ehlxr/gopl-zh.github.com
1
0
Fork 0
mirror of https://github.com/gopl-zh/gopl-zh.github.com.git synced 2024-12-27 23:36:20 +00:00
Code Issues Projects Releases Wiki Activity
6929c3b2cb
gopl-zh.github.com/ch7/ch7-05.html
github-actions[bot] 91fd81bd7d deploy: 863c1951ea
2023-06-26 17:30:52 +00:00

339 lines
37 KiB
HTML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang="zh" class="sidebar-visible no-js light">
<head>
<!-- Book generated using mdBook -->
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>接口值 - Go语言圣经</title>
<!-- Custom HTML head -->
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
<meta name="description" content="&lt;The Go Programming Language&gt;中文版">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" />
<link rel="icon" href="../favicon.svg">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../favicon.png">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/variables.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/general.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/chrome.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/print.css" media="print">
<!-- Fonts -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../FontAwesome/css/font-awesome.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../fonts/fonts.css">
<!-- Highlight.js Stylesheets -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../highlight.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../tomorrow-night.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../ayu-highlight.css">
<!-- Custom theme stylesheets -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../style.css">
</head>
<body>
<!-- Provide site root to javascript -->
<script type="text/javascript">
var path_to_root = "../";
var default_theme = window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches ? "navy" : "light";
</script>
<!-- Work around some values being stored in localStorage wrapped in quotes -->
<script type="text/javascript">
try {
var theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme');
var sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar');
if (theme.startsWith('"') && theme.endsWith('"')) {
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-theme', theme.slice(1, theme.length - 1));
}
if (sidebar.startsWith('"') && sidebar.endsWith('"')) {
localStorage.setItem('mdbook-sidebar', sidebar.slice(1, sidebar.length - 1));
}
} catch (e) { }
</script>
<!-- Set the theme before any content is loaded, prevents flash -->
<script type="text/javascript">
var theme;
try { theme = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-theme'); } catch(e) { }
if (theme === null || theme === undefined) { theme = default_theme; }
var html = document.querySelector('html');
html.classList.remove('no-js')
html.classList.remove('light')
html.classList.add(theme);
html.classList.add('js');
</script>
<!-- Hide / unhide sidebar before it is displayed -->
<script type="text/javascript">
var html = document.querySelector('html');
var sidebar = 'hidden';
if (document.body.clientWidth >= 1080) {
try { sidebar = localStorage.getItem('mdbook-sidebar'); } catch(e) { }
sidebar = sidebar || 'visible';
}
html.classList.remove('sidebar-visible');
html.classList.add("sidebar-" + sidebar);
</script>
<nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
<div class="sidebar-scrollbox">
<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../index.html">Go语言圣经</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../preface-zh.html">译者序</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../preface.html">前言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 入门</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> 查找重复的行</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> GIF动画</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> 获取URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> 并发获取多个URL</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Web服务</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> 本章要点</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> 程序结构</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 命名</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 变量</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 赋值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 包和文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 作用域</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> 基础数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> 整型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> 浮点数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> 复数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> 布尔型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> 字符串</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> 常量</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> 复合数据类型</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> Slice</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Map</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> JSON</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.</strong> 文本和HTML模板</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch5/ch5.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> 函数</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch5/ch5-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> 函数声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch5/ch5-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> 递归</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch5/ch5-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> 多返回值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch5/ch5-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> 错误</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch5/ch5-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> 函数值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch5/ch5-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> 匿名函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch5/ch5-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> 可变参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch5/ch5-08.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.8.</strong> Deferred函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch5/ch5-09.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.9.</strong> Panic异常</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch5/ch5-10.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.10.</strong> Recover捕获异常</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch6/ch6.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 方法</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch6/ch6-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> 方法声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch6/ch6-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> 基于指针对象的方法</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch6/ch6-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> 通过嵌入结构体来扩展类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch6/ch6-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> 方法值和方法表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch6/ch6-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> 示例: Bit数组</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch6/ch6-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> 封装</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch7/ch7.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 接口</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch7/ch7-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> 接口是合约</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch7/ch7-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> 接口类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch7/ch7-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> 实现接口的条件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch7/ch7-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> flag.Value接口</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch7/ch7-05.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> 接口值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch7/ch7-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.6.</strong> sort.Interface接口</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch7/ch7-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.7.</strong> http.Handler接口</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch7/ch7-08.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.8.</strong> error接口</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch7/ch7-09.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.9.</strong> 示例: 表达式求值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch7/ch7-10.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.10.</strong> 类型断言</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch7/ch7-11.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.11.</strong> 基于类型断言识别错误类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch7/ch7-12.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.12.</strong> 通过类型断言查询接口</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch7/ch7-13.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.13.</strong> 类型分支</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch7/ch7-14.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.14.</strong> 示例: 基于标记的XML解码</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch7/ch7-15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.15.</strong> 补充几点</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch8/ch8.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Goroutines和Channels</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch8/ch8-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> Goroutines</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch8/ch8-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> 示例: 并发的Clock服务</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch8/ch8-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> 示例: 并发的Echo服务</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch8/ch8-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> Channels</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch8/ch8-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.5.</strong> 并发的循环</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch8/ch8-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.6.</strong> 示例: 并发的Web爬虫</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch8/ch8-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.7.</strong> 基于select的多路复用</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch8/ch8-08.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.8.</strong> 示例: 并发的目录遍历</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch8/ch8-09.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.9.</strong> 并发的退出</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch8/ch8-10.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.10.</strong> 示例: 聊天服务</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch9/ch9.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> 基于共享变量的并发</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch9/ch9-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> 竞争条件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch9/ch9-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> sync.Mutex互斥锁</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch9/ch9-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> sync.RWMutex读写锁</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch9/ch9-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> 内存同步</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch9/ch9-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.</strong> sync.Once惰性初始化</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch9/ch9-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.6.</strong> 竞争条件检测</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch9/ch9-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.7.</strong> 示例: 并发的非阻塞缓存</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch9/ch9-08.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.</strong> Goroutines和线程</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch10/ch10.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> 包和工具</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch10/ch10-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> 包简介</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch10/ch10-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.2.</strong> 导入路径</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch10/ch10-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.3.</strong> 包声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch10/ch10-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.4.</strong> 导入声明</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch10/ch10-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.</strong> 包的匿名导入</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch10/ch10-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.6.</strong> 包和命名</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch10/ch10-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.7.</strong> 工具</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch11/ch11.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> 测试</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch11/ch11-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> go test</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch11/ch11-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> 测试函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch11/ch11-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> 测试覆盖率</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch11/ch11-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.4.</strong> 基准测试</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch11/ch11-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.5.</strong> 剖析</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch11/ch11-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.6.</strong> 示例函数</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch12/ch12.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> 反射</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch12/ch12-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> 为何需要反射?</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch12/ch12-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> reflect.Type和reflect.Value</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch12/ch12-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> Display递归打印</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch12/ch12-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> 示例: 编码S表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch12/ch12-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.5.</strong> 通过reflect.Value修改值</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch12/ch12-06.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.6.</strong> 示例: 解码S表达式</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch12/ch12-07.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.7.</strong> 获取结构体字段标签</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch12/ch12-08.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.8.</strong> 显示一个类型的方法集</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch12/ch12-09.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.9.</strong> 几点忠告</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch13/ch13.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.</strong> 底层编程</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch13/ch13-01.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.1.</strong> unsafe.Sizeof, Alignof 和 Offsetof</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch13/ch13-02.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.2.</strong> unsafe.Pointer</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch13/ch13-03.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.3.</strong> 示例: 深度相等判断</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch13/ch13-04.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.4.</strong> 通过cgo调用C代码</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../ch13/ch13-05.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">13.5.</strong> 几点忠告</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../appendix/appendix.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.</strong> 附录</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../appendix/appendix-a-errata.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.1.</strong> 附录A：原文勘误</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../appendix/appendix-b-author.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.2.</strong> 附录B：作者译者</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../appendix/appendix-c-cpoyright.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.3.</strong> 附录C：译文授权</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../appendix/appendix-d-translations.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">14.4.</strong> 附录D：其它语言</a></li></ol></li></ol> </div>
<div id="sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle"></div>
</nav>
<div id="page-wrapper" class="page-wrapper">
<div class="page">
<div id="menu-bar-hover-placeholder"></div>
<div id="menu-bar" class="menu-bar sticky bordered">
<div class="left-buttons">
<button id="sidebar-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-label="Toggle Table of Contents" aria-controls="sidebar">
<i class="fa fa-bars"></i>
</button>
<button id="theme-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Change theme" aria-label="Change theme" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="theme-list">
<i class="fa fa-paint-brush"></i>
</button>
<ul id="theme-list" class="theme-popup" aria-label="Themes" role="menu">
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="light">Light (default)</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="rust">Rust</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="coal">Coal</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="navy">Navy</button></li>
<li role="none"><button role="menuitem" class="theme" id="ayu">Ayu</button></li>
</ul>
<button id="search-toggle" class="icon-button" type="button" title="Search. (Shortkey: s)" aria-label="Toggle Searchbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-keyshortcuts="S" aria-controls="searchbar">
<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
</button>
</div>
<h1 class="menu-title">Go语言圣经</h1>
<div class="right-buttons">
<a href="../print.html" title="Print this book" aria-label="Print this book">
<i id="print-button" class="fa fa-print"></i>
</a>
<a href="https://github.com/gopl-zh/gopl-zh.github.com" title="Git repository" aria-label="Git repository">
<i id="git-repository-button" class="fa fa-github"></i>
</a>
<a href="https://github.com/gopl-zh/gopl-zh.github.com/edit/master/./ch7/ch7-05.md" title="Suggest an edit" aria-label="Suggest an edit">
<i id="git-edit-button" class="fa fa-edit"></i>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div id="search-wrapper" class="hidden">
<form id="searchbar-outer" class="searchbar-outer">
<input type="search" id="searchbar" name="searchbar" placeholder="Search this book ..." aria-controls="searchresults-outer" aria-describedby="searchresults-header">
</form>
<div id="searchresults-outer" class="searchresults-outer hidden">
<div id="searchresults-header" class="searchresults-header"></div>
<ul id="searchresults">
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Apply ARIA attributes after the sidebar and the sidebar toggle button are added to the DOM -->
<script type="text/javascript">
document.getElementById('sidebar-toggle').setAttribute('aria-expanded', sidebar === 'visible');
document.getElementById('sidebar').setAttribute('aria-hidden', sidebar !== 'visible');
Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('#sidebar a')).forEach(function(link) {
link.setAttribute('tabIndex', sidebar === 'visible' ? 0 : -1);
});
</script>
<div id="content" class="content">
<!-- Page table of contents -->
<div class="sidetoc"><nav class="pagetoc"></nav></div>
<main>
<!-- 头部 -->
<ul dir="auto">
<li><em>KusonStack一站式可编程配置技术栈(Go): <a href="https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion">https://github.com/KusionStack/kusion</a></em></li>
<li><em>KCL 配置编程语言(Rust): <a href="https://github.com/KusionStack/KCLVM">https://github.com/KusionStack/KCLVM</a></em></li>
<li><em>凹语言™: <a href="https://github.com/wa-lang/wa">https://github.com/wa-lang/wa</a></em></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="75--接口值"><a class="header" href="#75--接口值">7.5. 接口值</a></h2>
<p>概念上讲一个接口的值，接口值，由两个部分组成，一个具体的类型和那个类型的值。它们被称为接口的动态类型和动态值。对于像Go语言这种静态类型的语言，类型是编译期的概念；因此一个类型不是一个值。在我们的概念模型中，一些提供每个类型信息的值被称为类型描述符，比如类型的名称和方法。在一个接口值中，类型部分代表与之相关类型的描述符。</p>
<p>下面4个语句中，变量w得到了3个不同的值。（开始和最后的值是相同的）</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">var w io.Writer
w = os.Stdout
w = new(bytes.Buffer)
w = nil
</code></pre>
<p>让我们进一步观察在每一个语句后的w变量的值和动态行为。第一个语句定义了变量w:</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">var w io.Writer
</code></pre>
<p>在Go语言中，变量总是被一个定义明确的值初始化，即使接口类型也不例外。对于一个接口的零值就是它的类型和值的部分都是nil（图7.1）。</p>
<p><img src="../images/ch7-01.png" alt="" /></p>
<p>一个接口值基于它的动态类型被描述为空或非空，所以这是一个空的接口值。你可以通过使用w==nil或者w!=nil来判断接口值是否为空。调用一个空接口值上的任意方法都会产生panic:</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">w.Write([]byte(&quot;hello&quot;)) // panic: nil pointer dereference
</code></pre>
<p>第二个语句将一个<code>*os.File</code>类型的值赋给变量w:</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">w = os.Stdout
</code></pre>
<p>这个赋值过程调用了一个具体类型到接口类型的隐式转换，这和显式的使用io.Writer(os.Stdout)是等价的。这类转换不管是显式的还是隐式的，都会刻画出操作到的类型和值。这个接口值的动态类型被设为<code>*os.File</code>指针的类型描述符，它的动态值持有os.Stdout的拷贝；这是一个代表处理标准输出的os.File类型变量的指针（图7.2）。</p>
<p><img src="../images/ch7-02.png" alt="" /></p>
<p>调用一个包含<code>*os.File</code>类型指针的接口值的Write方法，使得<code>(*os.File).Write</code>方法被调用。这个调用输出“hello”。</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">w.Write([]byte(&quot;hello&quot;)) // &quot;hello&quot;
</code></pre>
<p>通常在编译期，我们不知道接口值的动态类型是什么，所以一个接口上的调用必须使用动态分配。因为不是直接进行调用，所以编译器必须把代码生成在类型描述符的方法Write上，然后间接调用那个地址。这个调用的接收者是一个接口动态值的拷贝，os.Stdout。效果和下面这个直接调用一样：</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">os.Stdout.Write([]byte(&quot;hello&quot;)) // &quot;hello&quot;
</code></pre>
<p>第三个语句给接口值赋了一个*bytes.Buffer类型的值</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">w = new(bytes.Buffer)
</code></pre>
<p>现在动态类型是*bytes.Buffer并且动态值是一个指向新分配的缓冲区的指针（图7.3）。</p>
<p><img src="../images/ch7-03.png" alt="" /></p>
<p>Write方法的调用也使用了和之前一样的机制：</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">w.Write([]byte(&quot;hello&quot;)) // writes &quot;hello&quot; to the bytes.Buffers
</code></pre>
<p>这次类型描述符是*bytes.Buffer，所以调用了(*bytes.Buffer).Write方法，并且接收者是该缓冲区的地址。这个调用把字符串“hello”添加到缓冲区中。</p>
<p>最后，第四个语句将nil赋给了接口值：</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">w = nil
</code></pre>
<p>这个重置将它所有的部分都设为nil值，把变量w恢复到和它之前定义时相同的状态，在图7.1中可以看到。</p>
<p>一个接口值可以持有任意大的动态值。例如，表示时间实例的time.Time类型，这个类型有几个对外不公开的字段。我们从它上面创建一个接口值：</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">var x interface{} = time.Now()
</code></pre>
<p>结果可能和图7.4相似。从概念上讲，不论接口值多大，动态值总是可以容下它。（这只是一个概念上的模型；具体的实现可能会非常不同）</p>
<p><img src="../images/ch7-04.png" alt="" /></p>
<p>接口值可以使用==和!＝来进行比较。两个接口值相等仅当它们都是nil值，或者它们的动态类型相同并且动态值也根据这个动态类型的==操作相等。因为接口值是可比较的，所以它们可以用在map的键或者作为switch语句的操作数。</p>
<p>然而，如果两个接口值的动态类型相同，但是这个动态类型是不可比较的（比如切片），将它们进行比较就会失败并且panic:</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">var x interface{} = []int{1, 2, 3}
fmt.Println(x == x) // panic: comparing uncomparable type []int
</code></pre>
<p>考虑到这点，接口类型是非常与众不同的。其它类型要么是安全的可比较类型（如基本类型和指针）要么是完全不可比较的类型（如切片，映射类型，和函数），但是在比较接口值或者包含了接口值的聚合类型时，我们必须要意识到潜在的panic。同样的风险也存在于使用接口作为map的键或者switch的操作数。只能比较你非常确定它们的动态值是可比较类型的接口值。</p>
<p>当我们处理错误或者调试的过程中，得知接口值的动态类型是非常有帮助的。所以我们使用fmt包的%T动作:</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">var w io.Writer
fmt.Printf(&quot;%T\n&quot;, w) // &quot;&lt;nil&gt;&quot;
w = os.Stdout
fmt.Printf(&quot;%T\n&quot;, w) // &quot;*os.File&quot;
w = new(bytes.Buffer)
fmt.Printf(&quot;%T\n&quot;, w) // &quot;*bytes.Buffer&quot;
</code></pre>
<p>在fmt包内部，使用反射来获取接口动态类型的名称。我们会在第12章中学到反射相关的知识。</p>
<h3 id="751--警告一个包含nil指针的接口不是nil接口"><a class="header" href="#751--警告一个包含nil指针的接口不是nil接口">7.5.1. 警告：一个包含nil指针的接口不是nil接口</a></h3>
<p>一个不包含任何值的nil接口值和一个刚好包含nil指针的接口值是不同的。这个细微区别产生了一个容易绊倒每个Go程序员的陷阱。</p>
<p>思考下面的程序。当debug变量设置为true时，main函数会将f函数的输出收集到一个bytes.Buffer类型中。</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">const debug = true
func main() {
var buf *bytes.Buffer
if debug {
buf = new(bytes.Buffer) // enable collection of output
}
f(buf) // NOTE: subtly incorrect!
if debug {
// ...use buf...
}
}
// If out is non-nil, output will be written to it.
func f(out io.Writer) {
// ...do something...
if out != nil {
out.Write([]byte(&quot;done!\n&quot;))
}
}
</code></pre>
<p>我们可能会预计当把变量debug设置为false时可以禁止对输出的收集，但是实际上在out.Write方法调用时程序发生了panic：</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">if out != nil {
out.Write([]byte(&quot;done!\n&quot;)) // panic: nil pointer dereference
}
</code></pre>
<p>当main函数调用函数f时，它给f函数的out参数赋了一个*bytes.Buffer的空指针，所以out的动态值是nil。然而，它的动态类型是*bytes.Buffer，意思就是out变量是一个包含空指针值的非空接口（如图7.5），所以防御性检查out!=nil的结果依然是true。</p>
<p><img src="../images/ch7-05.png" alt="" /></p>
<p>动态分配机制依然决定(*bytes.Buffer).Write的方法会被调用，但是这次的接收者的值是nil。对于一些如*os.File的类型，nil是一个有效的接收者（§6.2.1），但是*bytes.Buffer类型不在这些种类中。这个方法会被调用，但是当它尝试去获取缓冲区时会发生panic。</p>
<p>问题在于尽管一个nil的*bytes.Buffer指针有实现这个接口的方法，它也不满足这个接口具体的行为上的要求。特别是这个调用违反了(*bytes.Buffer).Write方法的接收者非空的隐含先觉条件，所以将nil指针赋给这个接口是错误的。解决方案就是将main函数中的变量buf的类型改为io.Writer，因此可以避免一开始就将一个不完整的值赋值给这个接口：</p>
<pre><code class="language-go">var buf io.Writer
if debug {
buf = new(bytes.Buffer) // enable collection of output
}
f(buf) // OK
</code></pre>
<p>现在我们已经把接口值的技巧都讲完了，让我们来看更多的一些在Go标准库中的重要接口类型。在下面的三章中，我们会看到接口类型是怎样用在排序，web服务，错误处理中的。</p>
<!-- 公众号 -->
<hr>
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<img width="222px" src="https://chai2010.cn/advanced-go-programming-book/css.png">
</td>
<td>
<img width="222px" src="https://chai2010.cn/advanced-go-programming-book/cch.png">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div id="giscus-container"></div>
<footer class="page-footer">
<span>© 2015-2016 | <a href="https://github.com/gopl-zh"> Go语言圣经中文版</a>, 仅学习交流使用</span>
</footer>
</main>
<nav class="nav-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
<!-- Mobile navigation buttons -->
<a rel="prev" href="../ch7/ch7-04.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
<i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
</a>
<a rel="next" href="../ch7/ch7-06.html" class="mobile-nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
</a>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
<nav class="nav-wide-wrapper" aria-label="Page navigation">
<a rel="prev" href="../ch7/ch7-04.html" class="nav-chapters previous" title="Previous chapter" aria-label="Previous chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Left">
<i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i>
</a>
<a rel="next" href="../ch7/ch7-06.html" class="nav-chapters next" title="Next chapter" aria-label="Next chapter" aria-keyshortcuts="Right">
<i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i>
</a>
</nav>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
window.playground_copyable = true;
</script>
<script src="../elasticlunr.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script src="../mark.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script src="../searcher.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script src="../clipboard.min.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script src="../highlight.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script src="../book.js" type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8">
var pagePath = "ch7/ch7-05.md"
</script>
<!-- Custom JS scripts -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="../js/custom.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../js/bigPicture.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
Reference in New Issue View Git Blame Copy Permalink