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2189 lines
91 KiB
HTML
2189 lines
91 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
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<html lang="zh-tw" >
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
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<title>整型 | Go语言圣经</title>
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<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
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<meta name="description" content="">
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<meta name="generator" content="GitBook 2.6.6">
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<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/>
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, user-scalable=no">
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<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
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<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black">
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<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../gitbook/images/apple-touch-icon-precomposed-152.png">
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<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../gitbook/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../gitbook/style.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../gitbook/plugins/gitbook-plugin-katex/katex.min.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../gitbook/plugins/gitbook-plugin-highlight/website.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../gitbook/plugins/gitbook-plugin-fontsettings/website.css">
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<link rel="next" href="../ch3/ch3-02.html" />
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<link rel="prev" href="../ch3/ch3.html" />
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="book"
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data-level="3.1"
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data-chapter-title="整型"
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data-filepath="ch3/ch3-01.md"
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data-basepath=".."
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data-revision="Sat Jan 02 2016 16:00:23 GMT+0800 (中国标准时间)"
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data-innerlanguage="">
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<div class="book-summary">
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<nav role="navigation">
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<ul class="summary">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0" data-path="index.html">
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<a href="../index.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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前言
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.1" data-path="ch0/ch0-01.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.1.</b>
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Go語言起源
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.2" data-path="ch0/ch0-02.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.2.</b>
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Go語言項目
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.3" data-path="ch0/ch0-03.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.3.</b>
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本書的組織
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.4" data-path="ch0/ch0-04.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.4.</b>
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更多的信息
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.5" data-path="ch0/ch0-05.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.5.</b>
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致謝
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1" data-path="ch1/ch1.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.</b>
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入門
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="ch1/ch1-01.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.1.</b>
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Hello, World
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2" data-path="ch1/ch1-02.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.2.</b>
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命令行參數
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3" data-path="ch1/ch1-03.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.3.</b>
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査找重複的行
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4" data-path="ch1/ch1-04.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.4.</b>
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GIF動畵
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5" data-path="ch1/ch1-05.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.5.</b>
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獲取URL
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6" data-path="ch1/ch1-06.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.6.</b>
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併發獲取多個URL
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.7" data-path="ch1/ch1-07.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.7.</b>
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Web服務
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.8" data-path="ch1/ch1-08.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.8.</b>
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本章要點
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2" data-path="ch2/ch2.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.</b>
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程序結構
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="ch2/ch2-01.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.1.</b>
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命名
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.2" data-path="ch2/ch2-02.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.2.</b>
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聲明
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.3" data-path="ch2/ch2-03.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.3.</b>
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變量
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.4" data-path="ch2/ch2-04.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.4.</b>
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賦值
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.5" data-path="ch2/ch2-05.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.5.</b>
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類型
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.6" data-path="ch2/ch2-06.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.6.</b>
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包和文件
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.7" data-path="ch2/ch2-07.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.7.</b>
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作用域
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3" data-path="ch3/ch3.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.</b>
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基礎數據類型
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter active" data-level="3.1" data-path="ch3/ch3-01.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.1.</b>
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整型
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="ch3/ch3-02.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.2.</b>
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浮點數
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.3" data-path="ch3/ch3-03.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.3.</b>
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複數
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.4" data-path="ch3/ch3-04.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.4.</b>
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布爾型
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.5" data-path="ch3/ch3-05.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.5.</b>
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字符串
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.6" data-path="ch3/ch3-06.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.6.</b>
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常量
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4" data-path="ch4/ch4.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.</b>
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複合數據類型
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1" data-path="ch4/ch4-01.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.1.</b>
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數組
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2" data-path="ch4/ch4-02.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.2.</b>
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Slice
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.3" data-path="ch4/ch4-03.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.3.</b>
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Map
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4" data-path="ch4/ch4-04.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.4.</b>
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結構體
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5" data-path="ch4/ch4-05.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.5.</b>
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JSON
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.6" data-path="ch4/ch4-06.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.6.</b>
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文本和HTML模闆
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5" data-path="ch5/ch5.html">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>5.</b>
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函數
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1" data-path="ch5/ch5-01.html">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>5.1.</b>
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函數聲明
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2" data-path="ch5/ch5-02.html">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
遞歸
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.3" data-path="ch5/ch5-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
多返迴值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4" data-path="ch5/ch5-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
錯誤
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5" data-path="ch5/ch5-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
函數值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6" data-path="ch5/ch5-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
匿名函數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.7" data-path="ch5/ch5-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
可變參數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.8" data-path="ch5/ch5-08.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-08.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
Deferred函數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.9" data-path="ch5/ch5-09.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-09.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.9.</b>
|
|
|
|
Panic異常
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.10" data-path="ch5/ch5-10.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-10.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.10.</b>
|
|
|
|
Recover捕獲異常
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6" data-path="ch6/ch6.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.</b>
|
|
|
|
方法
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.1" data-path="ch6/ch6-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
方法聲明
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2" data-path="ch6/ch6-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
基於指針對象的方法
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.3" data-path="ch6/ch6-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
通過嵌入結構體來擴展類型
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4" data-path="ch6/ch6-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
方法值和方法表達式
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.5" data-path="ch6/ch6-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: Bit數組
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6" data-path="ch6/ch6-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
封裝
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7" data-path="ch7/ch7.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.</b>
|
|
|
|
接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.1" data-path="ch7/ch7-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
接口是合約
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.2" data-path="ch7/ch7-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
接口類型
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.3" data-path="ch7/ch7-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
實現接口的條件
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.4" data-path="ch7/ch7-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
flag.Value接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.5" data-path="ch7/ch7-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
接口值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.6" data-path="ch7/ch7-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
sort.Interface接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.7" data-path="ch7/ch7-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
http.Handler接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.8" data-path="ch7/ch7-08.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-08.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
error接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.9" data-path="ch7/ch7-09.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-09.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.9.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 表達式求值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.10" data-path="ch7/ch7-10.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-10.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.10.</b>
|
|
|
|
類型斷言
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.11" data-path="ch7/ch7-11.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-11.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.11.</b>
|
|
|
|
基於類型斷言識别錯誤類型
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.12" data-path="ch7/ch7-12.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-12.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.12.</b>
|
|
|
|
通過類型斷言査詢接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.13" data-path="ch7/ch7-13.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-13.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.13.</b>
|
|
|
|
類型分支
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.14" data-path="ch7/ch7-14.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-14.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.14.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 基於標記的XML解碼
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.15" data-path="ch7/ch7-15.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-15.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.15.</b>
|
|
|
|
補充幾點
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8" data-path="ch8/ch8.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.</b>
|
|
|
|
Goroutines和Channels
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.1" data-path="ch8/ch8-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
Goroutines
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.2" data-path="ch8/ch8-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 併發的Clock服務
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.3" data-path="ch8/ch8-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 併發的Echo服務
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.4" data-path="ch8/ch8-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
Channels
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.5" data-path="ch8/ch8-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
併行的循環
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.6" data-path="ch8/ch8-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 併發的Web爬蟲
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.7" data-path="ch8/ch8-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
基於select的多路複用
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.8" data-path="ch8/ch8-08.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-08.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 併發的字典遍歷
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.9" data-path="ch8/ch8-09.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-09.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.9.</b>
|
|
|
|
併發的退出
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.10" data-path="ch8/ch8-10.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-10.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.10.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 聊天服務
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="9" data-path="ch9/ch9.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>9.</b>
|
|
|
|
基於共享變量的併發
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.1" data-path="ch9/ch9-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>9.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
競爭條件
|
|
</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.2" data-path="ch9/ch9-02.html">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>9.2.</b>
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sync.Mutex互斥鎖
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.3" data-path="ch9/ch9-03.html">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>9.3.</b>
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sync.RWMutex讀寫鎖
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.4" data-path="ch9/ch9-04.html">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>9.4.</b>
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內存同步
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.5" data-path="ch9/ch9-05.html">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>9.5.</b>
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sync.Once初始化
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.6" data-path="ch9/ch9-06.html">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>9.6.</b>
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競爭條件檢測
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.7" data-path="ch9/ch9-07.html">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-07.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>9.7.</b>
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示例: 併發的非阻塞緩存
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.8" data-path="ch9/ch9-08.html">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-08.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>9.8.</b>
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Goroutines和線程
|
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10" data-path="ch10/ch10.html">
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<a href="../ch10/ch10.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.</b>
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包和工具
|
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10.1" data-path="ch10/ch10-01.html">
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.1.</b>
|
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簡介
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10.2" data-path="ch10/ch10-02.html">
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.2.</b>
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導入路徑
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10.3" data-path="ch10/ch10-03.html">
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.3.</b>
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包聲明
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10.4" data-path="ch10/ch10-04.html">
|
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|
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.4.</b>
|
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|
|
導入聲明
|
|
</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10.5" data-path="ch10/ch10-05.html">
|
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.5.</b>
|
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|
|
匿名導入
|
|
</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10.6" data-path="ch10/ch10-06.html">
|
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|
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|
<a href="../ch10/ch10-06.html">
|
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
包和命名
|
|
</a>
|
|
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</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.7" data-path="ch10/ch10-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch10/ch10-07.html">
|
|
|
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
工具
|
|
</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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</ul>
|
|
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</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11" data-path="ch11/ch11.html">
|
|
|
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|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11.html">
|
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|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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<b>11.</b>
|
|
|
|
測試
|
|
</a>
|
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|
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|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
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|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.1" data-path="ch11/ch11-01.html">
|
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<a href="../ch11/ch11-01.html">
|
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|
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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<b>11.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
go test
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
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</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.2" data-path="ch11/ch11-02.html">
|
|
|
|
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|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
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<b>11.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
測試函數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.3" data-path="ch11/ch11-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
測試覆蓋率
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.4" data-path="ch11/ch11-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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|
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<b>11.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
基準測試
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.5" data-path="ch11/ch11-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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|
|
<b>11.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
剖析
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.6" data-path="ch11/ch11-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例函數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12" data-path="ch12/ch12.html">
|
|
|
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|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12.html">
|
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|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.</b>
|
|
|
|
反射
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.1" data-path="ch12/ch12-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
爲何需要反射?
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.2" data-path="ch12/ch12-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
reflect.Type和reflect.Value
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.3" data-path="ch12/ch12-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
Display遞歸打印
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.4" data-path="ch12/ch12-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 編碼S表達式
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.5" data-path="ch12/ch12-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
通過reflect.Value脩改值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.6" data-path="ch12/ch12-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 解碼S表達式
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.7" data-path="ch12/ch12-07.html">
|
|
|
|
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|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
獲取結構體字段標識
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.8" data-path="ch12/ch12-08.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-08.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
顯示一個類型的方法集
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.9" data-path="ch12/ch12-09.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-09.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.9.</b>
|
|
|
|
幾點忠告
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13" data-path="ch13/ch13.html">
|
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|
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<a href="../ch13/ch13.html">
|
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|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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|
|
<b>13.</b>
|
|
|
|
底層編程
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.1" data-path="ch13/ch13-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
unsafe.Sizeof, Alignof 和 Offsetof
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.2" data-path="ch13/ch13-02.html">
|
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|
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|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
unsafe.Pointer
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.3" data-path="ch13/ch13-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 深度相等判斷
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.4" data-path="ch13/ch13-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
通過cgo調用C代碼
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.5" data-path="ch13/ch13-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
幾點忠告
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="14" data-path="CONTRIBUTORS.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../CONTRIBUTORS.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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|
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<b>14.</b>
|
|
|
|
附録
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="divider"></li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="https://www.gitbook.com" target="blank" class="gitbook-link">
|
|
本書使用 GitBook 釋出
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
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|
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</ul>
|
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</nav>
|
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</div>
|
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|
|
<div class="book-body">
|
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<div class="body-inner">
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<div class="book-header" role="navigation">
|
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<!-- Actions Left -->
|
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<!-- Title -->
|
|
<h1>
|
|
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
|
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<a href="../" >Go语言圣经</a>
|
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</h1>
|
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</div>
|
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|
<div class="page-wrapper" tabindex="-1" role="main">
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<div class="page-inner">
|
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|
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|
<section class="normal" id="section-">
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="31-整型">3.1. 整型</h2>
|
|
<p>Go語言的數值類型包括幾種不同大小的整形數、浮點數和複數。每種數值類型都決定了對應的大小范圍和是否支持正負符號。讓我們先從整形數類型開始介紹。</p>
|
|
<p>Go語言同時提供了有符號和無符號類型的整數運算。這里有int8、int16、int32和int64四種截然不同大小的有符號整形數類型，分别對應8、16、32、64bit大小的有符號整形數，與此對應的是uint8、uint16、uint32和uint64四種無符號整形數類型。</p>
|
|
<p>這里還有兩種一般對應特定CPU平台機器字大小的有符號和無符號整數int和uint；其中int是應用最廣泛的數值類型。這兩種類型都有同樣的大小，32或64bit，但是我們不能對此做任何的假設；因爲不同的編譯器卽使在相同的硬件平台上可能産生不同的大小。</p>
|
|
<p>Unicode字符rune類型是和int32等價的類型，通常用於表示一個Unicode碼點。這兩個名稱可以互換使用。同樣byte也是uint8類型的等價類型，byte類型一般用於強調數值是一個原始的數據而不是一個小的整數。</p>
|
|
<p>最後，還有一種無符號的整數類型uintptr，沒有指定具體的bit大小但是足以容納指針。uintptr類型隻有在底層編程是才需要，特别是Go語言和C語言函數庫或操作繫統接口相交互的地方。我們將在第十三章的unsafe包相關部分看到類似的例子。</p>
|
|
<p>不管它們的具體大小，int、uint和uintptr是不同類型的兄弟類型。其中int和int32也是不同的類型，卽使int的大小也是32bit，在需要將int當作int32類型的地方需要一個顯式的類型轉換操作，反之亦然。</p>
|
|
<p>其中有符號整數采用2的補碼形式表示，也就是最高bit位用作表示符號位，一個n-bit的有符號數的值域是從<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mrow><mo>−</mo><msup><mn>2</mn><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">-2^{n-1}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;"></span><span class="strut bottom" style="height:0.897438em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="base textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">2</span><span class="vlist"><span style="top:-0.363em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="fontsize-ensurer reset-size5 size5"><span style="font-size:0em;">​</span></span><span class="reset-textstyle scriptstyle uncramped"><span class="mord scriptstyle uncramped"><span class="mord mathit">n</span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mord mathrm">1</span></span></span></span><span class="baseline-fix"><span class="fontsize-ensurer reset-size5 size5"><span style="font-size:0em;">​</span></span>​</span></span></span></span></span></span>到<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mrow><msup><mn>2</mn><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">2^{n-1}-1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;"></span><span class="strut bottom" style="height:0.897438em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="base textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">2</span><span class="vlist"><span style="top:-0.363em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="fontsize-ensurer reset-size5 size5"><span style="font-size:0em;">​</span></span><span class="reset-textstyle scriptstyle uncramped"><span class="mord scriptstyle uncramped"><span class="mord mathit">n</span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mord mathrm">1</span></span></span></span><span class="baseline-fix"><span class="fontsize-ensurer reset-size5 size5"><span style="font-size:0em;">​</span></span>​</span></span></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mord mathrm">1</span></span></span></span>。無符號整數的所有bit位都用於表示非負數，值域是0到<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mrow><msup><mn>2</mn><mi>n</mi></msup><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">2^n-1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="strut" style="height:0.664392em;"></span><span class="strut bottom" style="height:0.747722em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="base textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">2</span><span class="vlist"><span style="top:-0.363em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="fontsize-ensurer reset-size5 size5"><span style="font-size:0em;">​</span></span><span class="reset-textstyle scriptstyle uncramped"><span class="mord mathit">n</span></span></span><span class="baseline-fix"><span class="fontsize-ensurer reset-size5 size5"><span style="font-size:0em;">​</span></span>​</span></span></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mord mathrm">1</span></span></span></span>。例如，int8類型整數的值域是從-128到127，而uint8類型整數的值域是從0到255。</p>
|
|
<p>下面是Go語言中關於算術運算、邏輯運算和比較運算的二元運算符，它們按照先級遞減的順序的排列：</p>
|
|
<pre><code>* / % << >> & &^
|
|
+ - | ^
|
|
== != < <= > >=
|
|
&&
|
|
||
|
|
</code></pre><p>二元運算符有五種優先級。在同一個優先級，使用左優先結合規則，但是使用括號可以明確優先順序，使用括號也可以用於提陞優先級，例如<code>mask & (1 << 28)</code>。</p>
|
|
<p>對於上表中前兩行的運算符，例如+運算符還有一個與賦值相結合的對應運算符+=，可以用於簡化賦值語句。</p>
|
|
<p>整數的算術運算符+、-、<code>*</code>和<code>/</code>可以適用與於整數、浮點數和複數，但是取模運算符%僅用於整數間的運算。對於不同編程語言，%取模運算的行爲可能併不相同。在Go語言中，%取模運算符的符號和被取模數的符號總是一致的，因此<code>-5%3</code>和<code>-5%-3</code>結果都是-2。除法運算符<code>/</code>的行爲則依賴於操作數是否爲全爲整數，比如<code>5.0/4.0</code>的結果是1.25，但是5/4的結果是1，因爲整數除法會向着0方向截斷餘數。</p>
|
|
<p>如果一個算術運算的結果，不管是有符號或者是無符號的，如果需要更多的bit位才能正確表示的話，就説明計算結果是溢出了。超出的高位的bit位部分將被丟棄。如果原始的數值是有符號類型，而且最左邊的bit爲是1的話，那麽最終結果可能是負的，例如int8的例子：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> u <span class="hljs-typename">uint8</span> = <span class="hljs-number">255</span>
|
|
fmt.Println(u, u+<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, u*u) <span class="hljs-comment">// "255 0 1"</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> i <span class="hljs-typename">int8</span> = <span class="hljs-number">127</span>
|
|
fmt.Println(i, i+<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, i*i) <span class="hljs-comment">// "127 -128 1"</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>兩個相同的整數類型可以使用下面的二元比較運算符進行比較；比較表達式的結果是布爾類型。</p>
|
|
<pre><code>== equal to
|
|
!= not equal to
|
|
< less than
|
|
<= less than or equal to
|
|
> greater than
|
|
>= greater than or equal to
|
|
</code></pre><p>事實上，布爾型、數字類型和字符串等基本類型都是可比較的，也就是説兩個相同類型的值可以用==和!=進行比較。此外，整數、浮點數和字符串可以根據比較結果排序。許多其它類型的值可能是不可比較的，因此也就可能是不可排序的。對於我們遇到的每種類型，我們需要保證規則的一致性。</p>
|
|
<p>這里是一元的加法和減法運算符：</p>
|
|
<pre><code>+ 一元加法 (無效果)
|
|
- 負數
|
|
</code></pre><p>對於整數，+x是0+x的簡寫，-x則是0-x的簡寫；對於浮點數和複數，+x就是x，-x則是x 的負數。</p>
|
|
<p>Go語言還提供了以下的bit位操作運算符，前面4個操作運算符併不區分是有符號還是無符號數：</p>
|
|
<pre><code>& 位運算 AND
|
|
| 位運算 OR
|
|
^ 位運算 XOR
|
|
&^ 位清空 (AND NOT)
|
|
<< 左移
|
|
>> 右移
|
|
</code></pre><p>位操作運算符<code>^</code>作爲二元運算符時是按位異或（XOR），當用作一元運算符時表示按位取反；也就是説，它返迴一個每個bit位都取反的數。位操作運算符<code>&^</code>用於按位置零（AND NOT）：表達式<code>z = x &^ y</code>結果z的bit位爲0，如果對應y中bit位爲1的話，否則對應的bit位等於x相應的bit位的值。</p>
|
|
<p>下面的代碼演示了如何使用位操作解釋uint8類型值的8個獨立的bit位。它使用了Printf函數的%b參數打印二進製格式的數字；其中%08b中08表示打印至少8個字符寬度，不足的前綴部分用0填充。</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> x <span class="hljs-typename">uint8</span> = <span class="hljs-number">1</span><<<span class="hljs-number">1</span> | <span class="hljs-number">1</span><<<span class="hljs-number">5</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> y <span class="hljs-typename">uint8</span> = <span class="hljs-number">1</span><<<span class="hljs-number">1</span> | <span class="hljs-number">1</span><<<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
|
|
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%08b\n"</span>, x) <span class="hljs-comment">// "00100010", the set {1, 5}</span>
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%08b\n"</span>, y) <span class="hljs-comment">// "00000110", the set {1, 2}</span>
|
|
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%08b\n"</span>, x&y) <span class="hljs-comment">// "00000010", the intersection {1}</span>
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%08b\n"</span>, x|y) <span class="hljs-comment">// "00100110", the union {1, 2, 5}</span>
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%08b\n"</span>, x^y) <span class="hljs-comment">// "00100100", the symmetric difference {2, 5}</span>
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%08b\n"</span>, x&^y) <span class="hljs-comment">// "00100000", the difference {5}</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> i := <span class="hljs-typename">uint</span>(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>); i < <span class="hljs-number">8</span>; i++ {
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> x&(<span class="hljs-number">1</span><<i) != <span class="hljs-number">0</span> { <span class="hljs-comment">// membership test</span>
|
|
fmt.Println(i) <span class="hljs-comment">// "1", "5"</span>
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%08b\n"</span>, x<<<span class="hljs-number">1</span>) <span class="hljs-comment">// "01000100", the set {2, 6}</span>
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%08b\n"</span>, x>><span class="hljs-number">1</span>) <span class="hljs-comment">// "00010001", the set {0, 4}</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>（6.5節給出了一個可以遠大於一個字節的整數集的實現。）</p>
|
|
<p>在<code>x<<n</code>和<code>x>>n</code>移位運算中，決定了移位操作bit數部分必鬚是無符號數；被操作的x數可以是有符號或無符號數。算術上，一個<code>x<<n</code>左移運算等價於乘以<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mrow><msup><mn>2</mn><mi>n</mi></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">2^n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="strut" style="height:0.664392em;"></span><span class="strut bottom" style="height:0.664392em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="base textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">2</span><span class="vlist"><span style="top:-0.363em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="fontsize-ensurer reset-size5 size5"><span style="font-size:0em;">​</span></span><span class="reset-textstyle scriptstyle uncramped"><span class="mord mathit">n</span></span></span><span class="baseline-fix"><span class="fontsize-ensurer reset-size5 size5"><span style="font-size:0em;">​</span></span>​</span></span></span></span></span></span>，一個<code>x>>n</code>右移運算等價於除以<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mrow><msup><mn>2</mn><mi>n</mi></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">2^n</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="strut" style="height:0.664392em;"></span><span class="strut bottom" style="height:0.664392em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="base textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">2</span><span class="vlist"><span style="top:-0.363em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="fontsize-ensurer reset-size5 size5"><span style="font-size:0em;">​</span></span><span class="reset-textstyle scriptstyle uncramped"><span class="mord mathit">n</span></span></span><span class="baseline-fix"><span class="fontsize-ensurer reset-size5 size5"><span style="font-size:0em;">​</span></span>​</span></span></span></span></span></span>。</p>
|
|
<p>左移運算用零填充右邊空缺的bit位，無符號數的右移運算也是用0填充左邊空缺的bit位，但是有符號數的右移運算會用符號位的值填充左邊空缺的bit位。因爲這個原因，最好用無符號運算，這樣你可以將整數完全當作一個bit位模式處理。</p>
|
|
<p>盡管Go語言提供了無符號數和運算，卽使數值本身不可能出現負數我們還是傾向於使用有符號的int類型，就像數組的長度那樣，雖然使用uint無符號類型似乎是一個更合理的選擇。事實上，內置的len函數返迴一個有符號的int，我們可以像下面例子那樣處理逆序循環。</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">medals := []<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>{<span class="hljs-string">"gold"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"silver"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"bronze"</span>}
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> i := <span class="hljs-built_in">len</span>(medals) - <span class="hljs-number">1</span>; i >= <span class="hljs-number">0</span>; i-- {
|
|
fmt.Println(medals[i]) <span class="hljs-comment">// "bronze", "silver", "gold"</span>
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>另一個選擇對於上面的例子來説將是災難性的。如果len函數返迴一個無符號數，那麽i也將是無符號的uint類型，然後條件<code>i >= 0</code>則永遠爲眞。在三次迭代之後，也就是<code>i == 0</code>時，i--語句將不會産生-1，而是變成一個uint類型的最大值（可能是<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mrow><msup><mn>2</mn><mn>6</mn></msup><mn>4</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">2^64-1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;"></span><span class="strut bottom" style="height:0.897438em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="base textstyle uncramped"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">2</span><span class="vlist"><span style="top:-0.363em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="fontsize-ensurer reset-size5 size5"><span style="font-size:0em;">​</span></span><span class="reset-textstyle scriptstyle uncramped"><span class="mord mathrm">6</span></span></span><span class="baseline-fix"><span class="fontsize-ensurer reset-size5 size5"><span style="font-size:0em;">​</span></span>​</span></span></span><span class="mord mathrm">4</span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mord mathrm">1</span></span></span></span>），然後medals[i]表達式將發生運行時panic異常（§5.9），也就是試圖訪問一個slice范圍以外的元素。</p>
|
|
<p>出於這個原因，無符號數往往隻有在位運算或其它特殊的運算場景才會使用，就像bit集合、分析二進製文件格式或者是哈希和加密操作等。它們通常併不用於僅僅是表達非負數量的場合。</p>
|
|
<p>一般來説，需要一個顯式的轉換將一個值從一種類型轉化位另一種類型，併且算術和邏輯運算的二元操作中必鬚是相同的類型。雖然這偶爾會導致需要很長的表達式，但是它消除了所有和類型相關的問題，而且也使得程序容易理解。</p>
|
|
<p>在很多場景，會遇到類似下面的代碼通用的錯誤：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> apples <span class="hljs-typename">int32</span> = <span class="hljs-number">1</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> oranges <span class="hljs-typename">int16</span> = <span class="hljs-number">2</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> compote <span class="hljs-typename">int</span> = apples + oranges <span class="hljs-comment">// compile error</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>當嚐試編譯這三個語句時，將産生一個錯誤信息：</p>
|
|
<pre><code>invalid operation: apples + oranges (mismatched types int32 and int16)
|
|
</code></pre><p>這種類型不匹配的問題可以有幾種不同的方法脩複，最常見方法是將它們都顯式轉型爲一個常見類型：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> compote = <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>(apples) + <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>(oranges)
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>如2.5節所述，對於每種類型T，如果轉換允許的話，類型轉換操作T(x)將x轉換爲T類型。許多整形數之間的相互轉換併不會改變數值；它們隻是告訴編譯器如何解釋這個值。但是對於將一個大尺寸的整數類型轉爲一個小尺寸的整數類型，或者是將一個浮點數轉爲整數，可能會改變數值或丟失精度：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">f := <span class="hljs-number">3.141</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// a float64</span>
|
|
i := <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>(f)
|
|
fmt.Println(f, i) <span class="hljs-comment">// "3.141 3"</span>
|
|
f = <span class="hljs-number">1.99</span>
|
|
fmt.Println(<span class="hljs-typename">int</span>(f)) <span class="hljs-comment">// "1"</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>浮點數到整數的轉換將丟失任何小數部分，然後向數軸零方向截斷。你應該避免對可能會超出目標類型表示范圍的數值類型轉換，因爲截斷的行爲可能依賴於具體的實現：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">f := <span class="hljs-number">1e100</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// a float64</span>
|
|
i := <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>(f) <span class="hljs-comment">// 結果依賴於具體實現</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>任何大小的整數字面值都可以用以0開始的八進製格式書寫，例如0666；或用以0x或0X開頭的十六進製格式書寫，例如0xdeadbeef。十六進製數字可以用大寫或小寫字母。如今八進製數據通常用於POSIX操作繫統上的文件訪問權限標誌，十六進製數字則更強調數字值的bit位模式。</p>
|
|
<p>當使用fmt包打印一個數值時，我們可以用%d、%o或%x參數控製輸出的進製格式，就像下面的例子：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">o := <span class="hljs-number">0666</span>
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%d %[1]o %#[1]o\n"</span>, o) <span class="hljs-comment">// "438 666 0666"</span>
|
|
x := <span class="hljs-typename">int64</span>(<span class="hljs-number">0xdeadbeef</span>)
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%d %[1]x %#[1]x %#[1]X\n"</span>, x)
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<span class="hljs-comment">// Output:</span>
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<span class="hljs-comment">// 3735928559 deadbeef 0xdeadbeef 0XDEADBEEF</span>
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</code></pre>
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<p>請註意fmt的兩個使用技巧。通常Printf格式化字符串包含多個%參數時將會包含對應相同數量的額外操作數，但是%之後的<code>[1]</code>副詞告訴Printf函數再次使用第一個操作數。第二，%後的<code>#</code>副詞告訴Printf在用%o、%x或%X輸出時生成0、0x或0X前綴。</p>
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<p>字符面值通過一對單引號直接包含對應字符。最簡單的例子是ASCII中類似'a'寫法的字符面值，但是我們也可以通過轉義的數值來表示任意的Unicode碼點對應的字符，馬上將會看到這樣的例子。</p>
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<p>字符使用<code>%c</code>參數打印，或者是用<code>%q</code>參數打印帶單引號的字符：</p>
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<pre><code class="lang-Go">ascii := <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>
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unicode := <span class="hljs-string">'国'</span>
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newline := <span class="hljs-string">'\n'</span>
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fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%d %[1]c %[1]q\n"</span>, ascii) <span class="hljs-comment">// "97 a 'a'"</span>
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fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%d %[1]c %[1]q\n"</span>, unicode) <span class="hljs-comment">// "22269 国 '国'"</span>
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fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%d %[1]q\n"</span>, newline) <span class="hljs-comment">// "10 '\n'"</span>
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</code></pre>
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