12-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.5.</strong> 通过reflect.Value修改值</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch12/ch12-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.6.</strong> 示例: 解码S表达式</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch12/ch12-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.7.</strong> 获取结构体字段标签</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch12/ch12-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.8.</strong> 显示一个类型的方法集</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch12/ch12-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.9.</strong> 几点忠告</a>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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||
<a href="../ch13/ch13.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> 底层编程</a>
|
||
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|
||
<ol class="section">
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch13/ch13-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> unsafe.Sizeof, Alignof 和 Offsetof</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch13/ch13-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> unsafe.Pointer</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch13/ch13-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> 示例: 深度相等判断</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch13/ch13-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> 通过cgo调用C代码</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch13/ch13-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.</strong> 几点忠告</a>
|
||
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||
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|
||
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||
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|
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||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
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<a href="../appendix/appendix-a-errata.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> 附录A：原文勘误</a>
|
||
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|
||
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<a href="../appendix/appendix-b-author.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> 附录B：作者译者</a>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
<a href="../appendix/appendix-c-cpoyright.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.3.</strong> 附录C：译文授权</a>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
<a href="../appendix/appendix-d-translations.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.4.</strong> 附录D：其它语言</a>
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<ul dir="auto"><li><em>凹语言(Go实现, 面向WASM设计): <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li><li><em>WaBook(Go语言实现的MD电子书构建工具): <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wabook">https://github.com/wa-lang/wabook</a></em></li></ul><hr>
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<h2>11.6. 示例函数</h2>
|
||
<p>第三种被<code>go test</code>特别对待的函数是示例函数，以Example为函数名开头。示例函数没有函数参数和返回值。下面是IsPalindrome函数对应的示例函数：</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-Go">func ExampleIsPalindrome() {
|
||
fmt.Println(IsPalindrome("A man, a plan, a canal: Panama"))
|
||
fmt.Println(IsPalindrome("palindrome"))
|
||
// Output:
|
||
// true
|
||
// false
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>示例函数有三个用处。最主要的一个是作为文档：一个包的例子可以更简洁直观的方式来演示函数的用法，比文字描述更直接易懂，特别是作为一个提醒或快速参考时。一个示例函数也可以方便展示属于同一个接口的几种类型或函数之间的关系，所有的文档都必须关联到一个地方，就像一个类型或函数声明都统一到包一样。同时，示例函数和注释并不一样，示例函数是真实的Go代码，需要接受编译器的编译时检查，这样可以保证源代码更新时，示例代码不会脱节。</p>
|
||
<p>根据示例函数的后缀名部分，godoc这个web文档服务器会将示例函数关联到某个具体函数或包本身，因此ExampleIsPalindrome示例函数将是IsPalindrome函数文档的一部分，Example示例函数将是包文档的一部分。</p>
|
||
<p>示例函数的第二个用处是，在<code>go test</code>执行测试的时候也会运行示例函数测试。如果示例函数内含有类似上面例子中的<code>// Output:</code>格式的注释，那么测试工具会执行这个示例函数，然后检查示例函数的标准输出与注释是否匹配。</p>
|
||
<p>示例函数的第三个目的提供一个真实的演练场。 <a href="http://golang.org">http://golang.org</a> 就是由godoc提供的文档服务，它使用了Go Playground让用户可以在浏览器中在线编辑和运行每个示例函数，就像图11.4所示的那样。这通常是学习函数使用或Go语言特性最快捷的方式。</p>
|
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<p><img src="../images/ch11-04.png" alt=""></p>
|
||
<p>本书最后的两章是讨论reflect和unsafe包，一般的Go程序员很少使用它们，事实上也很少需要用到。因此，如果你还没有写过任何真实的Go程序的话，现在可以先去写些代码了。</p>
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