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2191 lines
83 KiB
HTML
2191 lines
83 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
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<html lang="zh-tw" >
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
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<title>整型 | Go编程语言</title>
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<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
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<meta name="description" content="">
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<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/>
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<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
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<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black">
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<link rel="next" href="../ch3/ch3-02.html" />
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<link rel="prev" href="../ch3/ch3.html" />
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="book" data-level="3.1" data-chapter-title="整型" data-filepath="ch3/ch3-01.md" data-basepath=".." data-revision="Mon Dec 21 2015 12:51:02 GMT+0800 (中国标准时间)">
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<div class="book-summary">
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<nav role="navigation">
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<ul class="summary">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0" data-path="index.html">
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<a href="../index.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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前言
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.1" data-path="ch0/ch0-01.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.1.</b>
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Go語言起源
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.2" data-path="ch0/ch0-02.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.2.</b>
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Go語言項目
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.3" data-path="ch0/ch0-03.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.3.</b>
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本書的組織
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.4" data-path="ch0/ch0-04.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.4.</b>
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更多的信息
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.5" data-path="ch0/ch0-05.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.5.</b>
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致謝
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1" data-path="ch1/ch1.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.</b>
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入門
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="ch1/ch1-01.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.1.</b>
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Hello, World
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2" data-path="ch1/ch1-02.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.2.</b>
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命令行參數
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3" data-path="ch1/ch1-03.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.3.</b>
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査找重複的行
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4" data-path="ch1/ch1-04.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.4.</b>
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GIF動畵
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5" data-path="ch1/ch1-05.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.5.</b>
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穫取URL
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6" data-path="ch1/ch1-06.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.6.</b>
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併發穫取多個URL
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.7" data-path="ch1/ch1-07.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.7.</b>
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Web服務
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.8" data-path="ch1/ch1-08.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.8.</b>
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本章要點
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2" data-path="ch2/ch2.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.</b>
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程序結構
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="ch2/ch2-01.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.1.</b>
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命名
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.2" data-path="ch2/ch2-02.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.2.</b>
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聲明
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.3" data-path="ch2/ch2-03.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.3.</b>
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變量
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.4" data-path="ch2/ch2-04.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.4.</b>
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賦值
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.5" data-path="ch2/ch2-05.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.5.</b>
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類型
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.6" data-path="ch2/ch2-06.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.6.</b>
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包和文件
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.7" data-path="ch2/ch2-07.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.7.</b>
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作用域
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3" data-path="ch3/ch3.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.</b>
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基礎數據類型
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter active" data-level="3.1" data-path="ch3/ch3-01.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.1.</b>
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整型
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="ch3/ch3-02.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.2.</b>
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浮點數
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.3" data-path="ch3/ch3-03.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.3.</b>
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複數
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.4" data-path="ch3/ch3-04.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.4.</b>
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布爾型
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.5" data-path="ch3/ch3-05.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.5.</b>
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字符串
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.6" data-path="ch3/ch3-06.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.6.</b>
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常量
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4" data-path="ch4/ch4.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.</b>
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複合數據類型
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1" data-path="ch4/ch4-01.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.1.</b>
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數組
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2" data-path="ch4/ch4-02.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.2.</b>
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切片
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.3" data-path="ch4/ch4-03.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.3.</b>
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字典
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4" data-path="ch4/ch4-04.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.4.</b>
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結構體
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5" data-path="ch4/ch4-05.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.5.</b>
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JSON
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.6" data-path="ch4/ch4-06.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.6.</b>
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文本和HTML模闆
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5" data-path="ch5/ch5.html">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>5.</b>
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函數
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1" data-path="ch5/ch5-01.html">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>5.1.</b>
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函數聲明
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2" data-path="ch5/ch5-02.html">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>5.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
遞歸
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.3" data-path="ch5/ch5-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
多返迴值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4" data-path="ch5/ch5-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
錯誤
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5" data-path="ch5/ch5-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
函數值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6" data-path="ch5/ch5-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
匿名函數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.7" data-path="ch5/ch5-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
可變參數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.8" data-path="ch5/ch5-08.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-08.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
Deferred函數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.9" data-path="ch5/ch5-09.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-09.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.9.</b>
|
|
|
|
Panic異常
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.10" data-path="ch5/ch5-10.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-10.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.10.</b>
|
|
|
|
Recover捕穫異常
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6" data-path="ch6/ch6.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.</b>
|
|
|
|
方法
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.1" data-path="ch6/ch6-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
方法聲明
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2" data-path="ch6/ch6-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
基於指針對象的方法
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.3" data-path="ch6/ch6-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
通過嵌入結構體來擴展類型
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4" data-path="ch6/ch6-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
方法值和方法表達式
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.5" data-path="ch6/ch6-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: Bit數組
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6" data-path="ch6/ch6-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
封裝
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7" data-path="ch7/ch7.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.</b>
|
|
|
|
接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.1" data-path="ch7/ch7-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
接口是合約
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.2" data-path="ch7/ch7-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
接口類型
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.3" data-path="ch7/ch7-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
實現接口的條件
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.4" data-path="ch7/ch7-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
flag.Value接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.5" data-path="ch7/ch7-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
接口值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.6" data-path="ch7/ch7-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
sort.Interface接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.7" data-path="ch7/ch7-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
http.Handler接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.8" data-path="ch7/ch7-08.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-08.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
error接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.9" data-path="ch7/ch7-09.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-09.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.9.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 表達式求值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.10" data-path="ch7/ch7-10.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-10.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.10.</b>
|
|
|
|
類型斷言
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.11" data-path="ch7/ch7-11.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-11.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.11.</b>
|
|
|
|
基於類型斷言識别錯誤類型
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.12" data-path="ch7/ch7-12.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-12.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.12.</b>
|
|
|
|
通過類型斷言査詢接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.13" data-path="ch7/ch7-13.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-13.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.13.</b>
|
|
|
|
類型分支
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.14" data-path="ch7/ch7-14.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-14.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.14.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 基於標記的XML解碼
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.15" data-path="ch7/ch7-15.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-15.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.15.</b>
|
|
|
|
補充幾點
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8" data-path="ch8/ch8.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.</b>
|
|
|
|
Goroutines和Channels
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.1" data-path="ch8/ch8-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
Goroutines
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.2" data-path="ch8/ch8-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 併發的Clock服務
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.3" data-path="ch8/ch8-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 併發的Echo服務
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.4" data-path="ch8/ch8-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
Channels
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.5" data-path="ch8/ch8-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
併行的循環
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.6" data-path="ch8/ch8-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 併發的Web爬蟲
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.7" data-path="ch8/ch8-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
基於select的多路複用
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.8" data-path="ch8/ch8-08.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-08.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 併發的字典遍歷
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.9" data-path="ch8/ch8-09.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-09.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.9.</b>
|
|
|
|
併發的退齣
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.10" data-path="ch8/ch8-10.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-10.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.10.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 聊天服務
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="9" data-path="ch9/ch9.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>9.</b>
|
|
|
|
基於共享變量的併發
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.1" data-path="ch9/ch9-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>9.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
競爭條件
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.2" data-path="ch9/ch9-02.html">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>9.2.</b>
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sync.Mutex互斥鎖
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.3" data-path="ch9/ch9-03.html">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>9.3.</b>
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sync.RWMutex讀寫鎖
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.4" data-path="ch9/ch9-04.html">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>9.4.</b>
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內存同步
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.5" data-path="ch9/ch9-05.html">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>9.5.</b>
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sync.Once初始化
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.6" data-path="ch9/ch9-06.html">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>9.6.</b>
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競爭條件檢測
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.7" data-path="ch9/ch9-07.html">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-07.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>9.7.</b>
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示例: 併發的非阻塞緩存
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.8" data-path="ch9/ch9-08.html">
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-08.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>9.8.</b>
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Goroutines和線程
|
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10" data-path="ch10/ch10.html">
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<a href="../ch10/ch10.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.</b>
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包和工具
|
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10.1" data-path="ch10/ch10-01.html">
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.1.</b>
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簡介
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10.2" data-path="ch10/ch10-02.html">
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.2.</b>
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導入路徑
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10.3" data-path="ch10/ch10-03.html">
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.3.</b>
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包聲明
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10.4" data-path="ch10/ch10-04.html">
|
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.4.</b>
|
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|
導入聲明
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10.5" data-path="ch10/ch10-05.html">
|
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.5.</b>
|
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|
|
匿名導入
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10.6" data-path="ch10/ch10-06.html">
|
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|
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.6.</b>
|
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|
|
包和命名
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10.7" data-path="ch10/ch10-07.html">
|
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|
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-07.html">
|
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
工具
|
|
</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
|
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</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11" data-path="ch11/ch11.html">
|
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|
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<a href="../ch11/ch11.html">
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|
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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<b>11.</b>
|
|
|
|
測試
|
|
</a>
|
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|
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|
<ul class="articles">
|
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|
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|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.1" data-path="ch11/ch11-01.html">
|
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<a href="../ch11/ch11-01.html">
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|
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>11.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
go test
|
|
</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.2" data-path="ch11/ch11-02.html">
|
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|
|
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<a href="../ch11/ch11-02.html">
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|
|
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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|
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<b>11.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
測試函數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.3" data-path="ch11/ch11-03.html">
|
|
|
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|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
測試覆蓋率
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.4" data-path="ch11/ch11-04.html">
|
|
|
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|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-04.html">
|
|
|
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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<b>11.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
基準測試
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.5" data-path="ch11/ch11-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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|
|
<b>11.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
剖析
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.6" data-path="ch11/ch11-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例函數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12" data-path="ch12/ch12.html">
|
|
|
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|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12.html">
|
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|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.</b>
|
|
|
|
反射
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.1" data-path="ch12/ch12-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
爲何需要反射?
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.2" data-path="ch12/ch12-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
reflect.Type和reflect.Value
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.3" data-path="ch12/ch12-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
Display遞歸打印
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.4" data-path="ch12/ch12-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 編碼S表達式
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.5" data-path="ch12/ch12-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
通過reflect.Value脩改值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.6" data-path="ch12/ch12-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 解碼S表達式
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.7" data-path="ch12/ch12-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
穫取結構體字段標識
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.8" data-path="ch12/ch12-08.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-08.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
顯示一個類型的方法集
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.9" data-path="ch12/ch12-09.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-09.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.9.</b>
|
|
|
|
幾點忠告
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13" data-path="ch13/ch13.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13.html">
|
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|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.</b>
|
|
|
|
底層編程
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.1" data-path="ch13/ch13-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
unsafe.Sizeof, Alignof 和 Offsetof
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.2" data-path="ch13/ch13-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
unsafe.Pointer
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.3" data-path="ch13/ch13-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 深度相等判斷
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.4" data-path="ch13/ch13-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
通過cgo調用C代碼
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.5" data-path="ch13/ch13-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
幾點忠告
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="14" data-path="errata.html">
|
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|
|
|
<a href="../errata.html">
|
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|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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|
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<b>14.</b>
|
|
|
|
勘誤
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="divider"></li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="https://www.gitbook.com" target="blank" class="gitbook-link">
|
|
本書使用 GitBook 釋出
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
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|
|
</ul>
|
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</nav>
|
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</div>
|
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|
|
<div class="book-body">
|
|
<div class="body-inner">
|
|
<div class="book-header" role="navigation">
|
|
<!-- Actions Left -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Title -->
|
|
<h1>
|
|
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
|
|
<a href="../" >Go编程语言</a>
|
|
</h1>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="page-wrapper" tabindex="-1" role="main">
|
|
<div class="page-inner">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<section class="normal" id="section-">
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="31-整型">3.1. 整型</h2>
|
|
<p>Go語言的數值類型包括幾種不同大小的整形數, 浮點數, 和複數. 每種數值類型都決定了對應的大小范圍和是否有正負符號. 讓我們先從整形數類型開始介紹.</p>
|
|
<p>Go同時提供了有符號和無符號的整數運算. 這里有四種int8, int16, int32 和 int64截然不同大小的有符號整形數類型, 分别對應 8, 16, 32, 64 bit 大小的有符號整形數, 與此對應的是 uint8, uint16, uint32, 和 uint64 四種無符號整形數類型.</p>
|
|
<p>這里還有兩種對應特定平颱最天然或最有效率的大小有符號和無符號整數int和uint; 其中int是應用最廣泛的數值類型. 這兩種類型都有同樣的大小, 32 或 64 bit, 但是我們不能對此做任何的假設; 因爲不同的編譯器在相同的硬件平颱上可能産生不同的大小.</p>
|
|
<p>字符rune類型是和int32等價的類型, 通常用於表示一個Unicode碼點. 這兩個名稱可以互換使用. 同樣byte也是uint8類型的等價類型, byte類型用於強調數值是一個原始的數據而不是一個小的整數.</p>
|
|
<p>最好, 還有一個無符號的整數類型 uintptr, 沒有指定具體的bit大小但是足以容納指針. uintptr 類型隻有在底層編程是纔需要, 特别是Go語言和C函數庫或操作繫統相交互的地方. 我們將在第十三章的 unsafe 包相關部分看到類似的例子.</p>
|
|
<p>不管它們的大小, int, uint, 和 uintptr 是不同類型大小的兄弟類型. 其中 int 和 int32 也是不同的類型, 卽使int的大小也是32bit, 在需要將int當作int32類型的地方需要一個顯式的類型轉換, 反之亦然.</p>
|
|
<p>有符號數采用2的補碼形式表示, 也就是最高位用作符號位, 一個nbit的有符號數的值域是 <code>-2^(n-1)</code> 到 <code>(2^(n-1)) - 1</code>. 無符號整數的所有bit位都用於表示非負數, 值域是 0 到 <code>(2^n) - 1</code>. 例如, int8 的值域是 -128 到 127, 而 uint8 的值域是 0 到 255.</p>
|
|
<p>下面是Go中關於算術, 邏輯和比較的二元運算符按照先級遞減的順序的列表:</p>
|
|
<pre><code>* / % << >> & &^
|
|
+ - | ^
|
|
== != < <= > >=
|
|
&&
|
|
||
|
|
</code></pre><p>二元運算符有五種優先級. 在同一優先級, 使用左優先結合律, 使用括號可以明確優先順序, 括號也可以用於提陞優先級, 例如 <code>mask & (1 << 28)</code>.</p>
|
|
<p>對於上表中前兩行的運算符, 例如 + 有一個相應的賦值結合運算符 +=, 可以用於簡化賦值語句.</p>
|
|
<p>整數的算術運算符 +, -, *, 和 / 可以適用與整數, 浮點數和複數, 但是取模運算符 % 僅用於整數. 不同編程語言間, % 取模運算的行爲併不相同. 在Go語言中, % 取模運算符的符號和被取模數的符號總是一致的, 因此 <code>-5%3</code> 和 <code>-5%-3</code> 結果都是 -2.除法運算符 <code>/</code> 的行爲依賴於操作數是否爲整數, 因此 <code>5.0/4.0</code> 的結果是 1.25, 但是 5/4 的結果是 1, 因此整數除法會向着0方向截斷餘數.</p>
|
|
<p>如果一個算術運算的結果, 不管是有符號或者是無符號的, 如果需要更多的bit位纔能表示, 就説明是溢齣了. 超齣的高位的bit位部分將被丟棄. 如果原始的數值是有符號類型, 那麽最終結果可能是負的, 如果最左邊的bit爲是1的話, 例如int8的例子:</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> u <span class="hljs-typename">uint8</span> = <span class="hljs-number">255</span>
|
|
fmt.Println(u, u+<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, u*u) <span class="hljs-comment">// "255 0 1"</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> i <span class="hljs-typename">int8</span> = <span class="hljs-number">127</span>
|
|
fmt.Println(i, i+<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, i*i) <span class="hljs-comment">// "127 -128 1"</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>兩個相同的整數類型可以使用下面的二元比較運算符進行比較; 比較表達式的結果是布爾類型.</p>
|
|
<pre><code>== equal to
|
|
!= not equal to
|
|
< less than
|
|
<= less than or equal to
|
|
> greater than
|
|
>= greater than or equal to
|
|
</code></pre><p>事實上, 布爾型, 數字類型 和 字符串 等基本類型都是可比較的, 也就是説兩個相同類型的值可以用 == 和 != 進行比較. 此外, 整數, 浮點數和字符串可以根據比較結果排序. 許多其他類型的值是不可比較, 因此也就是不可排序的. 對於我們遇到的每種類型, 我們需要保證規則是類似的.</p>
|
|
<p>這里是一元的加法和減法運算符:</p>
|
|
<pre><code>+ 一元加法 (無效果)
|
|
- 負數
|
|
</code></pre><p>對於整數, +x 是 0+x 的簡寫, -x 是 0-x 的簡寫; 對於浮點數和複數, +x 就是 x, -x 則是 x 的負數.</p>
|
|
<p>Go語言還提供了以下的bit位操作運算符, 前面4個操作運算符併不區分是有符號還是無符號數:</p>
|
|
<pre><code>& 位運算 AND
|
|
| 位運算 OR
|
|
^ 位運算 XOR
|
|
&^ 位清空 (AND NOT)
|
|
<< 左移
|
|
>> 右移
|
|
</code></pre><p>位操作運算符 <code>^</code> 作爲二元運算符時是按位異或(XOR), 當用作一元運算符時表示按位取反; 也就是説, 它返迴一個每個bit位都取反的數. 位操作運算符 <code>&^</code> 用於按位置零(AND NOT): 表達式 <code>z = x &^ y</code> 結果z的bit位1, 如果對應y中bit位爲1, 否則對應的bit位等於x相應的bit位的值.</p>
|
|
<p>下面的代碼演示了如何使用位操作解釋uint8類型值的8個獨立的bit位. 它使用了 Printf 函數的 %b 參數打印二進製格式的數字; 其中 %08b 中08表示打印至少8個數字, 不足的前綴用0填充.</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> x <span class="hljs-typename">uint8</span> = <span class="hljs-number">1</span><<<span class="hljs-number">1</span> | <span class="hljs-number">1</span><<<span class="hljs-number">5</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> y <span class="hljs-typename">uint8</span> = <span class="hljs-number">1</span><<<span class="hljs-number">1</span> | <span class="hljs-number">1</span><<<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
|
|
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%08b\n"</span>, x) <span class="hljs-comment">// "00100010", the set {1, 5}</span>
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%08b\n"</span>, y) <span class="hljs-comment">// "00000110", the set {1, 2}</span>
|
|
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%08b\n"</span>, x&y) <span class="hljs-comment">// "00000010", the intersection {1}</span>
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%08b\n"</span>, x|y) <span class="hljs-comment">// "00100110", the union {1, 2, 5}</span>
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%08b\n"</span>, x^y) <span class="hljs-comment">// "00100100", the symmetric difference {2, 5}</span>
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%08b\n"</span>, x&^y) <span class="hljs-comment">// "00100000", the difference {5}</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> i := <span class="hljs-typename">uint</span>(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>); i < <span class="hljs-number">8</span>; i++ {
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> x&(<span class="hljs-number">1</span><<i) != <span class="hljs-number">0</span> { <span class="hljs-comment">// membership test</span>
|
|
fmt.Println(i) <span class="hljs-comment">// "1", "5"</span>
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%08b\n"</span>, x<<<span class="hljs-number">1</span>) <span class="hljs-comment">// "01000100", the set {2, 6}</span>
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%08b\n"</span>, x>><span class="hljs-number">1</span>) <span class="hljs-comment">// "00010001", the set {0, 4}</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>(6.5節給齣了一個可以遠大於一個字節的整數集的實現.)</p>
|
|
<p>在 x<<n 和="" x="">>n 移位運算中, 決定了移位操作bit數部分必鬚是無符號數; 被操作的 x 數可以是有符號或無符號數. 算術上, 一個 x<<n 左移運算等價於乘以="" 2^n,="" 一個="" x="">>n 右移運算等價於除以 2^n.</n></n></p>
|
|
<p>左移運算用零填充右邊空缺的bit位, 無符號數的右移運算也是用0填充左邊空缺的bit位, 但是有符號數的右移運算會用符號位的值填充左邊空缺的bit位. 因爲這個原因, 最好用無符號運算, 這樣你可以將整數完全當作一個bit位模式處理.</p>
|
|
<p>盡管Go提供了無符號數和運算, 卽使數值本身不可能齣現負數我們還是傾向於使用有符號的int類型, 就是數組的長度那樣, 雖然使用 uint 似乎是一個更合理的選擇. 事實上, 內置的 len 函數返迴一個有符號的int, 我們可以像下面這個逆序循環那樣處理.</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">medals := []<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>{<span class="hljs-string">"gold"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"silver"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"bronze"</span>}
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> i := <span class="hljs-built_in">len</span>(medals) - <span class="hljs-number">1</span>; i >= <span class="hljs-number">0</span>; i-- {
|
|
fmt.Println(medals[i]) <span class="hljs-comment">// "bronze", "silver", "gold"</span>
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>另一個選擇將是災難性的. 如果 len 返迴一個無符號數, 那麽 i 也將是無符號的 uint, 然後條件 i >= 0 則永遠爲眞. 在三次迭代之後, 也就是 i == 0 時, i-- 語句將不會産生 -1, 而是變成一個uint的最大值(可能是 2^64 - 1), 然後 medals[i] 表達式將發生運行時 panic 異常(§5.9), 也就是試圖訪問一個切片范圍以外的元素.</p>
|
|
<p>齣於這個原因, 無符號數往往隻有在位運算或其它特殊的運算常見纔會使用, 就像 bit 集合, 分形二進製文件格式, 或者是哈希和加密操作等. 它們通常併不用於僅僅是表達非負數量的場合.</p>
|
|
<p>一般來説, 需要一個顯式的轉換將一個值從一種類型轉化位另一種類型, 併且算術和邏輯運算的二元操作中必鬚是相同的類型. 雖然這偶爾會導致很長的表達式, 但是它消除了所有的類型相關的問題, 也使得程序容易理解.</p>
|
|
<p>從其他類似場景下, 考慮下面這個代碼:</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> apples <span class="hljs-typename">int32</span> = <span class="hljs-number">1</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> oranges <span class="hljs-typename">int16</span> = <span class="hljs-number">2</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> compote <span class="hljs-typename">int</span> = apples + oranges <span class="hljs-comment">// compile error</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>當嚐試編譯這三個語句時, 將産生一個錯誤信息:</p>
|
|
<pre><code>invalid operation: apples + oranges (mismatched types int32 and int16)
|
|
</code></pre><p>這種類型不匹配的問題可以有幾種不同的方法脩複, 最常見方法是將它們都顯式轉型位一個常見類型:</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> compote = <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>(apples) + <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>(oranges)
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>如2.5節所述, 對於每種類型T, 類型轉換操作T(x)將x轉換位T類型, 如果轉換允許的話. 許多 整形數之間的相互轉換併不會改變數值; 它們隻是告訴編譯器如何解釋這個值. 但是對於將一個大尺寸的整數類型轉位一個小尺寸的整數類型, 或者是將一個浮點數轉位整數, 可能會改變數值或丟失精度:</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">f := <span class="hljs-number">3.141</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// a float64</span>
|
|
i := <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>(f)
|
|
fmt.Println(f, i) <span class="hljs-comment">// "3.141 3"</span>
|
|
f = <span class="hljs-number">1.99</span>
|
|
fmt.Println(<span class="hljs-typename">int</span>(f)) <span class="hljs-comment">// "1"</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>浮點數到整數的轉換將丟失任何小數部分, 向數軸零方向截斷. 你應該避免操作目標類型表示范圍的數值類型轉換, 因爲截斷的行爲依賴於具體的實現:</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">f := <span class="hljs-number">1e100</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// a float64</span>
|
|
i := <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>(f) <span class="hljs-comment">// 結果依賴於具體實現</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>任何大小的整數字面值都可以用以0開始的八進製格式書寫, 例如 0666, 或用以0x或0X開頭的十六進製格式書寫, 例如 0xdeadbeef. 十六進製數字可以用大寫或小寫字母. 如今八進製數據通常用於POSIX操作繫統上的文件訪問權限標誌, 十六進製數字則更強調數字值的bit位模式.</p>
|
|
<p>當使用 fmt 包打印一個數值時, 我們可以用 %d, %o, 或 %x 控製輸齣的進製格式, 就像下面的例子:</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">o := <span class="hljs-number">0666</span>
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%d %[1]o %#[1]o\n"</span>, o) <span class="hljs-comment">// "438 666 0666"</span>
|
|
x := <span class="hljs-typename">int64</span>(<span class="hljs-number">0xdeadbeef</span>)
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%d %[1]x %#[1]x %#[1]X\n"</span>, x)
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Output:</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// 3735928559 deadbeef 0xdeadbeef 0XDEADBEEF</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>請註意 fmt 的兩個使用技巧. 通常 Printf 格式化字符串包含多個 % 參數時將對應相同數量的額外操作數, 但是 % 之後的 <code>[1]</code> 副詞告訴Printf函數再次使用第一個操作數. 第二, % 後的 <code>#</code> 副詞告訴 Printf 在用 %o, %x 或 %X 輸齣時生成 0, 0x 或 0X前綴.</p>
|
|
<p>字符面值通過一對單引號直接包含對應字符. 最簡單的例子是 ASCII 中類似 'a' 字符面值, 但是我們可以通過轉義的數值來表示任意的Unicode碼點對應的字符, 馬上將會看到例子.</p>
|
|
<p>字符使用 <code>%c</code> 參數打印, 或者是 <code>%q</code> 參數打印帶單引號的字符:</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">ascii := <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>
|
|
unicode := <span class="hljs-string">'國'</span>
|
|
newline := <span class="hljs-string">'\n'</span>
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%d %[1]c %[1]q\n"</span>, ascii) <span class="hljs-comment">// "97 a 'a'"</span>
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%d %[1]c %[1]q\n"</span>, unicode) <span class="hljs-comment">// "22269 國 '國'"</span>
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%d %[1]q\n"</span>, newline) <span class="hljs-comment">// "10 '\n'"</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
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