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2273 lines
87 KiB
HTML
2273 lines
87 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
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<html lang="zh-tw" >
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
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<title>Map | Go语言圣经</title>
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<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
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<meta name="description" content="">
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<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/>
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<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
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<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black">
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<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../gitbook/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
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<link rel="next" href="../ch4/ch4-04.html" />
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<link rel="prev" href="../ch4/ch4-02.html" />
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="book" data-level="4.3" data-chapter-title="Map" data-filepath="ch4/ch4-03.md" data-basepath=".." data-revision="Thu Dec 31 2015 16:18:40 GMT+0800 (中国标准时间)">
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<div class="book-summary">
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<nav role="navigation">
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<ul class="summary">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0" data-path="index.html">
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<a href="../index.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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前言
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.1" data-path="ch0/ch0-01.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.1.</b>
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Go語言起源
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.2" data-path="ch0/ch0-02.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.2.</b>
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Go語言項目
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.3" data-path="ch0/ch0-03.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.3.</b>
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本書的組織
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.4" data-path="ch0/ch0-04.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.4.</b>
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更多的信息
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="0.5" data-path="ch0/ch0-05.html">
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<a href="../ch0/ch0-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>0.5.</b>
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致謝
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1" data-path="ch1/ch1.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.</b>
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入門
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="ch1/ch1-01.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.1.</b>
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Hello, World
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2" data-path="ch1/ch1-02.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.2.</b>
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命令行參數
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3" data-path="ch1/ch1-03.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.3.</b>
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査找重複的行
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4" data-path="ch1/ch1-04.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.4.</b>
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GIF動畵
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5" data-path="ch1/ch1-05.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.5.</b>
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獲取URL
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6" data-path="ch1/ch1-06.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.6.</b>
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併發獲取多個URL
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.7" data-path="ch1/ch1-07.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-07.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.7.</b>
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Web服務
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.8" data-path="ch1/ch1-08.html">
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<a href="../ch1/ch1-08.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>1.8.</b>
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本章要點
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2" data-path="ch2/ch2.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.</b>
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程序結構
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.1" data-path="ch2/ch2-01.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.1.</b>
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命名
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.2" data-path="ch2/ch2-02.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.2.</b>
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聲明
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.3" data-path="ch2/ch2-03.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.3.</b>
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變量
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.4" data-path="ch2/ch2-04.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.4.</b>
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賦值
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.5" data-path="ch2/ch2-05.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.5.</b>
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類型
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.6" data-path="ch2/ch2-06.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.6.</b>
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包和文件
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="2.7" data-path="ch2/ch2-07.html">
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<a href="../ch2/ch2-07.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>2.7.</b>
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作用域
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3" data-path="ch3/ch3.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.</b>
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基礎數據類型
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.1" data-path="ch3/ch3-01.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.1.</b>
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整型
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.2" data-path="ch3/ch3-02.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.2.</b>
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浮點數
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.3" data-path="ch3/ch3-03.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.3.</b>
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複數
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.4" data-path="ch3/ch3-04.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.4.</b>
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布爾型
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.5" data-path="ch3/ch3-05.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.5.</b>
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字符串
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="3.6" data-path="ch3/ch3-06.html">
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<a href="../ch3/ch3-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>3.6.</b>
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常量
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4" data-path="ch4/ch4.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.</b>
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複合數據類型
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.1" data-path="ch4/ch4-01.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.1.</b>
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數組
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.2" data-path="ch4/ch4-02.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.2.</b>
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Slice
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter active" data-level="4.3" data-path="ch4/ch4-03.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.3.</b>
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Map
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.4" data-path="ch4/ch4-04.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.4.</b>
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結構體
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.5" data-path="ch4/ch4-05.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.5.</b>
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JSON
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="4.6" data-path="ch4/ch4-06.html">
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<a href="../ch4/ch4-06.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>4.6.</b>
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文本和HTML模闆
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5" data-path="ch5/ch5.html">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>5.</b>
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函數
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.1" data-path="ch5/ch5-01.html">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>5.1.</b>
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函數聲明
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="5.2" data-path="ch5/ch5-02.html">
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<a href="../ch5/ch5-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>5.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
遞歸
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.3" data-path="ch5/ch5-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
多返迴值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.4" data-path="ch5/ch5-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
錯誤
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.5" data-path="ch5/ch5-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
函數值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.6" data-path="ch5/ch5-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
匿名函數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.7" data-path="ch5/ch5-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
可變參數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.8" data-path="ch5/ch5-08.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-08.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
Deferred函數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.9" data-path="ch5/ch5-09.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-09.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.9.</b>
|
|
|
|
Panic異常
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="5.10" data-path="ch5/ch5-10.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch5/ch5-10.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>5.10.</b>
|
|
|
|
Recover捕獲異常
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6" data-path="ch6/ch6.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.</b>
|
|
|
|
方法
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.1" data-path="ch6/ch6-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
方法聲明
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.2" data-path="ch6/ch6-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
基於指針對象的方法
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.3" data-path="ch6/ch6-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
通過嵌入結構體來擴展類型
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.4" data-path="ch6/ch6-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
方法值和方法表達式
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.5" data-path="ch6/ch6-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: Bit數組
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="6.6" data-path="ch6/ch6-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch6/ch6-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>6.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
封裝
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7" data-path="ch7/ch7.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.</b>
|
|
|
|
接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.1" data-path="ch7/ch7-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
接口是合約
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.2" data-path="ch7/ch7-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
接口類型
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.3" data-path="ch7/ch7-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
實現接口的條件
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.4" data-path="ch7/ch7-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
flag.Value接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.5" data-path="ch7/ch7-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
接口值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.6" data-path="ch7/ch7-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
sort.Interface接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.7" data-path="ch7/ch7-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
http.Handler接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.8" data-path="ch7/ch7-08.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-08.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
error接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.9" data-path="ch7/ch7-09.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-09.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.9.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 表達式求值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.10" data-path="ch7/ch7-10.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-10.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.10.</b>
|
|
|
|
類型斷言
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.11" data-path="ch7/ch7-11.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-11.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.11.</b>
|
|
|
|
基於類型斷言識别錯誤類型
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.12" data-path="ch7/ch7-12.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-12.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.12.</b>
|
|
|
|
通過類型斷言査詢接口
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.13" data-path="ch7/ch7-13.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-13.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.13.</b>
|
|
|
|
類型分支
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.14" data-path="ch7/ch7-14.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-14.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.14.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 基於標記的XML解碼
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="7.15" data-path="ch7/ch7-15.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch7/ch7-15.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>7.15.</b>
|
|
|
|
補充幾點
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8" data-path="ch8/ch8.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.</b>
|
|
|
|
Goroutines和Channels
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.1" data-path="ch8/ch8-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
Goroutines
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.2" data-path="ch8/ch8-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 併發的Clock服務
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.3" data-path="ch8/ch8-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 併發的Echo服務
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.4" data-path="ch8/ch8-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
Channels
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.5" data-path="ch8/ch8-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
併行的循環
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.6" data-path="ch8/ch8-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 併發的Web爬蟲
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.7" data-path="ch8/ch8-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
基於select的多路複用
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.8" data-path="ch8/ch8-08.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-08.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 併發的字典遍歷
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.9" data-path="ch8/ch8-09.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-09.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.9.</b>
|
|
|
|
併發的退出
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="8.10" data-path="ch8/ch8-10.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch8/ch8-10.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>8.10.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 聊天服務
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="9" data-path="ch9/ch9.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>9.</b>
|
|
|
|
基於共享變量的併發
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.1" data-path="ch9/ch9-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>9.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
競爭條件
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="9.2" data-path="ch9/ch9-02.html">
|
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|
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|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
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<b>9.2.</b>
|
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|
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sync.Mutex互斥鎖
|
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</a>
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|
|
</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.3" data-path="ch9/ch9-03.html">
|
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|
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|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-03.html">
|
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|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>9.3.</b>
|
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sync.RWMutex讀寫鎖
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.4" data-path="ch9/ch9-04.html">
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|
|
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|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>9.4.</b>
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內存同步
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.5" data-path="ch9/ch9-05.html">
|
|
|
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-05.html">
|
|
|
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>9.5.</b>
|
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|
|
sync.Once初始化
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.6" data-path="ch9/ch9-06.html">
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|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch9/ch9-06.html">
|
|
|
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>9.6.</b>
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|
|
競爭條件檢測
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.7" data-path="ch9/ch9-07.html">
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|
|
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-07.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>9.7.</b>
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|
示例: 併發的非阻塞緩存
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="9.8" data-path="ch9/ch9-08.html">
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|
|
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<a href="../ch9/ch9-08.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>9.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
Goroutines和線程
|
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10" data-path="ch10/ch10.html">
|
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|
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<a href="../ch10/ch10.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.</b>
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|
包和工具
|
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</a>
|
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|
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|
<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10.1" data-path="ch10/ch10-01.html">
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-01.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.1.</b>
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|
|
簡介
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10.2" data-path="ch10/ch10-02.html">
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-02.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.2.</b>
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|
導入路徑
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10.3" data-path="ch10/ch10-03.html">
|
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-03.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.3.</b>
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|
包聲明
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10.4" data-path="ch10/ch10-04.html">
|
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|
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|
<a href="../ch10/ch10-04.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.4.</b>
|
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|
|
導入聲明
|
|
</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10.5" data-path="ch10/ch10-05.html">
|
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<a href="../ch10/ch10-05.html">
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
匿名導入
|
|
</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="10.6" data-path="ch10/ch10-06.html">
|
|
|
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|
<a href="../ch10/ch10-06.html">
|
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
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<b>10.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
包和命名
|
|
</a>
|
|
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</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="10.7" data-path="ch10/ch10-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch10/ch10-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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|
<b>10.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
工具
|
|
</a>
|
|
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</li>
|
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|
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|
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</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11" data-path="ch11/ch11.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11.html">
|
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|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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|
|
<b>11.</b>
|
|
|
|
測試
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
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|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.1" data-path="ch11/ch11-01.html">
|
|
|
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|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
go test
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.2" data-path="ch11/ch11-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
測試函數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.3" data-path="ch11/ch11-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
測試覆蓋率
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.4" data-path="ch11/ch11-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
基準測試
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.5" data-path="ch11/ch11-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
剖析
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="11.6" data-path="ch11/ch11-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch11/ch11-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>11.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例函數
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12" data-path="ch12/ch12.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12.html">
|
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|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.</b>
|
|
|
|
反射
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.1" data-path="ch12/ch12-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
爲何需要反射?
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.2" data-path="ch12/ch12-02.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
reflect.Type和reflect.Value
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.3" data-path="ch12/ch12-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
Display遞歸打印
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.4" data-path="ch12/ch12-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 編碼S表達式
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.5" data-path="ch12/ch12-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
通過reflect.Value脩改值
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.6" data-path="ch12/ch12-06.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-06.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.6.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 解碼S表達式
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.7" data-path="ch12/ch12-07.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-07.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.7.</b>
|
|
|
|
獲取結構體字段標識
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.8" data-path="ch12/ch12-08.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-08.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.8.</b>
|
|
|
|
顯示一個類型的方法集
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="12.9" data-path="ch12/ch12-09.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch12/ch12-09.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>12.9.</b>
|
|
|
|
幾點忠告
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13" data-path="ch13/ch13.html">
|
|
|
|
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|
<a href="../ch13/ch13.html">
|
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|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.</b>
|
|
|
|
底層編程
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul class="articles">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.1" data-path="ch13/ch13-01.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-01.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.1.</b>
|
|
|
|
unsafe.Sizeof, Alignof 和 Offsetof
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.2" data-path="ch13/ch13-02.html">
|
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|
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|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-02.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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|
|
<b>13.2.</b>
|
|
|
|
unsafe.Pointer
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.3" data-path="ch13/ch13-03.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-03.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.3.</b>
|
|
|
|
示例: 深度相等判斷
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.4" data-path="ch13/ch13-04.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-04.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.4.</b>
|
|
|
|
通過cgo調用C代碼
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="13.5" data-path="ch13/ch13-05.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../ch13/ch13-05.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
|
|
|
<b>13.5.</b>
|
|
|
|
幾點忠告
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="chapter " data-level="14" data-path="CONTRIBUTORS.html">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a href="../CONTRIBUTORS.html">
|
|
|
|
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
|
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|
|
<b>14.</b>
|
|
|
|
附録
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
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|
</li>
|
|
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|
|
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|
|
|
|
<li class="divider"></li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a href="https://www.gitbook.com" target="blank" class="gitbook-link">
|
|
本書使用 GitBook 釋出
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
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|
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</ul>
|
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</nav>
|
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</div>
|
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|
|
<div class="book-body">
|
|
<div class="body-inner">
|
|
<div class="book-header" role="navigation">
|
|
<!-- Actions Left -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- Title -->
|
|
<h1>
|
|
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
|
|
<a href="../" >Go语言圣经</a>
|
|
</h1>
|
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</div>
|
|
|
|
<div class="page-wrapper" tabindex="-1" role="main">
|
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<div class="page-inner">
|
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|
|
|
|
<section class="normal" id="section-">
|
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|
|
<h2 id="43-map">4.3. Map</h2>
|
|
<p>哈希表是一種巧妙併且實用的數據結構。它是一個無序的key/value對的集合，其中所有的key都是不同的，然後通過給定的key可以在常數時間複雜度內檢索、更新或刪除對應的value。</p>
|
|
<p>在Go語言中，一個map就是一個哈希表的引用，map類型可以寫爲map[K]V，其中K和V分别對應key和value。map中所有的key都有相同的類型，所以的value也有着相同的類型，但是key和value之間可以是不同的數據類型。其中K對應的key必鬚是支持==比較運算符的數據類型，所以map可以通過測試key是否相等來判斷是否已經存在。雖然浮點數類型也是支持相等運算符比較的，但是將浮點數用做key類型則是一個壞的想法，正如第三章提到的，最壞的情況是可能出現的NaN和任何浮點數都不相等。對於V對應的value數據類型則沒有任何的限製。</p>
|
|
<p>內置的make函數可以創建一個map：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">ages := <span class="hljs-built_in">make</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-typename">int</span>) <span class="hljs-comment">// mapping from strings to ints</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>我們也可以用map字面值的語法創建map，同時還可以指定一些最初的key/value：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">ages := <span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-typename">int</span>{
|
|
<span class="hljs-string">"alice"</span>: <span class="hljs-number">31</span>,
|
|
<span class="hljs-string">"charlie"</span>: <span class="hljs-number">34</span>,
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>這相當於</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">ages := <span class="hljs-built_in">make</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-typename">int</span>)
|
|
ages[<span class="hljs-string">"alice"</span>] = <span class="hljs-number">31</span>
|
|
ages[<span class="hljs-string">"charlie"</span>] = <span class="hljs-number">34</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>因此，另一種創建空的map的表達式是map[string]int{}。</p>
|
|
<p>Map中的元素通過key對應的下標語法訪問：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">ages[<span class="hljs-string">"alice"</span>] = <span class="hljs-number">32</span>
|
|
fmt.Println(ages[<span class="hljs-string">"alice"</span>]) <span class="hljs-comment">// "32"</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>使用內置的delete函數可以刪除元素：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-built_in">delete</span>(ages, <span class="hljs-string">"alice"</span>) <span class="hljs-comment">// remove element ages["alice"]</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>所有這些操作是安全的，卽使這些元素不在map中也沒有關繫；如果一個査找失敗將返迴value類型對應的零值，例如，卽使map中不存在“bob”下面的代碼也可以正常工作，因爲ages["bob"]失敗時將返迴0。</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">ages[<span class="hljs-string">"bob"</span>] = ages[<span class="hljs-string">"bob"</span>] + <span class="hljs-number">1</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// happy birthday!</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>而且x += y和x++等簡短賦值語法也可以用在map上，所以上面的代碼可以改寫成</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">ages[<span class="hljs-string">"bob"</span>] += <span class="hljs-number">1</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>更簡單的寫法</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">ages[<span class="hljs-string">"bob"</span>]++
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>但是map中的元素併不是一個變量，因此我們不能對map的元素進行取址操作：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">_ = &ages[<span class="hljs-string">"bob"</span>] <span class="hljs-comment">// compile error: cannot take address of map element</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>禁止對map元素取址的原因是map可能隨着元素數量的增長而重新分配更大的內存空間，從而可能導致之前的地址無效。</p>
|
|
<p>要想遍歷map中全部的key/value對的話，可以使用range風格的for循環實現，和之前的slice遍歷語法類似。下面的迭代語句將在每次迭代時設置name和age變量，它們對應下一個鍵/值對：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> name, age := <span class="hljs-keyword">range</span> ages {
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%s\t%d\n"</span>, name, age)
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>Map的迭代順序是不確定的，併且不同的哈希函數實現可能導致不同的遍歷順序。在實踐中，遍歷的順序是隨機的，每一次遍歷的順序都不相同。這是故意的，每次都使用隨機的遍歷順序可以強製要求程序不會依賴具體的哈希函數實現。如果要按順序遍歷key/value對，我們必鬚顯式地對key進行排序，可以使用sort包的Strings函數對字符串slice進行排序。下面是常見的處理方式：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> <span class="hljs-string">"sort"</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> names []<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> name := <span class="hljs-keyword">range</span> ages {
|
|
names = <span class="hljs-built_in">append</span>(names, name)
|
|
}
|
|
sort.Strings(names)
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> _, name := <span class="hljs-keyword">range</span> names {
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%s\t%d\n"</span>, name, ages[name])
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>因爲我們一開始就知道names的最終大小，因此給slice分配一個合適的大小將會更有效。下面的代碼創建了一個空的slice，但是slice的容量剛好可以放下map中全部的key：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">names := <span class="hljs-built_in">make</span>([]<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>, <span class="hljs-built_in">len</span>(ages))
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>在上面的第一個range循環中，我們隻關心map中的key，所以我們忽略了第二個循環變量。在第二個循環中，我們隻關繫names中的名字，所以我們使用“_”空白標識符來忽略第一個循環變量，也就是迭代slice時的索引。</p>
|
|
<p>map類型的零值是nil，也就是沒有引用任何哈希表。</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> ages <span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
|
|
fmt.Println(ages == <span class="hljs-constant">nil</span>) <span class="hljs-comment">// "true"</span>
|
|
fmt.Println(<span class="hljs-built_in">len</span>(ages) == <span class="hljs-number">0</span>) <span class="hljs-comment">// "true"</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>map上的大部分操作，包括査找、刪除、len和range循環都可以安全工作在nil值的map上，它們的行爲和一個空的map類似。但是向一個nil值的map存入元素將導致一個panic異常：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">ages[<span class="hljs-string">"carol"</span>] = <span class="hljs-number">21</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// panic: assignment to entry in nil map</span>
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>在向map存數據前必鬚先創建map。</p>
|
|
<p>通過key作爲索引下標來訪問map將産生一個value。如果key在map中是存在的，那麽將得到與key對應的value；如果key不存在，那麽將得到value對應類型的零值，正如我們前面看到的ages["bob"]那樣。這個規則很實用，但是有時候可能需要知道對應的元素是否眞的是在map之中。例如，如果元素類型是一個數字，你可以需要區分一個已經存在的0，和不存在而返迴零值的0，可以像下面這樣測試：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">age, ok := ages[<span class="hljs-string">"bob"</span>]
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> !ok { <span class="hljs-comment">/* "bob" is not a key in this map; age == 0. */</span> }
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>你會經常看到將這兩個結合起來使用，像這樣：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> age, ok := ages[<span class="hljs-string">"bob"</span>]; !ok { <span class="hljs-comment">/* ... */</span> }
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>在這種場景下，map的下標語法將産生兩個值；第二個是一個布爾值，用於報告元素是否眞的存在。布爾變量一般命名爲ok，特别適合馬上用於if條件判斷部分。</p>
|
|
<p>和slice一樣，map之間也不能進行相等比較；唯一的例外是和nil進行比較。要判斷兩個map是否包含相同的key和value，我們必鬚通過一個循環實現：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> equal(x, y <span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-typename">int</span>) <span class="hljs-typename">bool</span> {
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">len</span>(x) != <span class="hljs-built_in">len</span>(y) {
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-constant">false</span>
|
|
}
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> k, xv := <span class="hljs-keyword">range</span> x {
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> yv, ok := y[k]; !ok || yv != xv {
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-constant">false</span>
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-constant">true</span>
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>要註意我們是如何用!ok來區分元素缺失和元素不同的。我們不能簡單地用xv != y[k]判斷，那樣會導致在判斷下面兩個map時産生錯誤的結果：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-comment">// True if equal is written incorrectly.</span>
|
|
equal(<span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-typename">int</span>{<span class="hljs-string">"A"</span>: <span class="hljs-number">0</span>}, <span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-typename">int</span>{<span class="hljs-string">"B"</span>: <span class="hljs-number">42</span>})
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>Go語言中併沒有提供一個set類型，但是map中的key也是不相同的，可以用map實現類似的功能。爲了説明這一點，下面的dedup程序讀取多行輸入，但是隻打印第一次出現的行。（它是1.3節中出現的dup程序的變體。）dedup程序通過map來表示所有的輸入行所對應的set集合，以確保已經在集合存在的行不會被重複打印。</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">gopl.io/ch4/dedup
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> main() {
|
|
seen := <span class="hljs-built_in">make</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-typename">bool</span>) <span class="hljs-comment">// a set of strings</span>
|
|
input := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> input.Scan() {
|
|
line := input.Text()
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> !seen[line] {
|
|
seen[line] = <span class="hljs-constant">true</span>
|
|
fmt.Println(line)
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err := input.Err(); err != <span class="hljs-constant">nil</span> {
|
|
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, <span class="hljs-string">"dedup: %v\n"</span>, err)
|
|
os.Exit(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>Go程序員將這種忽略value的map當作一個字符串集合，併非所有map[string]bool類型value都是無關緊要的；有一些則可能會同時包含tue和false的值。</p>
|
|
<p>有時候我們需要一個map或set的key是slice類型，但是map的key必鬚是可比較的，但是slice併不滿足這個條件。不過，我們可以通過兩個步驟繞過這個限製。第一步，定義一個輔助函數k，將slice轉爲map對應的string類型的key，確保隻有x和y相等時k(x) == k(y)才成立。然後創建一個key爲string類型的map，在每次對map操作時先用k輔助函數將slice轉化爲string類型。</p>
|
|
<p>下面的例子演示了如何使用map來記録提交相同的字符串列表的次數。它使用了fmt.Sprintf函數將字符串列表轉換爲一個字符串以用於map的key，通過%q參數忠實地記録每個字符串元素的信息：</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> m = <span class="hljs-built_in">make</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-typename">int</span>)
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> k(list []<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>) <span class="hljs-typename">string</span> { <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> fmt.Sprintf(<span class="hljs-string">"%q"</span>, list) }
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> Add(list []<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>) { m[k(list)]++ }
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> Count(list []<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>) <span class="hljs-typename">int</span> { <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> m[k(list)] }
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>使用同樣的技術可以處理任何不可比較的key類型，而不僅僅是slice類型。它對於想使用自定義key比較函數的時候也很有用，例如在比較字符串的時候忽略大小寫。同時，輔助函數k(x)也不一定是字符串類型，它可以返迴任何可比較的類型，例如整數、數組或結構體等。</p>
|
|
<p>這是map的另一個例子，下面的程序用於統計輸入中每個Unicode碼點出現的次數。雖然Unicode全部碼點的數量鉅大，但是出現在特點文檔中的字符併沒有多少，使用map可以用比較自然的方式來跟蹤那些見過字符次數。</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">gopl.io/ch4/charcount
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Charcount computes counts of Unicode characters.</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">package</span> main
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> (
|
|
<span class="hljs-string">"bufio"</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-string">"fmt"</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-string">"io"</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-string">"os"</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-string">"unicode"</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-string">"unicode/utf8"</span>
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> main() {
|
|
counts := <span class="hljs-built_in">make</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">rune</span>]<span class="hljs-typename">int</span>) <span class="hljs-comment">// counts of Unicode characters</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> utflen [utf8.UTFMax + <span class="hljs-number">1</span>]<span class="hljs-typename">int</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// count of lengths of UTF-8 encodings</span>
|
|
invalid := <span class="hljs-number">0</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// count of invalid UTF-8 characters</span>
|
|
|
|
in := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> {
|
|
r, n, err := in.ReadRune() <span class="hljs-comment">// returns rune, nbytes, error</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err == io.EOF {
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">break</span>
|
|
}
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err != <span class="hljs-constant">nil</span> {
|
|
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, <span class="hljs-string">"charcount: %v\n"</span>, err)
|
|
os.Exit(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)
|
|
}
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> r == unicode.ReplacementChar && n == <span class="hljs-number">1</span> {
|
|
invalid++
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">continue</span>
|
|
}
|
|
counts[r]++
|
|
utflen[n]++
|
|
}
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"rune\tcount\n"</span>)
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> c, n := <span class="hljs-keyword">range</span> counts {
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%q\t%d\n"</span>, c, n)
|
|
}
|
|
fmt.Print(<span class="hljs-string">"\nlen\tcount\n"</span>)
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> i, n := <span class="hljs-keyword">range</span> utflen {
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> i > <span class="hljs-number">0</span> {
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"%d\t%d\n"</span>, i, n)
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> invalid > <span class="hljs-number">0</span> {
|
|
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">"\n%d invalid UTF-8 characters\n"</span>, invalid)
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>ReadRune方法執行UTF-8解碼併返迴三個值：解碼的rune字符的值，字符UTF-8編碼後的長度，和一個錯誤值。我們可預期的錯誤值隻有對應文件結尾的io.EOF。如果輸入的是無效的UTF-8編碼的字符，返迴的將是unicode.ReplacementChar無效字符，併且編碼長度是1。</p>
|
|
<p>charcount程序同時打印不同UTF-8編碼長度的字符數目。對此，map併不是一個合適的數據結構；因爲UTF-8編碼的長度總是從1到utf8.UTFMax（最大是4個字節），使用數組將更有效。</p>
|
|
<p>作爲一個實驗，我們用charcount程序對本身的字符進行了統計。雖然大部分是英語，但是也有一些非ASCII字符。下面是排名前10的非ASCII字符：</p>
|
|
<p><img src="../images/ch4-xx-01.png" alt=""></p>
|
|
<p>下面是不同UTF-8編碼長度的字符的數目：</p>
|
|
<pre><code>len count
|
|
1 765391
|
|
2 60
|
|
3 70
|
|
4 0
|
|
</code></pre><p>Map的value類型也可以是一個聚合類型，比如是一個map或slice。在下面的代碼中，圖graph的key類型是一個字符串，value類型map[string]bool代表一個字符串集合。從概念上將，graph將一個字符串類型的key映射到一組相關的字符串集合，它們指向新的graph的key。</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-Go">gopl.io/ch4/graph
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> graph = <span class="hljs-built_in">make</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-typename">bool</span>)
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> addEdge(from, to <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>) {
|
|
edges := graph[from]
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> edges == <span class="hljs-constant">nil</span> {
|
|
edges = <span class="hljs-built_in">make</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-typename">bool</span>)
|
|
graph[from] = edges
|
|
}
|
|
edges[to] = <span class="hljs-constant">true</span>
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> hasEdge(from, to <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>) <span class="hljs-typename">bool</span> {
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> graph[from][to]
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>其中addEdge函數惰性初始化map是一個慣用方式，也就是説在每個值首次作爲key是才初始化。addEdge函數顯示了如何讓map的零值也能正常工作；卽使from到to的邊不存在，graph[from][to]依然可以返迴一個有意義的結果。</p>
|
|
<p><strong>練習 4.8：</strong> 脩改charcount程序，使用unicode.IsLetter等相關的函數，統計字母、數字等Unicode中不同的字符類别。</p>
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<p><strong>練習 4.9：</strong> 編寫一個程序wordfreq程序，報告輸入文本中每個單詞出現的頻率。在第一次調用Scan前先調用input.Split(bufio.ScanWords)函數，這樣可以按單詞而不是按行輸入。</p>
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