2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
|
comments: true
|
|
|
|
|
---
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 数组
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
「数组 Array」是一种将 **相同类型元素** 存储在 **连续内存空间** 的数据结构,将元素在数组中的位置称为元素的「索引 Index」。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
![array_definition](array.assets/array_definition.png)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-23 07:50:59 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<p align="center"> Fig. 数组定义与存储方式 </p>
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
!!! note
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
观察上图,我们发现 **数组首元素的索引为 $0$** 。你可能会想,这并不符合日常习惯,首个元素的索引为什么不是 $1$ 呢,这不是更加自然吗?我认同你的想法,但请先记住这个设定,后面讲内存地址计算时,我会尝试解答这个问题。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**数组有多种初始化写法。** 根据实际需要,选代码最短的那一种就好。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="array.java"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 初始化数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
int[] arr = new int[5]; // { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }
|
|
|
|
|
int[] nums = { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="array.cpp"
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 初始化数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
int* arr = new int[5];
|
|
|
|
|
int* nums = new int[5] { 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 };
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="array.py"
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
""" 初始化数组 """
|
|
|
|
|
arr = [0] * 5 # [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]
|
|
|
|
|
nums = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4]
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="array.go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JavaScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="array.js"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 初始化数组 */
|
2022-12-12 13:39:48 +00:00
|
|
|
|
var arr = new Array(5).fill(0);
|
|
|
|
|
var nums = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4];
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TypeScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="array.ts"
|
2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 初始化数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
let arr: number[] = new Array(5).fill(0)
|
|
|
|
|
let nums: number[] = [1, 3, 2, 5, 4]
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="array.c"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="array.cs"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
## 数组优点
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**在数组中访问元素非常高效。** 这是因为在数组中,计算元素的内存地址非常容易。给定数组首个元素的地址、和一个元素的索引,利用以下公式可以直接计算得到该元素的内存地址,从而直接访问此元素。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
![array_memory_location_calculation](array.assets/array_memory_location_calculation.png)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-23 07:50:59 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<p align="center"> Fig. 数组元素的内存地址计算 </p>
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title=""
|
|
|
|
|
// 元素内存地址 = 数组内存地址 + 元素长度 * 元素索引
|
|
|
|
|
elementAddr = firtstElementAddr + elementLength * elementIndex
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**为什么数组元素索引从 0 开始编号?** 根据地址计算公式,**索引本质上表示的是内存地址偏移量**,首个元素的地址偏移量是 $0$ ,那么索引是 $0$ 也就很自然了。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
访问元素的高效性带来了许多便利。例如,我们可以在 $O(1)$ 时间内随机获取一个数组中的元素。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="array.java"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 随机返回一个数组元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
int randomAccess(int[] nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
int randomIndex = ThreadLocalRandom.current().
|
|
|
|
|
nextInt(0, nums.length);
|
|
|
|
|
int randomNum = nums[randomIndex];
|
|
|
|
|
return randomNum;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="array.cpp"
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 随机返回一个数组元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
int randomAccess(int* nums, int size) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 在区间 [0, size) 中随机抽取一个数字
|
|
|
|
|
int randomIndex = rand() % size;
|
|
|
|
|
// 获取并返回随机元素
|
|
|
|
|
int randomNum = nums[randomIndex];
|
|
|
|
|
return randomNum;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="array.py"
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
""" 随机访问元素 """
|
|
|
|
|
def randomAccess(nums):
|
|
|
|
|
# 在区间 [0, len(nums)) 中随机抽取一个数字
|
|
|
|
|
random_index = random.randint(0, len(nums))
|
|
|
|
|
# 获取并返回随机元素
|
|
|
|
|
random_num = nums[random_index]
|
|
|
|
|
return random_num
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="array.go"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JavaScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="array.js"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 随机返回一个数组元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
function randomAccess(nums){
|
|
|
|
|
// 在区间 [0, nums.length) 中随机抽取一个数字
|
2022-12-12 13:39:48 +00:00
|
|
|
|
const random_index = Math.floor(Math.random() * nums.length);
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
// 获取并返回随机元素
|
2022-12-12 13:39:48 +00:00
|
|
|
|
random_num = nums[random_index];
|
|
|
|
|
return random_num;
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TypeScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="array.ts"
|
2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 随机返回一个数组元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
function randomAccess(nums: number[]): number {
|
|
|
|
|
// 在区间 [0, nums.length) 中随机抽取一个数字
|
|
|
|
|
const random_index = Math.floor(Math.random() * nums.length)
|
|
|
|
|
// 获取并返回随机元素
|
|
|
|
|
const random_num = nums[random_index]
|
|
|
|
|
return random_num
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="array.c"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="array.cs"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
## 数组缺点
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**数组在初始化后长度不可变。** 由于系统无法保证数组之后的内存空间是可用的,因此数组长度无法扩展。而若希望扩容数组,则需新建一个数组,然后把原数组元素依次拷贝到新数组,在数组很大的情况下,这是非常耗时的。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="array.java"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 扩展数组长度 */
|
|
|
|
|
int[] extend(int[] nums, int enlarge) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
|
|
|
|
|
int[] res = new int[nums.length + enlarge];
|
|
|
|
|
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
res[i] = nums[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回扩展后的新数组
|
|
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="array.cpp"
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 扩展数组长度 */
|
|
|
|
|
int* extend(int* nums, int size, int enlarge) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
|
|
|
|
|
int* res = new int[size + enlarge];
|
|
|
|
|
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
res[i] = nums[i];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回扩展后的新数组
|
|
|
|
|
return res;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="array.py"
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
""" 扩展数组长度 """
|
2022-11-27 12:00:03 +00:00
|
|
|
|
# 请注意,Python 的 list 是动态数组,可以直接扩展
|
|
|
|
|
# 为了方便学习,本函数将 list 看作是长度不可变的数组
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
def extend(nums, enlarge):
|
|
|
|
|
# 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
|
|
|
|
|
res = [0] * (len(nums) + enlarge)
|
|
|
|
|
# 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(len(nums)):
|
|
|
|
|
res[i] = nums[i]
|
|
|
|
|
# 返回扩展后的新数组
|
|
|
|
|
return res
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="array.go"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JavaScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="array.js"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 扩展数组长度 */
|
|
|
|
|
function extend(nums, enlarge){
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
|
2022-12-12 13:39:48 +00:00
|
|
|
|
let res = new Array(nums.length + enlarge).fill(0);
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
for(let i=0; i<nums.length;i++){
|
2022-12-12 13:39:48 +00:00
|
|
|
|
res[i] = nums[i];
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回扩展后的新数组
|
2022-12-12 13:39:48 +00:00
|
|
|
|
return res;
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TypeScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="array.ts"
|
2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 扩展数组长度 */
|
|
|
|
|
function extend(nums: number[], enlarge: number): number[] {
|
|
|
|
|
// 初始化一个扩展长度后的数组
|
|
|
|
|
const res = new Array(nums.length + enlarge).fill(0)
|
|
|
|
|
// 将原数组中的所有元素复制到新数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++){
|
|
|
|
|
res[i] = nums[i]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 返回扩展后的新数组
|
|
|
|
|
return res
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="array.c"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="array.cs"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
**数组中插入或删除元素效率低下。** 假设我们想要在数组中间某位置插入一个元素,由于数组元素在内存中是 “紧挨着的” ,它们之间没有空间再放任何数据。因此,我们不得不将此索引之后的所有元素都向后移动一位,然后再把元素赋值给该索引。删除元素也是类似,需要把此索引之后的元素都向前移动一位。总体看有以下缺点:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- **时间复杂度高:** 数组的插入和删除的平均时间复杂度均为 $O(N)$ ,其中 $N$ 为数组长度。
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
- **丢失元素:** 由于数组的长度不可变,因此在插入元素后,超出数组长度范围的元素会被丢失。
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
- **内存浪费:** 我们一般会初始化一个比较长的数组,只用前面一部分,这样在插入数据时,丢失的末尾元素都是我们不关心的,但这样做同时也会造成内存空间的浪费。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
![array_insert_remove_element](array.assets/array_insert_remove_element.png)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-23 07:50:59 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<p align="center"> Fig. 在数组中插入与删除元素 </p>
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="array.java"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
void insert(int[] nums, int num, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = nums.length - 1; i >= index; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
void remove(int[] nums, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = index; i < nums.length - 1; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="array.cpp"
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
void insert(int* nums, int size, int num, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = size - 1; i >= index; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
void remove(int* nums, int size, int index) {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = index; i < size - 1; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="array.py"
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
""" 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num """
|
|
|
|
|
def insert(nums, num, index):
|
|
|
|
|
# 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(len(nums) - 1, index - 1, -1):
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1]
|
|
|
|
|
# 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
""" 删除索引 index 处元素 """
|
|
|
|
|
def remove(nums, index):
|
|
|
|
|
# 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(index, len(nums) - 1):
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1]
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="array.go"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JavaScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="array.js"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
function insert(nums, num, index){
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = nums.length - 1; i >= index; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1];
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
function remove(nums, index){
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = index; i < nums.length - 1; i++) {
|
2022-12-12 13:39:48 +00:00
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1];
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TypeScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="array.ts"
|
2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组的索引 index 处插入元素 num */
|
|
|
|
|
function insert(nums: number[], num: number, index: number): void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 以及之后的所有元素向后移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = nums.length - 1; i >= index; i--) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i - 1]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 将 num 赋给 index 处元素
|
|
|
|
|
nums[index] = num
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 删除索引 index 处元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
function remove(nums: number[], index: number): void {
|
|
|
|
|
// 把索引 index 之后的所有元素向前移动一位
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = index; i < nums.length - 1; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
nums[i] = nums[i + 1]
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="array.c"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="array.cs"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
## 数组常用操作
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**数组遍历。** 以下介绍两种常用的遍历方法。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="array.java"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 遍历数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
void traverse(int[] nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
int count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 通过索引遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 直接遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (int num : nums) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="array.cpp"
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 遍历数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
void traverse(int* nums, int size) {
|
|
|
|
|
int count = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
// 通过索引遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="array.py"
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
""" 遍历数组 """
|
|
|
|
|
def traverse(nums):
|
|
|
|
|
count = 0
|
|
|
|
|
# 通过索引遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(len(nums)):
|
|
|
|
|
count += 1
|
|
|
|
|
# 直接遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for num in nums:
|
|
|
|
|
count += 1
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="array.go"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JavaScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="array.js"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 遍历数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
function traverse(nums){
|
2022-12-12 13:39:48 +00:00
|
|
|
|
let count = 0;
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
// 通过索引遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 直接遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for(let num of nums){
|
2022-12-12 13:39:48 +00:00
|
|
|
|
count += 1;
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TypeScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="array.ts"
|
2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 遍历数组 */
|
|
|
|
|
function traverse(nums: number[]): void {
|
|
|
|
|
let count = 0
|
|
|
|
|
// 通过索引遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
count++
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 直接遍历数组
|
|
|
|
|
for(let num of nums){
|
|
|
|
|
count += 1
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="array.c"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="array.cs"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
**数组查找。** 通过遍历数组,查找数组内的指定元素,并输出对应索引。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Java"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```java title="array.java"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组中查找指定元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
int find(int[] nums, int target) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (nums[i] == target)
|
|
|
|
|
return i;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return -1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C++"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```cpp title="array.cpp"
|
2022-11-27 11:07:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组中查找指定元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
int find(int* nums, int size, int target) {
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (nums[i] == target)
|
|
|
|
|
return i;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return -1;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "Python"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```python title="array.py"
|
2022-11-24 19:59:38 +00:00
|
|
|
|
""" 在数组中查找指定元素 """
|
|
|
|
|
def find(nums, target):
|
|
|
|
|
for i in range(len(nums)):
|
|
|
|
|
if nums[i] == target:
|
|
|
|
|
return i
|
|
|
|
|
return -1
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
=== "Go"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go title="array.go"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "JavaScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```javascript title="array.js"
|
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组中查找指定元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
function find(nums, target){
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (nums[i] == target)
|
|
|
|
|
return i;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-12-12 13:39:48 +00:00
|
|
|
|
return -1;
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "TypeScript"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```typescript title="array.ts"
|
2022-12-04 10:00:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/* 在数组中查找指定元素 */
|
|
|
|
|
function find(nums: number[], target: number): number {
|
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
|
|
|
|
|
if (nums[i] === target) {
|
|
|
|
|
return i
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
return -1
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```c title="array.c"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=== "C#"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```csharp title="array.cs"
|
2022-12-09 13:47:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-02 17:31:29 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
2022-11-22 09:47:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
## 数组典型应用
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**随机访问。** 如果我们想要随机抽取一些样本,那么可以用数组存储,并生成一个随机序列,根据索引实现样本的随机抽取。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**二分查找。** 例如前文查字典的例子,我们可以将字典中的所有字按照拼音顺序存储在数组中,然后使用与日常查纸质字典相同的 “翻开中间,排除一半” 的方式,来实现一个查电子字典的算法。
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**深度学习。** 神经网络中大量使用了向量、矩阵、张量之间的线性代数运算,这些数据都是以数组的形式构建的。数组是神经网络编程中最常使用的数据结构。
|