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618 lines
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618 lines
30 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
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<html lang="zh" class="sidebar-visible no-js light">
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<title>包声明 - Go语言圣经</title>
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<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
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<div class="sidebar-scrollbox">
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<ol class="chapter">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../index.html" >Go语言圣经</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../preface-zh.html" >译者序</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../preface.html" >前言</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> JSON</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.</strong> 文本和HTML模板</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 函数</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 函数声明</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 递归</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 多返回值</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> 错误</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> 函数值</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> 匿名函数</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> 可变参数</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.8.</strong> Deferred函数</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.9.</strong> Panic异常</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.10.</strong> Recover捕获异常</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch6/ch6.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 方法</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch6/ch6-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> 方法声明</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch6/ch6-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> 基于指针对象的方法</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch6/ch6-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> 通过嵌入结构体来扩展类型</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch6/ch6-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> 方法值和方法表达式</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch6/ch6-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> 示例: Bit数组</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch6/ch6-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> 封装</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 接口</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 接口是合约</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> 接口类型</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> 实现接口的条件</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> flag.Value接口</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> 接口值</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.</strong> sort.Interface接口</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.7.</strong> http.Handler接口</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.8.</strong> error接口</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.9.</strong> 示例: 表达式求值</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.10.</strong> 类型断言</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-11.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.11.</strong> 基于类型断言识别错误类型</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-12.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.12.</strong> 通过类型断言查询接口</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-13.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.13.</strong> 类型分支</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-14.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.14.</strong> 示例: 基于标记的XML解码</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch7/ch7-15.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.15.</strong> 补充几点</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Goroutines和Channels</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> Goroutines</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> 示例: 并发的Clock服务</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> 示例: 并发的Echo服务</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> Channels</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.5.</strong> 并发的循环</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.6.</strong> 示例: 并发的Web爬虫</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.7.</strong> 基于select的多路复用</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.8.</strong> 示例: 并发的目录遍历</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.9.</strong> 并发的退出</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch8/ch8-10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.10.</strong> 示例: 聊天服务</a>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> 基于共享变量的并发</a>
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</li>
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<ol class="section">
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> 竞争条件</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> sync.Mutex互斥锁</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> sync.RWMutex读写锁</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> 内存同步</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.</strong> sync.Once惰性初始化</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.6.</strong> 竞争条件检测</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.7.</strong> 示例: 并发的非阻塞缓存</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.</strong> Goroutines和线程</a>
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</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch10/ch10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 包和工具</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<ol class="section">
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch10/ch10-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> 包简介</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch10/ch10-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.2.</strong> 导入路径</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch10/ch10-03.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.3.</strong> 包声明</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch10/ch10-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.4.</strong> 导入声明</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch10/ch10-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.</strong> 包的匿名导入</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch10/ch10-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.6.</strong> 包和命名</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch10/ch10-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.7.</strong> 工具</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch11/ch11.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 测试</a>
|
||
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|
||
<ol class="section">
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch11/ch11-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> go test</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch11/ch11-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> 测试函数</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch11/ch11-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> 测试覆盖率</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch11/ch11-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.4.</strong> 基准测试</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch11/ch11-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.</strong> 剖析</a>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
<a href="../ch11/ch11-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.6.</strong> 示例函数</a>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
<a href="../ch12/ch12.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> 反射</a>
|
||
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|
||
<ol class="section">
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch12/ch12-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> 为何需要反射?</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch12/ch12-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> reflect.Type和reflect.Value</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch12/ch12-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> Display递归打印</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch12/ch12-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> 示例: 编码S表达式</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch12/ch12-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.5.</strong> 通过reflect.Value修改值</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch12/ch12-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.6.</strong> 示例: 解码S表达式</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch12/ch12-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.7.</strong> 获取结构体字段标签</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch12/ch12-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.8.</strong> 显示一个类型的方法集</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch12/ch12-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.9.</strong> 几点忠告</a>
|
||
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||
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|
||
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||
<a href="../ch13/ch13.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> 底层编程</a>
|
||
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|
||
<ol class="section">
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch13/ch13-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> unsafe.Sizeof, Alignof 和 Offsetof</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch13/ch13-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> unsafe.Pointer</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch13/ch13-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> 示例: 深度相等判断</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch13/ch13-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> 通过cgo调用C代码</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
|
||
<a href="../ch13/ch13-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.</strong> 几点忠告</a>
|
||
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||
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|
||
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||
<a href="../appendix/appendix.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 附录</a>
|
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||
<ol class="section">
|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../appendix/appendix-a-errata.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> 附录A：原文勘误</a>
|
||
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|
||
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../appendix/appendix-b-author.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> 附录B：作者译者</a>
|
||
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|
||
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<a href="../appendix/appendix-c-cpoyright.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.3.</strong> 附录C：译文授权</a>
|
||
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|
||
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|
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<a href="../appendix/appendix-d-translations.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.4.</strong> 附录D：其它语言</a>
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<ul dir="auto"><li><em>凹语言(Go实现, 面向WASM设计): <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li><li><em>MnBook(Go语言实现的MD电子书构建工具): <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/mnbook">https://github.com/wa-lang/mnbook</a></em></li></ul><hr>
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<h2>10.3. 包声明</h2>
|
||
<p>在每个Go语言源文件的开头都必须有包声明语句。包声明语句的主要目的是确定当前包被其它包导入时默认的标识符（也称为包名）。</p>
|
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<p>例如，math/rand包的每个源文件的开头都包含<code>package rand</code>包声明语句，所以当你导入这个包，你就可以用rand.Int、rand.Float64类似的方式访问包的成员。</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-Go">package main
|
||
|
||
import (
|
||
"fmt"
|
||
"math/rand"
|
||
)
|
||
|
||
func main() {
|
||
fmt.Println(rand.Int())
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>通常来说，默认的包名就是包导入路径名的最后一段，因此即使两个包的导入路径不同，它们依然可能有一个相同的包名。例如，math/rand包和crypto/rand包的包名都是rand。稍后我们将看到如何同时导入两个有相同包名的包。</p>
|
||
<p>关于默认包名一般采用导入路径名的最后一段的约定也有三种例外情况。第一个例外，包对应一个可执行程序，也就是main包，这时候main包本身的导入路径是无关紧要的。名字为main的包是给go build（§10.7.3）构建命令一个信息，这个包编译完之后必须调用连接器生成一个可执行程序。</p>
|
||
<p>第二个例外，包所在的目录中可能有一些文件名是以<code>_test.go</code>为后缀的Go源文件（译注：前面必须有其它的字符，因为以<code>_</code>或<code>.</code>开头的源文件会被构建工具忽略），并且这些源文件声明的包名也是以<code>_test</code>为后缀名的。这种目录可以包含两种包：一种是普通包，另一种则是测试的外部扩展包。所有以<code>_test</code>为后缀包名的测试外部扩展包都由go test命令独立编译，普通包和测试的外部扩展包是相互独立的。测试的外部扩展包一般用来避免测试代码中的循环导入依赖，具体细节我们将在11.2.4节中介绍。</p>
|
||
<p>第三个例外，一些依赖版本号的管理工具会在导入路径后追加版本号信息，例如“gopkg.in/yaml.v2”。这种情况下包的名字并不包含版本号后缀，而是yaml。</p>
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