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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang="zh" class="sidebar-visible no-js light">
<head>
<!-- Book generated using https://github.com/wa-lang/mnbook -->
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>文本和HTML模板 - Go语言圣经</title>
<!-- Custom HTML head -->
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
<meta name="description" content="">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" />
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<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../favicon.png">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../static/mnbook/css/variables.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../static/mnbook/css/general.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../static/mnbook/tomorrow-night.css">
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<body>
<!-- Provide site root to javascript -->
<script type="text/javascript">
var path_to_root = "../";
var default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? "navy" : "light";
</script>
<!-- Work around some values being stored in localStorage wrapped in quotes -->
<script type="text/javascript">
try {
var theme = localStorage.getItem('mnbook-theme');
var sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mnbook-sidebar');
if (theme.startsWith('"') && theme.endsWith('"')) {
localStorage.setItem('mnbook-theme', theme.slice(1, theme.length - 1));
}
if (sidebar.startsWith('"') && sidebar.endsWith('"')) {
localStorage.setItem('mnbook-sidebar', sidebar.slice(1, sidebar.length - 1));
}
} catch (e) { }
</script>
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<script type="text/javascript">
var theme;
try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mnbook-theme'); } catch(e) { }
if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; }
var html = document.querySelector('html');
html.classList.remove('no-js')
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var html = document.querySelector('html');
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html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible');
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</script>
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
<div class="sidebar-scrollbox">
<ol class="chapter">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../index.html" >Go语言圣经</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../preface-zh.html" >译者序</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../preface.html" >前言</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch3/ch3.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch4/ch4.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> JSON</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.</strong> 文本和HTML模板</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 函数</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 函数声明</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 递归</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 多返回值</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> 错误</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> 函数值</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> 匿名函数</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> 可变参数</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.8.</strong> Deferred函数</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.9.</strong> Panic异常</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch5/ch5-10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">5.10.</strong> Recover捕获异常</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch6/ch6.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 方法</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch6/ch6-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> 方法声明</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch6/ch6-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> 基于指针对象的方法</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch6/ch6-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> 通过嵌入结构体来扩展类型</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch6/ch6-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> 方法值和方法表达式</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch6/ch6-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> 示例: Bit数组</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch6/ch6-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> 封装</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 接口</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 接口是合约</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> 接口类型</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> 实现接口的条件</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> flag.Value接口</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> 接口值</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.</strong> sort.Interface接口</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.7.</strong> http.Handler接口</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.8.</strong> error接口</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.9.</strong> 示例: 表达式求值</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.10.</strong> 类型断言</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-11.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.11.</strong> 基于类型断言识别错误类型</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-12.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.12.</strong> 通过类型断言查询接口</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-13.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.13.</strong> 类型分支</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-14.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.14.</strong> 示例: 基于标记的XML解码</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch7/ch7-15.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">7.15.</strong> 补充几点</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Goroutines和Channels</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> Goroutines</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> 示例: 并发的Clock服务</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> 示例: 并发的Echo服务</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> Channels</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.5.</strong> 并发的循环</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.6.</strong> 示例: 并发的Web爬虫</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.7.</strong> 基于select的多路复用</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.8.</strong> 示例: 并发的目录遍历</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.9.</strong> 并发的退出</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch8/ch8-10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">8.10.</strong> 示例: 聊天服务</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> 基于共享变量的并发</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> 竞争条件</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> sync.Mutex互斥锁</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> sync.RWMutex读写锁</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> 内存同步</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.</strong> sync.Once惰性初始化</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.6.</strong> 竞争条件检测</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.7.</strong> 示例: 并发的非阻塞缓存</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch9/ch9-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.</strong> Goroutines和线程</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 包和工具</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> 包简介</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.2.</strong> 导入路径</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.3.</strong> 包声明</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.4.</strong> 导入声明</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.</strong> 包的匿名导入</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.6.</strong> 包和命名</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch10/ch10-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">10.7.</strong> 工具</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch11/ch11.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 测试</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch11/ch11-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> go test</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch11/ch11-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> 测试函数</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch11/ch11-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> 测试覆盖率</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch11/ch11-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.4.</strong> 基准测试</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch11/ch11-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.</strong> 剖析</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch11/ch11-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">11.6.</strong> 示例函数</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> 反射</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> 为何需要反射?</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> reflect.Type和reflect.Value</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> Display递归打印</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> 示例: 编码S表达式</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.5.</strong> 通过reflect.Value修改值</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-06.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.6.</strong> 示例: 解码S表达式</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-07.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.7.</strong> 获取结构体字段标签</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-08.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.8.</strong> 显示一个类型的方法集</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch12/ch12-09.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">12.9.</strong> 几点忠告</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch13/ch13.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> 底层编程</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch13/ch13-01.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> unsafe.Sizeof, Alignof 和 Offsetof</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch13/ch13-02.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> unsafe.Pointer</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch13/ch13-03.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> 示例: 深度相等判断</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch13/ch13-04.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> 通过cgo调用C代码</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../ch13/ch13-05.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.</strong> 几点忠告</a>
</li>
</ol>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../appendix/appendix.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 附录</a>
</li>
<ol class="section">
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
<a href="../appendix/appendix-a-errata.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> 附录A：原文勘误</a>
</li>
<li class="chapter-item expanded ">
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<a href="../appendix/appendix-d-translations.html" ><strong aria-hidden="true">14.4.</strong> 附录D：其它语言</a>
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<ul dir="auto"><li><em>凹语言(Go实现, 面向WASM设计): <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li><li><em>MnBook(Go语言实现的MD电子书构建工具): <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/mnbook">https://github.com/wa-lang/mnbook</a></em></li></ul><hr>
<h2>4.6. 文本和HTML模板</h2>
<p>前面的例子，只是最简单的格式化，使用Printf是完全足够的。但是有时候会需要复杂的打印格式，这时候一般需要将格式化代码分离出来以便更安全地修改。这些功能是由text/template和html/template等模板包提供的，它们提供了一个将变量值填充到一个文本或HTML格式的模板的机制。</p>
<p>一个模板是一个字符串或一个文件，里面包含了一个或多个由双花括号包含的<code>{{action}}</code>对象。大部分的字符串只是按字面值打印，但是对于actions部分将触发其它的行为。每个actions都包含了一个用模板语言书写的表达式，一个action虽然简短但是可以输出复杂的打印值，模板语言包含通过选择结构体的成员、调用函数或方法、表达式控制流if-else语句和range循环语句，还有其它实例化模板等诸多特性。下面是一个简单的模板字符串：</p>
<p><!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted -->gopl.io/ch4/issuesreport<!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted --></p>
<pre><code class="language-Go">const templ = `{{.TotalCount}} issues:
{{range .Items}}----------------------------------------
Number: {{.Number}}
User: {{.User.Login}}
Title: {{.Title | printf &quot;%.64s&quot;}}
Age: {{.CreatedAt | daysAgo}} days
{{end}}`
</code></pre>
<p>这个模板先打印匹配到的issue总数，然后打印每个issue的编号、创建用户、标题还有存在的时间。对于每一个action，都有一个当前值的概念，对应点操作符，写作“.”。当前值“.”最初被初始化为调用模板时的参数，在当前例子中对应github.IssuesSearchResult类型的变量。模板中<code>{{.TotalCount}}</code>对应action将展开为结构体中TotalCount成员以默认的方式打印的值。模板中<code>{{range .Items}}</code>和<code>{{end}}</code>对应一个循环action，因此它们之间的内容可能会被展开多次，循环每次迭代的当前值对应当前的Items元素的值。</p>
<p>在一个action中，<code>|</code>操作符表示将前一个表达式的结果作为后一个函数的输入，类似于UNIX中管道的概念。在Title这一行的action中，第二个操作是一个printf函数，是一个基于fmt.Sprintf实现的内置函数，所有模板都可以直接使用。对于Age部分，第二个动作是一个叫daysAgo的函数，通过time.Since函数将CreatedAt成员转换为过去的时间长度：</p>
<pre><code class="language-Go">func daysAgo(t time.Time) int {
return int(time.Since(t).Hours() / 24)
}
</code></pre>
<p>需要注意的是CreatedAt的参数类型是time.Time，并不是字符串。以同样的方式，我们可以通过定义一些方法来控制字符串的格式化（§2.5），一个类型同样可以定制自己的JSON编码和解码行为。time.Time类型对应的JSON值是一个标准时间格式的字符串。</p>
<p>生成模板的输出需要两个处理步骤。第一步是要分析模板并转为内部表示，然后基于指定的输入执行模板。分析模板部分一般只需要执行一次。下面的代码创建并分析上面定义的模板templ。注意方法调用链的顺序：template.New先创建并返回一个模板；Funcs方法将daysAgo等自定义函数注册到模板中，并返回模板；最后调用Parse函数分析模板。</p>
<pre><code class="language-Go">report, err := template.New(&quot;report&quot;).
Funcs(template.FuncMap{&quot;daysAgo&quot;: daysAgo}).
Parse(templ)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
</code></pre>
<p>因为模板通常在编译时就测试好了，如果模板解析失败将是一个致命的错误。template.Must辅助函数可以简化这个致命错误的处理：它接受一个模板和一个error类型的参数，检测error是否为nil（如果不是nil则发出panic异常），然后返回传入的模板。我们将在5.9节再讨论这个话题。</p>
<p>一旦模板已经创建、注册了daysAgo函数、并通过分析和检测，我们就可以使用github.IssuesSearchResult作为输入源、os.Stdout作为输出源来执行模板：</p>
<pre><code class="language-Go">var report = template.Must(template.New(&quot;issuelist&quot;).
Funcs(template.FuncMap{&quot;daysAgo&quot;: daysAgo}).
Parse(templ))
func main() {
result, err := github.SearchIssues(os.Args[1:])
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
if err := report.Execute(os.Stdout, result); err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>程序输出一个纯文本报告：</p>
<pre><code>$ go build gopl.io/ch4/issuesreport
$ ./issuesreport repo:golang/go is:open json decoder
13 issues:
----------------------------------------
Number: 5680
User: eaigner
Title: encoding/json: set key converter on en/decoder
Age: 750 days
----------------------------------------
Number: 6050
User: gopherbot
Title: encoding/json: provide tokenizer
Age: 695 days
----------------------------------------
...
</code></pre>
<p>现在让我们转到html/template模板包。它使用和text/template包相同的API和模板语言，但是增加了一个将字符串自动转义特性，这可以避免输入字符串和HTML、JavaScript、CSS或URL语法产生冲突的问题。这个特性还可以避免一些长期存在的安全问题，比如通过生成HTML注入攻击，通过构造一个含有恶意代码的问题标题，这些都可能让模板输出错误的输出，从而让他们控制页面。</p>
<p>下面的模板以HTML格式输出issue列表。注意import语句的不同：</p>
<p><!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted -->gopl.io/ch4/issueshtml<!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted --></p>
<pre><code class="language-Go">import &quot;html/template&quot;
var issueList = template.Must(template.New(&quot;issuelist&quot;).Parse(`
&lt;h1&gt;{{.TotalCount}} issues&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr style='text-align: left'&gt;
&lt;th&gt;#&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;State&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;User&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Title&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
{{range .Items}}
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href='{{.HTMLURL}}'&gt;{{.Number}}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;{{.State}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href='{{.User.HTMLURL}}'&gt;{{.User.Login}}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href='{{.HTMLURL}}'&gt;{{.Title}}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
{{end}}
&lt;/table&gt;
`))
</code></pre>
<p>下面的命令将在新的模板上执行一个稍微不同的查询：</p>
<pre><code>$ go build gopl.io/ch4/issueshtml
$ ./issueshtml repo:golang/go commenter:gopherbot json encoder &gt;issues.html
</code></pre>
<p>图4.4显示了在web浏览器中的效果图。每个issue包含到Github对应页面的链接。</p>
<p><img src="../images/ch4-04.png" alt=""></p>
<p>图4.4中issue没有包含会对HTML格式产生冲突的特殊字符，但是我们马上将看到标题中含有<code>&amp;</code>和<code>&lt;</code>字符的issue。下面的命令选择了两个这样的issue：</p>
<pre><code>$ ./issueshtml repo:golang/go 3133 10535 &gt;issues2.html
</code></pre>
<p>图4.5显示了该查询的结果。注意，html/template包已经自动将特殊字符转义，因此我们依然可以看到正确的字面值。如果我们使用text/template包的话，这2个issue将会产生错误，其中“&amp;lt;”四个字符将会被当作小于字符“&lt;”处理，同时“&lt;link&gt;”字符串将会被当作一个链接元素处理，它们都会导致HTML文档结构的改变，从而导致有未知的风险。</p>
<p>我们也可以通过对信任的HTML字符串使用template.HTML类型来抑制这种自动转义的行为。还有很多采用类型命名的字符串类型分别对应信任的JavaScript、CSS和URL。下面的程序演示了两个使用不同类型的相同字符串产生的不同结果：A是一个普通字符串，B是一个信任的template.HTML字符串类型。</p>
<p><img src="../images/ch4-05.png" alt=""></p>
<p><!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted -->gopl.io/ch4/autoescape<!-- raw HTML omitted --><!-- raw HTML omitted --></p>
<pre><code class="language-Go">func main() {
const templ = `&lt;p&gt;A: {{.A}}&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;B: {{.B}}&lt;/p&gt;`
t := template.Must(template.New(&quot;escape&quot;).Parse(templ))
var data struct {
A string // untrusted plain text
B template.HTML // trusted HTML
}
data.A = &quot;&lt;b&gt;Hello!&lt;/b&gt;&quot;
data.B = &quot;&lt;b&gt;Hello!&lt;/b&gt;&quot;
if err := t.Execute(os.Stdout, data); err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>图4.6显示了出现在浏览器中的模板输出。我们看到A的黑体标记被转义失效了，但是B没有。</p>
<p><img src="../images/ch4-06.png" alt=""></p>
<p>我们这里只讲述了模板系统中最基本的特性。一如既往，如果想了解更多的信息，请自己查看包文档：</p>
<pre><code>$ go doc text/template
$ go doc html/template
</code></pre>
<p><strong>练习 4.14：</strong> 创建一个web服务器，查询一次GitHub，然后生成BUG报告、里程碑和对应的用户信息。</p>
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